中國(guó)南極考察“十五”能力建設(shè)中山站工程

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院

中國(guó)南極考察“十五”能力建設(shè)中山站工程

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院

1 中山站站區(qū)鳥瞰/Aerial view of Zhongshan Research Station

中國(guó)南極中山站自1989年建立以來(lái)，歷經(jīng)嚴(yán)寒暴雪，站區(qū)破損嚴(yán)重，已遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足中國(guó)南極科學(xué)考察的需求。

自2002年起，清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院受國(guó)家海洋局極地考察辦公室委托，開始了中國(guó)南極考察“十五”能力建設(shè)中山站項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)工作，從立項(xiàng)、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)研、可行性研究、工程設(shè)計(jì)、施工到竣工驗(yàn)收，歷時(shí)8年多。累計(jì)20多人次遠(yuǎn)赴南極考察站現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，完成了大量艱苦而又具有開創(chuàng)性的工作。

建設(shè)南極考察站面臨著多種困難，包括極端惡劣的環(huán)境、孤立無(wú)援的位置、長(zhǎng)途艱難的運(yùn)輸、短暫的建設(shè)周期、薄弱的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)支撐能力、高昂的運(yùn)行成本、嚴(yán)格的環(huán)保要求、特殊的材料要求等。

南極考察站的設(shè)計(jì)必須滿足安全性、獨(dú)立性、適用與可行性、應(yīng)變性與耐候性、經(jīng)濟(jì)與高效性、人性化、節(jié)能環(huán)護(hù)等原則。

中山站建筑設(shè)計(jì)策略主要包括以下方面：

1 站區(qū)選址與規(guī)劃策略

站區(qū)選址與規(guī)劃對(duì)南極考察站的可到達(dá)性、后勤運(yùn)輸保障、站區(qū)建筑的使用壽命、清除積雪的能耗、保護(hù)環(huán)境、風(fēng)能的利用等具有重要意義。對(duì)主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向、積雪、建筑的聯(lián)系、綜合管線等進(jìn)行考慮，并為遠(yuǎn)期發(fā)展做好準(zhǔn)備。

2 建造體系策略

南極惡劣的環(huán)境與氣候，遙遠(yuǎn)的地理位置，嚴(yán)重制約著南極考察站建設(shè)的運(yùn)輸及現(xiàn)場(chǎng)施工能力。因此必須針對(duì)不同的運(yùn)輸、施工能力及周期，采用不同的建造模式，包括全預(yù)制方式、全現(xiàn)場(chǎng)組裝方式、預(yù)制與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)組裝結(jié)合的方式等。

3 外部形態(tài)體系策略

南極考察站的外部形態(tài)必須能夠適應(yīng)南極復(fù)雜的環(huán)境并抵御惡劣的氣候。

包括應(yīng)對(duì)低溫、大風(fēng)、積雪及移動(dòng)的冰架等動(dòng)態(tài)變化的地表環(huán)境。

有利于節(jié)能的體型系數(shù)、減小風(fēng)阻的切面處理，高架的首層平面等。

4 功能與需求策略

安全需求：積雪、低溫、大風(fēng)、冰層等惡劣環(huán)境，遙遠(yuǎn)的地理位置與運(yùn)輸不便都對(duì)考察站的安全造成威脅；設(shè)計(jì)策略包括：能源安全策略、儲(chǔ)備物資安全策略、消防策略。

功能需求：南極考察站是一個(gè)完整、獨(dú)立的系統(tǒng)，主要通過(guò)使空間具有多功能性來(lái)解決眾多功能需求與建筑規(guī)模的矛盾。

精神需求：提供公共交往空間及擴(kuò)展室內(nèi)視距，緩解極夜期間隊(duì)員嚴(yán)重的心理壓力。

5 節(jié)能策略

通過(guò)合理的站區(qū)規(guī)劃、改善建筑體型、提高圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的保溫性能、選擇合適的熱源、回收發(fā)電余熱、全熱回收新風(fēng)系統(tǒng)等措施，單位面積熱耗從200w/m2降到25w/m2；通過(guò)改變熱源，燃油的利用效率提高到原來(lái)的3倍，綜合節(jié)能效果提高了20多倍。同時(shí)開始利用風(fēng)能等可再生能源。

6 環(huán)保策略

除了嚴(yán)格的排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、能源管理、廢物處理、控制燃油污染外，合理的站區(qū)規(guī)劃能夠減少建筑積雪，大幅降低除雪產(chǎn)生的排放；延長(zhǎng)建筑的使用壽命是最重要的環(huán)保措施之一。最大抗風(fēng)64m/s并且抗輻射的表層材料，可不影響內(nèi)部使用而更換的外圍護(hù)系統(tǒng)，使原來(lái)南極建筑不到20年的使用壽命得以成倍增加。

