生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目邊坡及棄土侵蝕影響機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展

晏偉明，謝頌華，劉苑秋?，鄧文平，黃鵬飛，鄭太輝

(1.江西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)，330045，南昌；2.江西省水土保持科學(xué)研究院，330029，南昌)

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生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目邊坡及棄土侵蝕影響機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展

晏偉明1，謝頌華2，劉苑秋1?，鄧文平1，黃鵬飛2，鄭太輝2

(1.江西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)，330045，南昌；2.江西省水土保持科學(xué)研究院，330029，南昌)

生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的土壤侵蝕是土壤侵蝕學(xué)科研究的熱點(diǎn)話題。生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目邊坡及棄土侵蝕是一種典型的人為加速侵蝕，嚴(yán)重制約著生態(tài)文明建設(shè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。本文對(duì)邊坡和棄土侵蝕影響機(jī)制，從降雨徑流條件、土壤特性、地形及微地貌因子、水土保持防護(hù)措施等方面，將國(guó)內(nèi)外研究成果進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)闡述。首先，總結(jié)了國(guó)內(nèi)外邊坡和棄土坡面侵蝕在降雨徑流條件下，其坡面泥沙剝蝕、運(yùn)移、沉積過(guò)程和坡面水流條件的時(shí)空變化；指出在土壤自身特性(包括外來(lái)物石礫、土壤物理性質(zhì)、土壤添加物等)條件下，土壤中石礫質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)是邊坡和棄土坡面侵蝕水沙變化的重要因子，土壤物理性質(zhì)決定坡面徑流發(fā)生與否，土壤添加物促進(jìn)土壤團(tuán)聚過(guò)程，增加入滲為主；其次，揭示了坡面地形及其微地貌條件下，影響徑流再分配和侵蝕分異特征；最后，對(duì)邊坡及棄土坡面侵蝕在水土保持防治措施下，調(diào)控徑流、削減泥沙的效果進(jìn)行分析，并為今后生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目邊坡及棄土侵蝕研究的內(nèi)容和方向作出展望，為邊坡和棄土水土流失防治提供理論依據(jù)。

生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目； 邊坡和棄土； 侵蝕； 機(jī)制

隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展，生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目取得了蓬勃的發(fā)展，與此同時(shí)，也產(chǎn)生了大量的邊坡、棄土棄渣，各種擾動(dòng)土下墊面、擾動(dòng)邊坡及棄土侵蝕與原始地形地貌侵蝕相比要大得多[1-2]。邊坡及棄土侵蝕有暴發(fā)性強(qiáng)、流失形式多樣、流失強(qiáng)度劇烈和破壞性大的特點(diǎn)，給人類(lèi)賴(lài)以生存的環(huán)境帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重的挑戰(zhàn)[3]。特別是生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目邊坡坡陡，開(kāi)挖、填筑和壓實(shí)程度不同，經(jīng)過(guò)諸多擾動(dòng)后水蝕劇烈，甚至在與其他侵蝕外營(yíng)力的共同作用下，易發(fā)生劇烈的瀉溜和滑坡等地質(zhì)災(zāi)害[4]；同時(shí)，棄土組成物質(zhì)主要以土、土摻雜石礫或大塊石等為主，其成分復(fù)雜多樣、顆粒分選性差、結(jié)構(gòu)松散和透水性強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn)，使土壤的抗沖、抗蝕性大大降低[5]，且土壤經(jīng)干濕交替，風(fēng)吹曝曬等風(fēng)化作用，使得土壤結(jié)構(gòu)松散，土壤顆粒組成進(jìn)一步發(fā)生變化[6]，極易發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的水土流失，水沙兩相體進(jìn)入河道，極易造成區(qū)域河道的堵塞，影響河道正常的行洪安全[7]，也是一種典型的人為加速侵蝕。為此，生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目本身及其引起的新增特殊的侵蝕地形地貌，已經(jīng)引起了國(guó)內(nèi)外研究者的關(guān)注[8]，以往研究主要集中在邊坡及棄土的土地利用恢復(fù)、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重建、土壤侵蝕機(jī)制、水土流失防治措施及其治理之后的生態(tài)效益評(píng)價(jià)[9-11]等方面。筆者從邊坡及棄土侵蝕的影響因素及其侵蝕作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行闡述，分析當(dāng)前邊坡及棄土侵蝕的研究現(xiàn)狀和存在的不足，展望邊坡及棄土侵蝕研究方向。

