葉贊凱,馬堅(jiān),姚焰,方丕華,張澍
小兒陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速發(fā)生特點(diǎn)及性別和年齡差異
葉贊凱*,馬堅(jiān),姚焰,方丕華,張澍
目的:研究射頻消融治療的小兒陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速的發(fā)生特點(diǎn)及性別和年齡差異。
方法: 總結(jié)2008-01-01至2012-06-30期間,因陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速在我院住院并接受心內(nèi)電生理檢查+射頻消融手術(shù)治療的患兒(<14歲)。根據(jù)室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速的特點(diǎn)以及性別和年齡進(jìn)行分析。
結(jié)果:共入院442例患兒,其中男性患兒284例,女性患兒158例,平均體重(33.70 ±12.52)kg (13~80 kg)。入院患兒的平均年齡為(11.70 ±2.52)歲(3歲~14歲),其中3~6歲50例,7~10歲74例,11~14歲318例,442例患兒中房室旁路266例(男性患兒188例,女性患兒78例),房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速176例(男性患兒96例,女性患兒80例)。房室旁路介導(dǎo)的心動(dòng)過(guò)速的發(fā)生率隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而減少,房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速的發(fā)生率隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而增加(P<0.05)。11~14歲患兒中房室旁路介導(dǎo)的心動(dòng)過(guò)速和房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速有明顯的性別差異,女性患兒更容易發(fā)生房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速(P<0.05);而在10歲以下患兒中則沒(méi)有明顯的性別差異。
結(jié)論:小兒陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速的發(fā)生與性別和年齡是相關(guān)的。由房室旁路介導(dǎo)的心動(dòng)過(guò)速隨著年齡的增加而減少。在11~14歲患兒中女性患兒比男性患兒更容易發(fā)生房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速。
陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速;房室旁路;房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速;射頻消融
Methods: A total of 442 consecutive pediatric patients with paroxysmal SVT admitted in our hospital from 2008-01-01 to 2012-06-30 were summarized. All patients received electro-physiological examination and RFCA treatment, the characteristics of SVT with the gender and age were analyzed.
Results: There were 284 male and 158 female with the mean body weight of (33.70 ± 12.52) kg at (13-80) kg and the mean admission age of (11.70 ± 2.52) years at (3-14) years including 50 patients at (3-6) years, 74 patients at (7-10) years and 318 patients at (11-14) years of age. There were 266/442 patients with accessory pathways (APs) including 188 male, 78 female and 176 patients with atrioventricular node reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) including 96 male and 80 female. The occurrence rate of APs was decreasing with the age increasing, while the occurrence rate of AVNRT was increasing with the age increasing accordingly, P<0.05. In patients at (11-14) years, there were significant gender differences for APs and AVNRT occurrence, more pediatric female patients suffering from AVNRT, P<0.05, while the patients younger than 11 years had no obvious gender differences for relevant disease.
Conclusion: Paroxysmal SVT in pediatric patients is related to their gender and age.
(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2015,30:346.)