7 材料與構(gòu)造策略

南極考察站的建筑材料應(yīng)能抵御惡劣氣候、便于運(yùn)輸與施工、保護(hù)環(huán)境、安全可靠、經(jīng)濟(jì)。大量使用新型建筑材料，包括玻璃鋼框窗戶、阻止熱量從內(nèi)部向外輻射的LOW-E膜技術(shù)、帶斷橋啟口的氟碳漆面的金屬保溫夾芯板等。

研究設(shè)計(jì)了大量特殊的建筑構(gòu)造，如獨(dú)創(chuàng)的外圍護(hù)雙層復(fù)合構(gòu)造，集保溫、防火、保護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)、可更新模式于一體，解決了運(yùn)輸、安裝、安全、節(jié)能、可持續(xù)更新的多種要求。

“十五”能力建設(shè)完成后的中國(guó)南極中山站，在抵御惡劣環(huán)境、改善工作與生活環(huán)境、環(huán)保、節(jié)能等方面都達(dá)到了預(yù)期的目標(biāo)，極大提升了中國(guó)南極考察的綜合實(shí)力，使中國(guó)開始步入南極考察強(qiáng)國(guó)之列。

2 原站區(qū)規(guī)劃及主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向示意/Original site plan with predominant wind direction

3 “十一五”站區(qū)規(guī)劃及主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向示意/New site plan with predominant wind direction

Since its establishment in 1989, China Antarctic Zhongshan Research Station has gone through the hardship of extremely cold weather and severe snowstorms. The station area has been deteriorating, and can hardly fulfill the requirements for Chinese scientific expedition in Antarctic.

Since 2002, Tsinghua University Architectural Design Institute, delegated by Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration (CAA), has worked on the design of Zhongshan Research Station for the Antarctic Expedition for Investigation of the "Tenth Five-Year Plan", going through phases of project proposal, site investigation, feasibility study, engineering design, construction, completion and acceptance. The project lasted more than eight years. A total of more than 20 people visited the Antarctic research station site and conducted a large amount of hard and pioneering work.

The construction of the Antarctic station confronted many difficulties, including extremely severe environment, remote location, long-distance and difficult transportation, short construction cycle, weak field support ability, high operational cost, strict environmental protection requirements and special material requirements.

The design of the Antarctic research station must comply with the principles of security, independence, applicability, feasibility, adaptability, weather resistance, efficiency, user-friendliness, energy-saving and environmental protection.

The architectural design strategies for China Antarctic Zhongshan Research Station mainly include the following aspects:

1 Strategy for station location & planning

The location and planning of the station area play an important role in the design process of the Antarctic Research Station in terms of accessibility, guarantee for logistics and transportation operation, service life of station buildings, energy consumption for snow clearing, environmental protection and wind energy utilization. Consideration shall be taken on the relationship between dominant wind direction, accumulated snow, and buildings, as well as pipeline design, preparing for the long-term development.

2 Strategy for construction system

The harsh environment and climate and remote location of the Antarctic greatly restrict transportation and onsite construction activities of the Antarctic Research Station. Therefore, various construction methods shall be adopted according to different capacity of transportation, construction feasibility and cycle, including full-prefabrication, complete field assembly and integration of both.

3 Strategy for building form

The form of the Antarctic Research Stations must adapt to the Antarctica's complicated environment and withstand its harsh climate.

It needs respond to dynamically changing groundsurface conditions including low temperature, strong wind, accumulated snow and floating ice shelves.

Strategies include form coefficient conducive to energy-efficiency, sectional treatment to reduce windage, as well as elevated ground floor, etc.

4 Strategy for functional requirements

Security requirements: elements threatening security of the research station include harsh environment such as accumulated snow, low temperature, strong wind and ice shelves, as well as remote geographical location and inconvenient transportation. The design strategies include strategies for energy security, storage material security and fire control.

Functional requirements: the Antarctic Research Station is a comprehensive and independent system. The conflict between functional requirements andarchitectural volume limit is solved mainly through provision of multi-function space.

Spiritual needs: space for public interaction and extended indoor sight distance are required to alleviate serious psychological pressure of the science expedition team members during the period of polar nights.

5 Strategy for energy-saving

Strategies taken to save energy include appropriate station area planning, improvement of building form, enhancement of building envelope insulation, choosing suitable heat source, recycle waste heat from power generation, building fresh air system for full heat recovery and etc. Heat consumption of unit area has reduced from 200w per square meters to 25w per square meters. Though the change of heat source, fuel utilization efficiency has trebled and the comprehensive energy-saving effect has increased 20 times.

At the same time, wind and other renewable energy sources have been utilized.