1　降雨徑流因素對(duì)邊坡及棄土侵蝕的影響

雨滴對(duì)坡面侵蝕主要為濺蝕，其侵蝕作用機(jī)制為：雨滴降落時(shí)的動(dòng)能直接作用于土壤顆粒，使其結(jié)構(gòu)破壞，大顆粒分化為細(xì)顆粒，進(jìn)而使細(xì)顆粒濺起。雨滴擊濺改變侵蝕坡面的表土結(jié)構(gòu)和坡面土壤孔隙格局。徑流對(duì)坡面的侵蝕主要為面蝕和溝蝕，其侵蝕作用機(jī)制為徑流對(duì)坡面沖刷和夾雜泥沙往坡下輸送、沉積。

1.1降雨條件的影響

研究降雨因素和邊坡和棄土侵蝕及細(xì)溝侵蝕的關(guān)系，主要依據(jù)降雨強(qiáng)度、降雨歷時(shí)、降雨量等降雨條件[12]。通常坡面產(chǎn)沙總量、徑流率和產(chǎn)沙率均隨雨強(qiáng)的增大而增大[6,13]。路基邊坡的侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果表明：降雨量與侵蝕相關(guān)性顯著[14]；在其他影響侵蝕條件一致的情況下，公路土質(zhì)邊坡模擬降雨侵蝕，其隨雨強(qiáng)的增大而增大[15]；次降雨主要引起片蝕，年降雨主要引起溝蝕[16]。堆棄土模擬降雨實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，坡面平均徑流速率、均產(chǎn)沙速率、徑流量和產(chǎn)沙量均與降雨強(qiáng)度呈現(xiàn)良好的線性相關(guān)關(guān)系[1,17]；其產(chǎn)流產(chǎn)沙過(guò)程中的產(chǎn)沙率和徑流率，一般隨降雨時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)，呈現(xiàn)多峰型走勢(shì)[3,17]；也有研究得出，坡面產(chǎn)沙率在整個(gè)降雨過(guò)程中，一直呈現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，或一直處于波動(dòng)變化[13]的情況；隨降雨時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)，坡面開(kāi)始發(fā)生細(xì)溝侵蝕，細(xì)溝長(zhǎng)度、寬度和深度等形態(tài)特征值，均在降雨過(guò)程中不斷增大[18]。

1.2徑流因素的影響

坡面徑流發(fā)生機(jī)制包括蓄滿產(chǎn)流和超滲產(chǎn)流，徑流剝離土壤，向下搬運(yùn)、沉積泥沙。坡面侵蝕的水動(dòng)力條件包括徑流速度、徑流流態(tài)、薄層水流深度和徑流切應(yīng)力等[19]。坡面薄層徑流剝蝕土壤放水沖刷實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，棄土棄渣體隨著放水量的增加，產(chǎn)流量與產(chǎn)沙量也不斷增大，累積徑流量隨沖刷也隨時(shí)間不斷增大[20]；而通過(guò)鐵路基邊坡降雨沖刷監(jiān)測(cè)，則可將整個(gè)坡面產(chǎn)流過(guò)程概化為降雨到產(chǎn)流開(kāi)始、產(chǎn)流開(kāi)始到徑流穩(wěn)定、徑流的穩(wěn)定階段和徑流消退4個(gè)階段[21]。也有研究工程開(kāi)挖面放水沖刷試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，徑流發(fā)生并沒(méi)有初損時(shí)間[22]。

徑流因其具備剝離土壤和攜帶泥沙的能力，而引起坡面侵蝕；因此，徑流的水動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)顯著影響著棄土產(chǎn)沙量[18]，不同坡度條件下，海涂鹽土邊坡坡面侵蝕率和細(xì)溝發(fā)育深度，均與徑流雷諾數(shù)呈現(xiàn)顯著線性相關(guān)[23]。工程坡面的薄層水流侵蝕水動(dòng)力學(xué)特征研究表明，水流切應(yīng)力、水流功率及徑流動(dòng)能均與片蝕率呈線性相關(guān)，但是單位水流功率、過(guò)水?dāng)嗝鎲挝荒芰颗c其相關(guān)性不明顯[24]；然而整個(gè)坡面的細(xì)溝剝蝕率與單位水流功率是冪函數(shù)的表達(dá)式，最終得出影響整個(gè)坡面土壤侵蝕率的水動(dòng)力主控因子是水流功率[25]。模擬放水沖刷路面邊坡實(shí)驗(yàn)，估算土壤的剝離速率結(jié)果表明，水流功率是比徑流切應(yīng)力能更好地預(yù)測(cè)土壤侵蝕的水動(dòng)力條件[26]。

