Study on the Variation in Growth Traits of Cupressus funebris

Xiaomei TAN，Yiquan ZHOU1.Chongqing Academy of Forestry，Chongqing 400036，China；.Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica，Chongqing 400065，China

Study on the Variation in Growth Traits of Cupressus funebris

Xiaomei TAN1*，Yiquan ZHOU2
1.Chongqing Academy of Forestry，Chongqing 400036，China；
2.Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica，Chongqing 400065，China

［Objective］This study aimed to investigate the variation in growth traits of Cupressus funebris in Chongqing Municipality，thus laying the foundation for further breeding and improvement of fine varieties.［Method］Growth traits of three fine stands of C.funebris in Qijiang，Pengshui and Youyang of Chongqing Municipality were investigated. ［Result］The results showed that C.funebris stand in Pengshui exhibited the best growth performance，followed by C.funebris stand in Qijiang；C.funebris stand in Youyang exhibited the poorest growth performance.The average volume growth of C.funebris in Pengshui，Qijiang and Youyang was 0.14，0.11 and 0.06 m3，respectively.Among different stands，variation coefficients of major growth traits were above 11.31%，and the maximum variation coefficient of the volume was 39.11%；within the stands，variation coefficients of plant height were basically the same （about 20%）.The variation coefficient of diameter at breast height in Qijiang reached the maximum of 42.42%，followed by that in Youyang.The variation coefficients of volume and diameter at breast height were consistent；seed bearing coefficient （SBC）of C.funebris stand in Pengshui exhibited the maximum variation，which indicated that C.funebris stand in Pengshui was conducive to establishing seed stands and constructing seed orchard by using the selected stands.［Conclusion］It is necessary to conduct provenance selection.

Cupressus funebris；Growth traits；Variation；Provenance；Stand

Materials and Methods

Materials

The experiment was conducted in Qijiang，Pengshui and Youyang of Chongqing Municipality.Based on the basic situation of C.funebris stands in three districts and counties，fine plantations of C.funebris with the same age in Anwen Town of Qijiang County，Hanjia Town of Pengshui County and Xiaoba Town of Youyang County were selected for survey.All the stands were afforested with locally collected seedlings.The plantation area was above 7 hm2and all the C.funebris plants were 22-24 years old.The basic situation of these plantations of C.funebris was shown in Table 1.

Survey of growth traits

In the surveyed plantations，three 20 m×20 m temporary plots were set in representative areas.Each plant taller than 4 cm in the plot was measured.To investigate the growth performance of various stands，plant height，diameter at breast height，crown width （east-west and northsouth crown widths were measured and averaged），clear bole height（height of the first living branch from the ground），stem straightness （divided into five grades of straight，relatively straight， moderate，bent and severely bent［7-8］，denoted by 5，4，3，2 and 1；a higher score indicated higher straightness）and seed bearing coefficient（divided into five levels of numerous，relatively numerous，moderate，relatively rare，rare，denoted by 5，4，3，2 and 1；a higher score indicated higher seed bearing rate）of C.funebris plants were investigated［9-10］；site conditions，climate environmental conditions，planting density，mixing situation，afforestation measures and other major afforestation activities in C.funebris plantations were recorded.

Statistical analysis

Correlation analysis was performed using SPSS13.0 software；the coefficient of variation was calculated using Excel software.Individual volume（V）was calculated according to the formula

V=0.000 0571 7×D1.31.8813305× H0.99568845；where，D and H indicated the diameter at breast height and plant height，respectively.In data analysis，stem straightness and seed bearing coefficient were converted by.

Table 1 Basic situation of fine plantations of Cupressus funebris

Table 2 Growth traits of Cupressus funebris

Results and Analysis

Analysis of growth traits

The growth performance of C.funebris plantations in Qijiang，Pengshui and Youyang was shown in Table 2. Specifically，C.funebris stand in Pengshui exhibited the best growth performance，followed by that in Qijiang；C.funebris stand in Youyang exhibited the poorest growth performance.The average volume growth of C.funebris in Pengshui，Qijiang and Youyang was 0.14 m3，0.11 m3and0.06m3，respectively.Crown width，stem straightness and volume of C.funebris showed the same variation pattern among three provenances，which reached the maximum in Pengshui，followed successively by Qijiang and Youyang.C.funebris stands in Qijiang displayed the highest clear bole height（3.8 m）and those in Pengshui showed the highest seed bearing coefficient，which was conducive to establishing seed stands and constructing seed orchard by using the selected stands［11］.