室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速是最常見的小兒心律失常,占到小兒心律失常的90%[1]。定義為起源于希氏束上方的持續(xù)心動(dòng)過(guò)速[2]。其發(fā)生率大概會(huì)在1/250到1/2500之間[3]。有些室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速的發(fā)生機(jī)制是與先天性心臟病相關(guān)的,但更多室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速患兒的心臟結(jié)構(gòu)是正常的[4,5]。在兒科患者中,室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速在男性患兒中更加常見[6,7]。而關(guān)于室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速在患兒中發(fā)生與性別和年齡的相關(guān)性研究較少。此文的目的在于探討射頻消融治療的小兒陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速的發(fā)生特點(diǎn)及性別和年齡差異。
本研究總結(jié)了2008-01-01至2012-06-30期間,因陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速在我院接受心內(nèi)電生理檢查及射頻消融治療的442例患兒(<14歲)的臨床資料。室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速的診斷基于有心動(dòng)過(guò)速發(fā)作的12導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖。本研究的排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括①年齡小于3歲或大于14歲的患兒;②合并復(fù)雜的紫紺型先天性心臟?。虎鄯啃孕膭?dòng)過(guò)速;④心房撲動(dòng)或心房顫動(dòng)。
442例患兒,其中男性患兒284例,女性患兒158例,平均年齡(11.70 ±2.52)歲(3~14歲)。所有患兒均接受了心內(nèi)電生理檢查及射頻消融治療,具體過(guò)程如下:右側(cè)頸內(nèi)靜脈放置十級(jí)導(dǎo)管于冠狀靜脈竇。穿刺右側(cè)股靜脈將兩根四級(jí)導(dǎo)管放置于希氏束及右心室心尖部。而后分別行心室及心房程序刺激,如果無(wú)法誘發(fā)心動(dòng)過(guò)速,則以6 μg/min的速度連續(xù)給予異丙基腎上腺素使患兒的心率至少比靜息狀態(tài)下的竇性心律增加20%[8]。再重復(fù)程序刺激。完成基礎(chǔ)電生理檢查明確診斷后,給予相應(yīng)的射頻消融治療[9]。必要時(shí)應(yīng)用Carto3三維電解剖標(biāo)測(cè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行三維標(biāo)測(cè)消融[10]。手術(shù)開始時(shí)給予肝素50 IU/kg抗凝,同時(shí)如果穿刺了股動(dòng)脈,則追加肝素10 IU/kg。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法:計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分率(%)表示,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。所有數(shù)據(jù)均輸入SPSS 11.5數(shù)據(jù)包加以分析。P<0.05差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
被確診為陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速442例患兒中,3~6歲的患兒50例,7~10歲的患兒74例,11~14歲的患兒318例。442例中男性患兒284例(64.3%),女性患兒158例(35.7%),男性患兒較女性患兒明顯增多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。442例患兒中房室旁路介導(dǎo)的心動(dòng)過(guò)速266例(60.2%),其中男性患兒186例(69.9%),女性患兒80例(30.1%);房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速176例(39.8%),其中男性患兒96例(54.5%),女性患兒80例(45.5%)。三個(gè)年齡段的患兒中,房室旁路介導(dǎo)的心動(dòng)過(guò)速均較房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速常見,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。與3~6歲患兒比較,7~10歲和11~14歲房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速患兒增多,而房室旁路介導(dǎo)的心動(dòng)過(guò)速患兒減少,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。圖1
圖1 陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速與患兒年齡的相關(guān)性
三個(gè)年齡段患兒中,男性患兒陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速的發(fā)生率均較女性高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。圖2
圖2 三個(gè)年齡段中陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速患兒性別分布的特點(diǎn)
11~14歲患兒中,房室旁路介導(dǎo)的心動(dòng)過(guò)速的發(fā)病率男性患兒高于女性患兒,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速的發(fā)病率男性患兒和女性患兒相近,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。女性患兒房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速的發(fā)生率高于房室旁路介導(dǎo)的心動(dòng)過(guò)速,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而男性患兒房室旁路介導(dǎo)的心動(dòng)過(guò)速發(fā)生率高于房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。而在年齡低于10歲的患兒中沒(méi)有明顯的性別差異。圖3
在房室旁路介導(dǎo)的心動(dòng)過(guò)速266例患兒中左側(cè)房室旁路150例(150/266,56.4%),右側(cè)房室旁路116例(116/266,43.6%),其中70例患兒為間隔房室旁路占26.3%。詳細(xì)的房室旁路定位見表1。
房室旁路介導(dǎo)的心動(dòng)過(guò)速?gòu)哪挲g和性別分布分析,左側(cè)房室旁路和右側(cè)房室旁路患兒年齡分別(10.79±3.20)歲和(11.80±1.71)歲,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。男性患兒左側(cè)房室旁路110例(110/150,73.3%),右側(cè)房室旁路67例(67/116,57.8%), 差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);女性患兒左側(cè)房室旁路40例(40/150,26.7%),右側(cè)房室旁路49例(49/116,42.2%),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