2　土壤特性對(duì)邊坡及棄土侵蝕的影響

土壤特性對(duì)侵蝕的影響機(jī)制，主要是土壤自身的下墊面的形態(tài)特征、土壤發(fā)育母質(zhì)、容重、孔隙度、顆粒結(jié)構(gòu)等土壤物理性質(zhì)影響土壤的抗沖性和抗蝕性，因此，土壤抗沖抗蝕特性是坡面侵蝕發(fā)生與否的關(guān)鍵因子。

2.1礫石對(duì)侵蝕的影響

生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目邊坡坡度陡、坡長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)、石塊通常伴生在土層當(dāng)中，而棄土也因其組成結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的特點(diǎn)，因此兩者有別于原始邊坡面和未擾動(dòng)土坡面的侵蝕規(guī)律。不同生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目來(lái)源的混合棄土摻雜非土壤成分，形成了錯(cuò)亂無(wú)章混合堆積物，土壤和石礫成分的比例不同，使得混合土壤堆積物的下墊面各不相同，最終導(dǎo)致在同樣的徑流沖刷條件下，其侵蝕過(guò)程特征各異[27]。紫色土和黃色礦渣的棄土棄渣混合物下墊面的模擬徑流沖刷過(guò)程研究表明，徑流水動(dòng)力學(xué)流態(tài)特性有湍流、亞臨界流、臨界流等[18]，這可能與土壤和石礫表面特性各異，其間作用力僅為弱黏結(jié)力，侵蝕溝壁易受重力作用引起坍塌，最終引起坡面泥沙搬運(yùn)過(guò)程的波動(dòng)有關(guān)。土石邊坡和棄土土壤中，石礫成分的多少?zèng)Q定土壤總孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度，進(jìn)而影響土壤容重，最終影響土壤的浸潤(rùn)速率[4]。通過(guò)模擬不同土石比例的邊坡放水沖刷得出，偏土質(zhì)邊坡(土石比4∶1)的累積徑流量較土石混合質(zhì)(土石比3∶2)邊坡大，土石混合質(zhì)邊坡產(chǎn)沙率隨時(shí)間震蕩變化[28]；模擬土石混合體棄土降雨侵蝕實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，石礫成分的增加，會(huì)導(dǎo)致坡面平均徑流率、平均產(chǎn)沙率、徑流泥沙量減小[1]；同樣的實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下，關(guān)于平均徑流率和平均產(chǎn)沙率，也有研究者得出了與之相悖的結(jié)論，隨著石礫成分的增大，平均徑流率同樣增大，但從整個(gè)降雨過(guò)程來(lái)看，徑流率和產(chǎn)沙率的減小，同樣是因其石礫質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的增加影響的[13]，這與前述的研究結(jié)果是一致的；模擬紅壤石礫混合體降雨侵蝕研究表明，石礫比例的增大，可以促進(jìn)產(chǎn)沙總量的增加[3]，說(shuō)明不同棄土土壤類(lèi)型對(duì)侵蝕產(chǎn)沙會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響。

土壤中石礫的摻入改變了地表粗糙度，改變徑流發(fā)生機(jī)制，影響了徑流流路，進(jìn)而影響徑流流態(tài)。一般混合體棄土的泥沙運(yùn)移過(guò)程可概化為早期剝離、波動(dòng)、穩(wěn)定3個(gè)階段[25]，而含土石質(zhì)成分邊坡的水流流態(tài)一般為紊流和緩流[28]；模擬土槽沖刷試驗(yàn)證明，無(wú)石礫的混合體產(chǎn)流時(shí)間要比摻入石礫的混合體的產(chǎn)流時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，石礫質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的增加，對(duì)產(chǎn)流開(kāi)始起到了促進(jìn)作用，但是延緩了徑流達(dá)到穩(wěn)定的時(shí)間[3]。