The variation in growth traits among Cupressus funebris stands

Under the natural growth pattern and without any artificial nursery management measures，average plant height，diameter at breast height and volume of 22-24 years old C.funebris plantations were 14.5 m，11.53 cm and 0.10 m3，respectively，and the variation ranges among three provenances were 13.30-16.40 m，9.60-13.30 cm and 0.06-0.14 m3，respectively.The variation coefficients of major growth traits were above 11.31%；to be specific，the maximum variation coefficient of volume was 39.11%，which indicated that C.funebris stands varied significantly among different provenances，exhibiting a huge selection potential. Thus，it is extremely necessary to conduct provenance selection of C.funebris in Chongqing Municipality［12-13］. In addition，clear bole height，crown width and seed bearing coefficient alsoexhibited a great variation，which could be used to select fine materials and establish fast-growing，high-yielding plantations and seed orchards.

Table 3 The variation in growth traits among Cupressus funebris stands

The variation in growth traits within Cupressus funebris stands

Based on variation analysis of growth traits within C.funebris stands，plant height of C.funebris was basically consistent（around 20%）within the same plantation.The variation coefficient of diameter at breast height reached the maximum（42.42%）in Qijiang and was relatively low （24.78%）in Youyang that was reduced by 18 percentage points compared with that in Qijiang.Volume of C.funebris showed consistent variation pattern to diameter at breast height within the same plantation，which indicated that diameter at breast height possessed a decisive effect on volume growth［14］. The variation in diameter at breast height and volume also confirmed the feasibility and necessity of selecting fine stands of C.funebris［8，13］.According to variation analysis of crown width，clear bole height and stem straightness in three C.funebris provenances，clear bole height exhibited the maximum variation range.To be specific，the variation coefficient of clear bole height reached the maximum in Qijiang and reached the minimum in Youyang，and the maximum variation coefficient of clear bole height was improved by nearly 30 percentage points compared with the minimum，which was consistent with the variation pattern of diameter at breast height and volume.Furthermore，seed bearing coefficient of C.funebris exhibited the maximum variation in Pengshui and slightly smaller variation in Youyang.

Conclusion and Discussion

According to survey results，average volume growth of C.funebris plantations in Qijiang，Pengshui and Youyang was 0.14，0.11 and 0.06 m3，respectively.Crown width， stem straightness and volume exhibited the same variation pattern among three provenances.C.funebris stands in Youyang exhibited poor growth performance.This might be due to that these three C.funebris stands were all pure stands，with an average planting density of about 2 m×3 m，which belonged to a natural growth pattern without any seedling cultivation measures.Therefore，the great variation in the growth performance of C.funebris might be derived from two factors:①site environmental conditions.The experimental site of C.funebris stand in Youyang had a large slope of 22°-25°，with an uphill slope position，sunny slope aspect and slightly high altitude，resulting in the great variation in growth between C.funebris stand in Youyang and other two plantations；②inherent genetic differences.According to the growth performance of C.funebris stands in Qijiang and Pengshui，it is preliminarily believed that C.funebris stands in sites with relatively low altitude，sunny aspect，moderate slope and deep soil layer are more conducive to the improvement of growth，stem shape，seed bearing and other traits.

Table 4 The variation in growth traits within Cupressus funebris stands

Average plant height，diameter at breast height and volume of C.funebris stands were 14.50 m，11.53 cm and 0.10 m3，respectively，and the variation ranges were 13.30-16.40 m，9.60-13.30 cm and 0.06-0.14 m3，respectively.According to the basic situation of C.funebris stands in three plantations，C.funebris is a precious timber tree species with good growth and wide adaptability that exhibits greater advantages for development compared with nanmu，ginkgo and other rare species cultivated in Chongqing Municipality［6］.Thus，cultivation and utilization of C.funebris resources should be strengthened.

The variation analysis within C.funebris stands shows that growth traits of C.funebris stands in Qijiang exhibit the maximum variation coefficient，which indicates that C.funebris resources in Qijiang have a great selection potential.Therefore，fine stands of C.funebris should be selected to obtain a higher genetic gain.Moreover，the present study also conforms the feasibility and necessity of selecting fine stands of C.funebris.Seed bearing coefficient of C.funebris stands exhibited the maximum variation in Pengshui and slightly smaller variation in Youyang.In reconstruction of seed stands with these two C.funebris stands，the stand in Pengshui exhibits higher selection intensity，and the reconstructed seed stands will obtain a higher genetic gain in seed bearing traits［14-15］.