本研究描述了射頻消融的陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速患兒中性別和年齡的差異性,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)房室旁路比房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速更加普遍(P<0.05)。我們同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)在大于7歲的患兒中房室旁路隨著患兒年齡的增加而減少而房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速則在增加。這和另外一項(xiàng)5~6歲的1754例室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速患者的性別和年齡差異的研究結(jié)果是吻合的[11]。
以前的研究中已經(jīng)證明在兒科患者中男性患兒更容易出現(xiàn)室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速[12,13]。圖2證明在三個(gè)年齡組患兒中,男性患兒比女性患兒有更高的室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速的發(fā)生率。在各種類型心律失常中的性別差異已有報(bào)道[14]。房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速和獲得性長(zhǎng)QT綜合征在女性患兒中更容易出現(xiàn)。相比而言,男性患兒更容易出現(xiàn)心房顫動(dòng)和布氏綜合征。
室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速是兒科心律失常中最常見的[15]。兒科室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速有16種發(fā)病機(jī)制[16]。我們重點(diǎn)討論最常見的兩種:房室旁路和房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速。在我們這組患兒中室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速是最常見的房室旁路參與的房室折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速(60.2%),然后是房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速(39.8%)。文獻(xiàn)曾經(jīng)報(bào)道房室旁路介導(dǎo)的心動(dòng)過(guò)速在嬰幼兒和兒童室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速中是最常見的。Perry等發(fā)現(xiàn)在大于1歲的患兒中房室旁路的發(fā)生率還會(huì)增加[17,18]。
圖3中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速更多發(fā)生于年長(zhǎng)的患兒中。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大于7歲的患兒更容易發(fā)生房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速,這和成人人群的研究結(jié)果是一致的[19,20]。有研究應(yīng)用電生理檢查去解釋房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速患者的性別差異[21]。
在房室旁路患兒中左側(cè)房室旁路更多見,這和Wellens等[21]的發(fā)現(xiàn)是一致的。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)50%的房室旁路在左側(cè)游離壁,20%~30%在后間隔,10%~20%在右側(cè)游離壁,5%~10%在前間隔。在表1中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)病年齡和性別對(duì)房室旁路的射頻消融結(jié)果沒(méi)有明顯的差異。在沒(méi)有癥狀的房室旁路患者中,男性占了相當(dāng)?shù)谋壤?4%的是男性)[22]。美國(guó)兒科和先天性電生理協(xié)會(huì)最近提出了關(guān)于無(wú)癥狀預(yù)激綜合征患兒的危險(xiǎn)分層和處理策略[23]。
所有患兒均在我們心臟中心接受治療和隨訪。但研究樣本數(shù)有限,同時(shí)沒(méi)有包含嬰幼兒情況。我們還需要有一個(gè)大樣本,多中心的研究結(jié)果,包括哪些更加年幼的和僅用藥物治療的患兒。通過(guò)此項(xiàng)研究我們發(fā)現(xiàn)小兒室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速射頻消融患兒是受性別和年齡影響的。房室旁路隨著年齡增加而減少,房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速隨著年齡增加而增加。。在11~14歲的患兒組中男性患兒更容易發(fā)生房室旁路,女性患兒更容易發(fā)生房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速。
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Gender and Age Differences for Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation in Pediatric Patients With Paroxysmal Supra-ventricular Tachycardia
YE Zan-kai**, MA Jian, YAO Yan, FANG Pei-hua, ZHANG Shu.
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing (100037) China
Objectives: To investigate the gender and age differences for radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) in pediatric patients with paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia (SVT).
Paroxysmal Supra-ventricular tachycardia; Accessory pathway; Atrioventricular node reentry tachycardia; Radiofrequency catheter ablation
2014-12-15)
(編輯:汪碧蓉)
100037 北京市,中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 國(guó)家心血管病中心 阜外心血管病醫(yī)院 小兒外科中心 小兒心內(nèi)科(葉贊凱),心律失常診治中心(馬堅(jiān)、姚焰、方丕華、張澍)
葉贊凱 主治醫(yī)師 博士 主要從事小兒心臟病的診斷和治療 Email:yzk_2002@hotmail.com 通訊作者:張澍 Email:zsfuwai@vip.163.com*現(xiàn)在北京安貞醫(yī)院小兒心內(nèi)科工作**Now working in Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Anzhen Hospital
R54
A
1000-3614( 2015 )04-0346-04
10.3969/ j. issn. 1000-3614. 2015.04.011