2.2土壤物理性質(zhì)對(duì)侵蝕的影響

土石混合體中，增大石礫成分，土壤可蝕性因子值減小[7]，同樣，排土場(chǎng)邊坡石礫質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)越高，土壤的抗沖性也越小[29]。棄渣場(chǎng)顆粒組成不合理，土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)匱乏，也是恢復(fù)植被、保水保土的重要限制因子[30]。對(duì)松散棄土研究，主要考慮土壤顆粒級(jí)配顯著影響著土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，土壤抗剪切強(qiáng)度又與其密切相關(guān)，土壤的休止角也與顆粒粒徑和不均勻程度有關(guān)[31]，團(tuán)聚體平均質(zhì)量直徑與土粒內(nèi)聚力同樣有著顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系[32]。不同土壤顆粒級(jí)配的工程棄土侵蝕，產(chǎn)沙量通常隨土壤細(xì)度模數(shù)的減小而增大；但是，在其他侵蝕影響因素一致的條件下，其坡面徑流量與累積徑流量的相關(guān)關(guān)系不明顯[6]。土壤密度表征土壤孔隙度大小，影響著降雨的入滲，公路建設(shè)堆積土模擬降雨表明：低雨強(qiáng)下，土壤密度對(duì)邊坡侵蝕起促進(jìn)作用；高降雨強(qiáng)度，則對(duì)侵蝕有削減作用[33]。土壤前期含水量也顯著影響著坡面的浸潤(rùn)速率和土壤抗剪強(qiáng)度，是坡面徑流發(fā)生與否的重要因子[34]；控制降雨強(qiáng)度在一定條件下，一般土壤前期含水率越大，沖刷侵蝕越提前，致使純土質(zhì)邊坡總侵蝕量越大[15]。

2.3土壤添加物對(duì)侵蝕的影響

土壤改良劑和土壤穩(wěn)定劑 (Soiltac)[35]的添加，均可以改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，增加地表徑流的入滲，達(dá)到減流減沙的目的[36]。聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)與土壤顆粒作用形成團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)，改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，增加地表徑流的入滲，促進(jìn)水穩(wěn)性團(tuán)聚體的形成，形成的膠結(jié)物提高了土壤的抗沖抗蝕性。研究表明，PAM可以減少?gòu)搅髦衅骄沉亢颓治g總量達(dá)80%以上[2]；但也有研究表明，分別對(duì)0.5和0.2坡比的陡質(zhì)土石坡添加PAM，其用量的增加，對(duì)邊坡侵蝕量和泥沙濃度影響不明顯[37]。通過(guò)對(duì)不同質(zhì)地土石邊坡，采用不同分子量和不同電荷密度陰離子PAM處理表明，其對(duì)土壤入滲、減少侵蝕的效果不同，此研究促進(jìn)了邊坡PAM應(yīng)用，在作用機(jī)制方面的開(kāi)發(fā)[38]。聚合物黏合劑以其固化后多孔的特性，可以提高工程邊坡入滲和持水能力，增加坡面的硬度，對(duì)工程邊坡的穩(wěn)定和防護(hù)具有重要意義[39]。