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Responsible editor:Nana FAN

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柏木生長性狀變異研究

譚小梅1*，周益權(quán)2（1.重慶市林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院，重慶400036；2.重慶市中藥研究院，重慶400065）

［目的］探索重慶市柏木生長性狀變異情況，以期為后期開展良種選育及改良奠定基礎(chǔ)。［方法］對重慶市綦江、彭水和酉陽3個(gè)優(yōu)良柏木林分的生長性狀等進(jìn)行調(diào)查。［結(jié)果］彭水林分生長表現(xiàn)最好，綦江林分次之，酉陽林分最差，材積生長平均值分別為0.14 m3、0.11 m3和0.06 m3。林分間，主要生長指標(biāo)的變異系數(shù)均在11.31%以上，材積變異系數(shù)最大為39.11%，林分內(nèi)，樹高的變異基本相當(dāng)，均在20%左右。胸徑的變異以綦江最大，為42.42%，酉陽次之。材積的變異與胸徑一致，結(jié)實(shí)系數(shù)以彭水林分變異最大，利用該林分建立母樹林或?qū)ζ渌x優(yōu)樹建立種子園比較有利。［結(jié)論］開展種源選擇很有必要。

柏木；生長性狀；變異；種源；林分

C upressus funebris，an evergreen large tree species in genus Cupressus of family Cupressaceae，is highly adaptable and resistant to drought and barren，which prefers limestone soil especially，with rapid growth and high productivity. Due to moderate hardness，C.funebris wood is easy to process with smooth section，fine and uniform structure，small shrinkage and strong corrosion resistance；therefore，C.funebris has become an excellent timber material for decoration，advanced furniture manufacture，carving and plywood manufacture.Furthermore，C.funebris exhibits a good adaptability and can be used as the main species in slash after control of pine wilt disease and an alternative tree species of Pinus massoniana Lamb.In recent years，a large number of studies have been conducted on extensive cultivation of C.funebris in Sichuan，Chongqing，Guizhou，Zhejiang and other southern provinces and regions in China.Currently，seed orchard construction［1］，light-media seedling raising［2］and afforestation technology［3-5］of C.funebris have been explored preliminarily.

Chongqing is the main producing area of C.funebris with a large distribution range.Specifically，natural forests or plantations of C.funebris are widely distributed in 39 districts andcounties including Qijiang，F(xiàn)uling，Wulong，Pengshui，Qianjiang and Youyang，exhibiting abundant resources［6］.However，few researches have been carried out on C.funebris resources in Chongqing Municipality. Therefore，investigating the genetic variation in stands of C.funebris in Chongqing Municipality and taking full advantage of the extensive genetic variation among provenances is of important significance for promoting the construction of C.funebris and other precious timber forests and accelerating the development of valuable timber resources in Chongqing Municipality. In this study，growth traits of three fine stands of C.funebris in Qijiang，Pengshui and Youyang of Chongqing Municipality were investigated，which provided an important theoretical basis for breeding and genetic improvement of C.funebris in Chongqing Municipality and surrounding provinces and cities.

重慶市科技攻關(guān)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目“珍貴用材柏木種質(zhì)資源收集、保護(hù)與繁育技術(shù)研究”；重慶市財(cái)政林木良種繁育體系建設(shè)專項(xiàng)“木本油料種質(zhì)資源庫建設(shè)”；重慶市財(cái)政野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)及自然保護(hù)區(qū)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目“南川木波羅繁育關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究”。。

譚小梅（1980-），女，四川眉山人，副高，博士，主要從事林木遺傳育種研究工作，E-mail：txmzyq2006@126.com。*通訊作者。

2014-12-23

2015-02-15

Supported by Key Scientific and Technological Project of Chongqing"Study on Collection，Protection and Breeding Technology of Cupressus funebris Germplasm Resources"；Special Fund for Construction of Forest Tree Breeding System of Chongqing Finance Bureau"Construction of Woody Oil-bearing Plant Germplasm Resource Database"；Project of Wildlife Protection and Nature Reserve Construction of Chongqing Finance Bureau"Study on Key Breeding Technology of Artocarpus nanchuanensis".

.E-mail:txmzyq2006@126.com

December 23，2014Accepted:February 15，2015