6 Strategy for environmental protection

In addition to strict emission standards, energy management, waste disposal and oil pollution control, appropriate planning of station area can reduce accumulated snow on and around buildings and greatly reduce emissions caused during snow clearing. Extending service life of buildings is one of the most important environmental protection measures. The fa?ade material has a maximum windresistance coefficient of 64 m/s and is radio-resistant.The external retaining system can be replaced without affecting the internal use. The above measures have doubled the service life of the original Antarctic buildings, which was less than 20 years.

7 Strategy for material and structure

The building materials for Antarctic Research Station shall be adapted to harsh climate, easy to be transported and used during construction, and meet the requirements of environmental protection, safety, reliability and economic efficiency. A large number of new building materials were utilized, including FRP-framed window, LOW-E membrane that prevents heat from radiating outward from inside, as well as metal insulation sandwich board with broken bridge opening and fluorocarbon lacquer surface.

Through research, many unique building structures were designed, such as the creative peripheral double-layered composite structure which combines insulation, fire prevention, protection systems and cab be replaced in the future. It met various demands of transportation, installation, safety, energy-saving and sustainable renewal.

After capacity construction of Zhongshan Research Station for China's "Tenth Five-Year Plan", the station achieved the expected goals of resisting harsh environment, improving working and living condition, advancing environmental protection and increasing energy-saving. It greatly enhanced the comprehensive capacity of Chinese Antarctic expedition, and promoted China into the list of Antarctic expedition powers.

9 內(nèi)陸車隊(duì)車庫(kù)外景/Exterior view, garage

10 污水處理?xiàng)澓蛷U物處理?xiàng)澩饩?Exterior view, sewage and waste disposal building

11 綜合庫(kù)外景/Exterior view, warehouse

12 高空物理觀測(cè)棟外景/Exterior view, high-altitude physical observation building

13 高空物理觀測(cè)棟平面圖示/Plan diagram, high-altitude physical observation building

14 高空物理觀測(cè)棟剖面/Section, high-altitude physical observation building

評(píng)論

張雷：清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院完成設(shè)計(jì)的中山站工程，很好地詮釋了“建筑是居住的機(jī)器”這一現(xiàn)代建筑觀念。個(gè)人化的美學(xué)判斷和文化習(xí)俗這些設(shè)計(jì)的重要因素，在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)中失效了。而真正作為人類活動(dòng)存在于自然的“庇護(hù)”，設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)選址布局、體型、材料、施工、運(yùn)行、環(huán)保等各個(gè)方面極端限制做出回應(yīng)，創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)“正確”而非“漂亮”建筑的范例。

范路：中國(guó)南極中山科考站是一組充分體現(xiàn)功能主義的建筑。南極極端、惡劣的氣候條件，讓從整體到細(xì)節(jié)的每一項(xiàng)建筑策略，都不得不面對(duì)各種苛刻的限制。從站區(qū)選址、場(chǎng)地規(guī)劃、建造體系、材料運(yùn)輸、施工方法，到外部形態(tài)、內(nèi)部使用、心理需求，再到能源利用、節(jié)能環(huán)保，種種復(fù)雜問(wèn)題讓建筑設(shè)計(jì)回歸了某種本源狀態(tài)。建筑的創(chuàng)造性，遠(yuǎn)離了歷史、藝術(shù)、哲學(xué)的形而上思想，而存在于解決殘酷生存問(wèn)題時(shí)的智慧之中。

Comments

ZHANG Lei: Zhongshan Station Project, completed by the Architectural Design and Research Institute of Tsinghua University, well interprets the modern concept of architecture－"architecture is a machine for living". Important design factors such as personal aesthetic judgment and cultural customs became invalid in this project. Aiming for a true shelter for human activities in nature, the design responds to the extreme constraints of many aspects, including location, layout, volume, material, construction, operation and environmental protection. As a result, an "appropriate" architectural model is created, rather than a "beautiful" one.

FAN Lu: Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan Station is consisted of a group of buildings that express functionism in full term. The extreme heavy weather condition makes a strict limit on each architectural strategy for station buildings. Confined by lots of complicated architectural problems in Antarctic－site selecting and planning, building system, material transporting, constructing method, external form, use of interior space, psychological demand, energy utilizing and saving, the architectural design there goes back to a kind of original state. Then architectural creativity is got from the wisdom to face cruel survival pressures, but without the metaphysics of history, art and philosophy.

Zhongshan Research Station Construction of China's Antarctic Expedition for China's "Tenth Five-Year Plan", 2011

Architects: Architectural Design & Research Institute of Tsinghua University

15 高空物理觀測(cè)棟細(xì)部/Details, high-altitude physical observation building

16 高空物理觀測(cè)棟內(nèi)景/Interior view, high-altitude physical observation building