3　地形地貌因子對(duì)邊坡及棄土侵蝕的影響

地形地貌因子對(duì)侵蝕的影響機(jī)制主要是坡長(zhǎng)、坡度、坡形、坡向和坡面糙率等影響地表徑流的匯流，使得降雨在坡面上進(jìn)行二次分配。

3.1地形因子影響侵蝕

目前地形因素對(duì)產(chǎn)沙影響的研究，主要集中于坡度對(duì)侵蝕產(chǎn)沙的影響[40-41]。通常在臨界范圍之內(nèi)，邊坡坡面坡度越大，徑流勢(shì)能轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)能時(shí)間短，產(chǎn)流產(chǎn)沙較大[42]。棄土棄渣野外放水沖刷實(shí)驗(yàn)表明：25°時(shí)，產(chǎn)流產(chǎn)沙增長(zhǎng)速度最大[20]；黃土陡坡模擬侵蝕實(shí)驗(yàn)也得出，21°～24°時(shí)，降雨侵蝕量最大[43]；而土質(zhì)邊坡模擬降雨侵蝕實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，坡度25°時(shí)，單位面積侵蝕量達(dá)到峰值，坡度再增大，侵蝕量稍微降低后趨于穩(wěn)定[15]。但也有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)坡度到達(dá)35 °以上時(shí)，侵蝕增長(zhǎng)速度變緩；比較幾種坡度的路基邊坡侵蝕發(fā)現(xiàn)，緩坡細(xì)溝侵蝕低，陡坡細(xì)溝跌坎深，徑流沖刷強(qiáng)度大[21]。黃土邊坡細(xì)溝侵蝕研究表明，陡峭邊坡坡度的變化引起細(xì)溝的形狀、沉積物濃度差異，影響坡面水力參數(shù)，此研究為陡坡細(xì)溝侵蝕模型參數(shù)，依據(jù)坡度修訂提供參考[44]。工程開(kāi)挖面的研究結(jié)果表明，坡度大于30°時(shí)，侵蝕量受降雨強(qiáng)度的影響減弱[45]；也有研究表明，邊坡較陡受降雨強(qiáng)度影響，徑流入滲增加，降雨強(qiáng)度對(duì)泥沙運(yùn)移的影響緩坡要大于陡坡[46]。而佘冬立等[47]認(rèn)為工程邊坡的侵蝕臨界坡度為25°左右，侵蝕率還與Manning糙率系數(shù)和Darcy-Weisabch阻力系數(shù)有關(guān)。坡長(zhǎng)和侵蝕之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)系，目前多數(shù)研究者結(jié)論并不一致[48]；有模擬上方來(lái)水工程開(kāi)挖面沖刷實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明，坡長(zhǎng)對(duì)產(chǎn)沙產(chǎn)流量的影響不明顯[22]；而公路路堤邊坡模擬降雨侵蝕試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，侵蝕隨坡長(zhǎng)增加而減少[49]；工程堆積體坡面徑流平均速度隨坡長(zhǎng)增加，呈S形趨勢(shì)[24]；因土壤坡面存在分異，森林道路邊坡坡面，不同部位侵蝕存在分異性[50]；同時(shí)，排土場(chǎng)邊坡的抗沖性實(shí)驗(yàn)也得出，其抗沖指數(shù)在坡長(zhǎng)上會(huì)產(chǎn)生空間變異性，坡頂最大，坡面中部位以島狀形態(tài)零星分布最小的點(diǎn)[51]。坡向則影響降雨的分配格局，與主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向一致的坡向降雨充沛，而反坡向受雨影效應(yīng)的影響，降雨少，對(duì)其邊坡細(xì)溝侵蝕造成差異[52]。

3.2地貌因子影響侵蝕

針對(duì)生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目邊坡和棄土類(lèi)型的分類(lèi)，許文盛等依據(jù)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目開(kāi)挖面的質(zhì)地組成、開(kāi)挖時(shí)間、開(kāi)挖面上方有無(wú)來(lái)水，提出了開(kāi)挖面分類(lèi)體系[53]，因坡形影響徑流勢(shì)能，均質(zhì)坡面比凹凸形狀坡面侵蝕大[54,55]，利用西伯利亞侵蝕泥沙模型研究結(jié)果表明，凹形邊坡減少泥沙流失是直線邊坡的5倍[56]。開(kāi)墾后邊坡坡面細(xì)溝的發(fā)育，影響土壤水分配格局和徑流流路的連通性，其對(duì)邊坡植物的演替不利[57]；具坡頂平臺(tái)集水區(qū)的沖刷實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，集水區(qū)沖刷量和坡面匯水區(qū)沖刷量不一致[58]，降雨沖刷實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明，黃土公路邊坡坡頂上方來(lái)水，明顯影響侵蝕量增大[59]。

按棄土棄渣體的堆置形式、方法和堆棄形態(tài)，將棄土棄渣概化為散亂錐形堆置體、坡頂碾壓傾倒堆置體等特定的堆置微地貌[60]。不同棄土堆置體模擬降雨試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，坡頂碾壓傾倒堆置體侵蝕產(chǎn)沙量是散亂錐形堆置體的1～2倍[17]，但是，堆置微地貌對(duì)徑流率的影響不顯著;也有研究表明，坡頂碾壓傾倒堆置體在特定降雨強(qiáng)度2和2.5 mm/min情況下，其總產(chǎn)沙量和總徑流量明顯大于其它堆置類(lèi)型[61]。棄土回填方式、堆放高度和部位均會(huì)引起土壤自然結(jié)持的差異，從而引起棄土自然沉降的差異[62-63]；煤礦堆放場(chǎng)山脊、沖溝和毛溝的空間格局，對(duì)入滲和侵蝕同樣會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響[64]；棄渣場(chǎng)因堆積平臺(tái)和運(yùn)渣道路下墊面不同，而分異出不同的面蝕帶[65]；排土場(chǎng)邊坡的行欄級(jí)和脊高壟寬，也對(duì)徑流泥沙產(chǎn)生影響[66]。

4　水保防護(hù)措施對(duì)邊坡及棄土侵蝕的影響

邊坡及棄土通過(guò)植物和工程措施進(jìn)行防護(hù)，可有效降低侵蝕，植物冠幅可以攔截降雨，減少?gòu)搅鲗?duì)地表的直接擊打，延緩匯流時(shí)間，增加徑流入滲機(jī)會(huì)，植物枯枝落葉層松散持水性強(qiáng)，植物根系改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，單純的工程防護(hù)則可以屏蔽徑流與土壤的接觸。

4.1植物措施對(duì)侵蝕的影響

排土場(chǎng)恢復(fù)治理后，植被蓋度增加，可以有效地增加入滲和蓄水保土[58]。西班牙東部裸露道路邊坡侵蝕量是有植被的邊坡土壤侵蝕的30倍以上[67]；自然演替下的擾動(dòng)坡面(蓋度達(dá)到36%)較裸露坡面可減蝕7 000倍以上，種植的牧草蓋度達(dá)16%以上時(shí)，較裸露坡面減蝕1 800倍以上[68]。前人對(duì)比喬木、喬灌木、草被和裸露幾種模式下的邊坡水力特征發(fā)現(xiàn)，草被的糙率系數(shù)最大，對(duì)徑流具有良好的阻滯作用，而喬木模式下徑流阻滯作用不明顯，甚至對(duì)徑流流速有促進(jìn)作用[69]；對(duì)公路路基邊坡草灌攔截降雨試驗(yàn)研究表明，多種草灌植被對(duì)降雨侵蝕力的削減能力均達(dá)0.9以上[70]；鐵路邊坡侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，坡頂覆蓋草編毛毯可明顯降低細(xì)溝侵蝕的發(fā)育風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，坡底布置則可以淤積泥沙[71]。合理的生物防護(hù)+工程防護(hù)，對(duì)排土場(chǎng)邊坡減蝕效果要比簡(jiǎn)單的生物防護(hù)好[8]；采用竹柵欄植物籬和覆蓋表土防護(hù)的松散堆積體邊坡，可以有效減少侵蝕[72]；植物根系在土壤中穿插和纏繞作用可以增加土壤抗蝕性，較大的灌木根系生物量和根系長(zhǎng)度，均可以提高道路邊坡土壤的抗蝕性[73]；草本植物較木本植物因其根際土壤有機(jī)碳的富集，而改善團(tuán)聚體的穩(wěn)定性效果更好，從而影響土壤抗剪切強(qiáng)度和土粒間的內(nèi)聚力[32]。

4.2綜合措施對(duì)侵蝕的影響

坡面進(jìn)行削坡和修擋墻，并配植物措施，保土效益好，蓋度達(dá)70%以上時(shí)，面蝕基本得到控制[74]；高速公路邊坡侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)表明，六棱磚防護(hù)可防止溝蝕產(chǎn)生，拱形框架梁防護(hù)能夠阻止溝蝕的發(fā)育，明顯降低整個(gè)坡面侵蝕總量[75]；道路邊坡采用三維網(wǎng)植草皮、草席、遮陽(yáng)網(wǎng)和無(wú)紡布等防護(hù)，沖刷作用明顯減弱[76]；模擬陡坡人工材料防護(hù)下，徑流沖刷實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果表明，坡度35°較45°時(shí)，木塊和黃麻網(wǎng)防護(hù)耐侵蝕性能較好，而這可能是因大坡度下防護(hù)材料與土壤的附著性變?nèi)跻鸬腫77]。

路堤邊坡堆肥或污泥促進(jìn)土壤的演變[78]，改善土壤的團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)和含水量，以及降低土壤密度[79]，提高植物的存活率[80]。有研究表明，兩者混合的減蝕效果高達(dá)60%～90%[81-82]；土質(zhì)陡坡上設(shè)置，可降解椰殼纖維網(wǎng)，可以減緩徑流速度，保持土壤濕度，利于種子的萌發(fā)及植物生長(zhǎng)[83]。棄渣場(chǎng)通過(guò)合理布置排水措施，對(duì)徑流進(jìn)行疏導(dǎo)，也可以達(dá)到減蝕的效果[84]；對(duì)棄土坡面進(jìn)行鋪設(shè)巖石碎片，對(duì)其侵蝕和坡面水文過(guò)程會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響[85]；有機(jī)肥和泥炭土通過(guò)噴射工藝，對(duì)土石邊坡防護(hù)，可以提高土壤的抗蝕性指標(biāo)[86]，泥炭土的加入改變了土壤密度，徑流浸潤(rùn)速率加快[87]。

5　邊坡及棄土侵蝕研究存在的不足

關(guān)于生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目土壤侵蝕的研究，經(jīng)歷了幾十年的發(fā)展過(guò)程，但是，當(dāng)前有關(guān)生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目侵蝕研究主要集中在以下7方面:降雨和徑流條件下，棄土及邊坡侵蝕發(fā)生的機(jī)制，及其影響徑流泥沙遷移過(guò)程的水動(dòng)力條件；棄土及邊坡土壤特性對(duì)土壤侵蝕、徑流發(fā)生、地表徑流入滲的影響研究；邊坡和棄土的坡度、坡長(zhǎng)坡形等地形因子與侵蝕的關(guān)系研究；水土保持措施下的邊坡和棄土的侵蝕發(fā)生機(jī)理研究；研究的方法手段主要有:模擬降雨、野外放水沖刷試驗(yàn)、自然降雨；棄土及邊坡坡面侵蝕定量方法的對(duì)比研究；棄土及邊坡坡面侵蝕定量和坡面沖溝侵蝕量預(yù)報(bào)模型的研究。

基于此，生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目土壤侵蝕研究同樣存在一些不足:

1)生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目工程坡度、侵蝕量大的特點(diǎn)，以降雨徑流為主驅(qū)動(dòng)力的邊坡和棄土侵蝕研究，忽略了其它侵蝕作用力；

2)生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目諸多，不同的棄土類(lèi)型、且其棄置的形態(tài)不同，目前的研究主要集中于單一的棄土研究，對(duì)混合棄土缺乏研究；

3)邊坡土壤侵蝕研究大都集中在有防護(hù)措施的道路邊坡，人工開(kāi)挖自然邊坡的研究尚淺；

4)試驗(yàn)方法各有利弊，缺乏試驗(yàn)方法之間的對(duì)比研究，只是單一的采取某一試驗(yàn)方法，邊坡及棄土侵蝕機(jī)制，至今仍是研究中的難題；

5)棄土及邊坡坡面侵蝕定量方法的研究各有其優(yōu)劣，應(yīng)根據(jù)邊坡及棄土實(shí)地條件，采取相應(yīng)的定量方法；

6)各坡面沖刷模型有其各自的參數(shù)及適用的尺度范圍，模型開(kāi)發(fā)及參數(shù)的統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問(wèn)題有待解決。

6　邊坡及棄土侵蝕研究的展望

今后對(duì)生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目邊坡侵蝕方面，不能僅局限于坡面水力侵蝕的研究，還應(yīng)將水力與其它土壤侵蝕外營(yíng)力結(jié)合起來(lái)，這樣才能更有效地解決邊坡水土流失與邊坡穩(wěn)定性?xún)烧咧g內(nèi)在的關(guān)系問(wèn)題，為邊坡水土流失防治提供理論依據(jù)。生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目棄土侵蝕，還應(yīng)該對(duì)不同類(lèi)型棄土侵蝕進(jìn)行研究，結(jié)合生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目棄土組成物質(zhì)復(fù)雜多樣的特性，開(kāi)展在不同混合土質(zhì)類(lèi)型摻雜石礫影響下的棄土侵蝕的研究。棄土邊坡坡面定量方法的創(chuàng)新及應(yīng)用，運(yùn)用先進(jìn)的儀器設(shè)備和處理方法，提高定量的準(zhǔn)確性?；谶吰录皸壨裂芯康牟蛔悖吰录皸壨燎治g定量模型的綜合開(kāi)發(fā)，模型參數(shù)應(yīng)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的統(tǒng)一，綜合考慮棄土及邊坡的特性。

此外，生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目邊坡及棄土侵蝕研究的時(shí)空尺度應(yīng)該擴(kuò)大，不應(yīng)只局限于點(diǎn)狀生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，同時(shí)開(kāi)展面狀、線狀生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的研究，將研究的空間尺度，從目前單一的坡面尺度，上升為流域景觀尺度乃至區(qū)域尺度，而且將土壤侵蝕學(xué)科與其他學(xué)科聯(lián)系起來(lái)，將生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目侵蝕與RS、GIS技術(shù)有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來(lái)，解決不同土壤類(lèi)別、生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目種類(lèi)、土地利用方式及防護(hù)類(lèi)型的生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的土壤侵蝕問(wèn)題，為大尺度生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目新增土壤侵蝕、溝壑發(fā)育的形態(tài)隨時(shí)空變化的研究，提供有力的條件，進(jìn)而對(duì)生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目邊坡及棄土侵蝕的動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程了解的更清楚，這將是今后生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目邊坡及棄土侵蝕研究趨勢(shì)。

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Research progress on the erosion mechanism of side slope and dumped soil in production and construction projects

Yan Weiming1,Xie Songhua2,Liu Yuanqiu1,Deng Wenping1,Huang Pengfei2,Zheng Taihui2

(1.Jiangxi Agricultural University,330045,Nanchang,China;2.Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,330029,Nanchang,China)

[Background] A lots of side slopes and dumped soil can be generated in production and construction projects,which is typical man-made accelerated erosion.It is a hot topic in soil erosion research due to the increasing seriousness of the damage to ecological environment.There were some differences in the mechanism of the erosion from original one,thus we viewed the research results in the erosion of side slope and dumped soil,from the influence factors of rainfall runoff,soil properties,topography and landforms,and protective measures of soil and water conservation,then put forward the deficiency of current research and future research direction.[Methods] We searched the relevant databases,journals and books such as Web of Science,CNKI,Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,Science of Soil and Water Conservation,Beijing Soil Loss Equation,et al,then collected all literatures from 4 aspects of rainfall runoff,soil properties,topography and landforms factor and protective measures of soil and water conservation.[Results] 1) From the aspect of rainfall runoff conditions,there was a linear response relationship between erosion (total erosion and erosion rate) and rainfall factors (rainfall amount and intensity); gully erosion would be emerged in the slope with the increase of rainfall time,which resulted in the fluctuation of erosion and flow rate over time; the correlation between the total amount of runoff and erosion was significant,and the erosion was related with the hydrodynamic parameters of runoff.2) On the aspect of soil properties,gravel quality affected the characteristics of slope surface erosion,and concurrently changed the slope runoff pattern,which prolonged the interval of reaching stabile state of the runoff; the physical properties of soil determined the occurrence of slope runoff,and affected the water infiltration capacity of slope soil; soil additives promoted the formation process of soil aggregate,and enhanced the slope surface infiltration and water-holding capacity.3) Regarding the aspect of topography and landforms,a critical slope existed to soil erosion,i.e.,the soil erosion increased with slope when below the critical slope,and the slope erosion kept in a stable state while above the critical slope; there was no significant linear relationship between erosion and slope length,the erosion increased and caused the space differentiation in the slope with surface concave and convex shape,or the top platform.4) Considering the aspect of protective measures of soil and water conservation,there was small amount of runoff and sediment yield in the slope with large vegetation coverage,or with vegetable and engineering protection measures.[Conclusions] It has been well documented about the single dynamic condition of erosion and the factors affecting erosion.However,there are few systematic studies on the dynamic conditions of multiple erosions.It is still poorly reported about the mixed dumped soil erosion and artificial excavation side slope erosion.Moreover,further study remains to be conducted on the quantitative comparison between natural rainfall and simulated tests.At last,we prospect the contents and direction of the future research in the side slope and dumped soil erosion in production and construction projects.

production and construction projects; side slope and dumped soil; erosion; mechanism

2015-09-13

2016-03-27

項(xiàng)目名稱(chēng)：國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金“紅壤坡地水沙分配及其與氮磷的伴生遷移特征”(41461060)；江西省水利科技項(xiàng)目“生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目邊坡及棄土水土流失定量研究”(KT201214)

晏偉明(1989—)，男，碩士研究生。主要研究方向：開(kāi)發(fā)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目水土保持。E-mail:1351620786@qq.com

簡(jiǎn)介：劉苑秋(1963—)，女，博士，教授。主要研究方向：退化生態(tài)系統(tǒng)植被恢復(fù)。E-mail:liuyq404@163.com

S157.1

A

1672-3007(2016)04-0142-11

10.16843/j.sswc.2016.04.018