劉曉艷,閔勇,黃大野,張薇,王開梅,萬中義,楊自文
(1.國家生物農(nóng)藥工程技術(shù)研究中心,湖北省生物農(nóng)藥工程研究中心,湖北省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院,武漢,430064;2.湖北生物科技職業(yè)學(xué)院,園藝園林學(xué)院)
根結(jié)線蟲病害的發(fā)生與土壤微生物群落的關(guān)系研究進展
劉曉艷1,閔勇1,黃大野1,張薇2,王開梅1,萬中義1,楊自文1
(1.國家生物農(nóng)藥工程技術(shù)研究中心,湖北省生物農(nóng)藥工程研究中心,湖北省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院,武漢,430064;2.湖北生物科技職業(yè)學(xué)院,園藝園林學(xué)院)
通過對根結(jié)線蟲病害的發(fā)生與土壤微生物群落之間的關(guān)系進行介紹,從根際微生物對根結(jié)線蟲的影響、根結(jié)線蟲對土壤微生物的作用、根際微生物區(qū)系分析方法及根結(jié)線蟲生防資源4個方面進行了綜述,探討了土壤微生物的變化影響根結(jié)線蟲病害發(fā)生的程度,通過可持續(xù)性生物防治手段減輕該蟲害的發(fā)生。
根結(jié)線蟲;根際微生物;可持續(xù)性生物防治
蔬菜根結(jié)線蟲病害是蔬菜生產(chǎn)中導(dǎo)致作物減產(chǎn)的很重要的病害。根結(jié)線蟲寄主廣泛,如茄果類、瓜類、豆類等蔬菜,平均產(chǎn)量損失30%~50%,病害嚴(yán)重時減產(chǎn)60%以上乃至絕收。蔬菜根結(jié)線蟲病害發(fā)生的同時經(jīng)常會伴隨枯萎病、根腐病等土傳性病害的發(fā)生[1]。全世界已發(fā)現(xiàn)對植物造成為害的根結(jié)線蟲有3 000多種,我國發(fā)現(xiàn)的有南方根結(jié)線蟲(M. incognita)、北方根結(jié)線蟲(M.hapala)、花生根結(jié)線蟲(M.arenaria)、爪哇根結(jié)線蟲(M.javanica)等[2]。蔬菜根結(jié)線蟲病的發(fā)生與土壤微生物群落的變化有著非常重要的關(guān)系。
土壤中存在著各種各樣的微生物群體,它們對土壤健康以及整個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡都起到了關(guān)鍵的調(diào)節(jié)作用。土壤微生物中細(xì)菌的數(shù)量和種類排名第1,約占土壤微生物總量的3/4。不同種類細(xì)菌具有不同的調(diào)節(jié)作用,有的能夠降解土壤中的重金屬如鉻和銅,有的能夠降解有機質(zhì)如解磷解鉀,有的能夠固定空氣中的氮元素,還有的能夠分解秸稈。除細(xì)菌以外,放線菌(抗生素的主要產(chǎn)生菌)的數(shù)量在土壤中排名第2,土壤的土腥味便是由放線菌產(chǎn)生的。排名第3的是真菌,真菌的種類很多,包括巨型真菌如食用菌,以及微型真菌如青霉,真菌也可以產(chǎn)生多種代謝產(chǎn)物。土壤中藻類和原生動物等種類較少。此外土壤微生物還是構(gòu)成土壤肥力的重要因素[3]。
表1 酶與根結(jié)線蟲的關(guān)系
Orion等[4]研究了膠質(zhì)對根結(jié)線蟲卵的保護作用,將卵囊及單個胞子置于土壤和膠質(zhì)中,土壤中的單個胞子很快被各種微生物分解,而膠質(zhì)中的單個胞子則受到保護,避免被分解;卵囊無論在土壤還是膠質(zhì)中,受到微生物的破壞作用都極大降低。
根結(jié)線蟲在入侵寄主的過程中,有很多酶基因是來源于微生物,如分解植物細(xì)胞壁的β-1,4-內(nèi)切葡聚糖酶,見下表1。此外可能還需要根際微生物中的一些物質(zhì)來完成寄生的過程[17]。
EI-Hadad等[18]通過溫室盆栽試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),一些防治線蟲病害的生物肥含有多粘芽胞桿菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)、巨大芽胞桿菌 (Bacillus megaterium)、環(huán)狀芽胞桿菌(B.circulans)等,能夠降低根結(jié)線蟲的蟲口數(shù)量,如每1 kg土壤中能降低95.8%二齡幼蟲、63.75%雌蟲以及57.8%雄蟲。Mohamed等[19]通過接種滅過菌和不滅菌的土壤根結(jié)線蟲,發(fā)現(xiàn)不滅菌的土壤里根結(jié)線蟲比滅過菌的土壤少且小,根結(jié)線蟲卵的數(shù)量少了93%。PCR變性梯度凝膠電泳分析顯示,很多微生物種類附著在根結(jié)線蟲身上,從而影響了雌蟲的繁殖能力。
根際細(xì)菌對根結(jié)線蟲的作用機理目前還在研究之中。郭榮君等[20,21]針對已經(jīng)報道的研究結(jié)果進行了整理,總結(jié)為3個方面:一是根際細(xì)菌能夠產(chǎn)生具有殺線蟲活性的物質(zhì),如揮發(fā)性的NH3和NO2,Jataia等[22]認(rèn)為這些細(xì)菌易產(chǎn)生對根結(jié)線蟲有毒的活性物質(zhì),因此是防治線蟲生物的重要天敵;二是根際細(xì)菌能夠改變根的分泌物,從而影響根結(jié)線蟲卵的孵化,Gheysen[23]和Sikora[24]認(rèn)為從根的特定部位分泌出來的分泌物是影響線蟲生活史中特定發(fā)育階段的重要因子,其會影響線蟲卵的孵化、線蟲趨向性、線蟲與寄主的識別以及在根上的寄生等;三是根際細(xì)菌能夠誘導(dǎo)植物產(chǎn)生系統(tǒng)性抗線蟲能力,Adam等[25]認(rèn)為根際細(xì)菌能夠誘導(dǎo)寄主植物對根結(jié)線蟲產(chǎn)生系統(tǒng)抗性,而這種抗性發(fā)揮的作用可能遠遠大于細(xì)菌本身對線蟲的作用。
植物寄生線蟲會在根系中造成空隙,而這些空隙會影響根系中的碳轉(zhuǎn)移,從而可以養(yǎng)活很多微生物。線蟲的存在不會影響微生物的生物量,但會影響根系中光合產(chǎn)物的分配。碳的轉(zhuǎn)移對微生物的影響取決于線蟲與植物的互作以及線蟲在寄主體內(nèi)的發(fā)育階段[26]。通過構(gòu)建保護地根結(jié)線蟲土壤細(xì)菌和放線菌的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹,劉瑋琦等[27]分析出根結(jié)線蟲保護地土壤細(xì)菌種群主要包括放線菌門、α、β、γ變形細(xì)菌亞群、擬桿菌門等類群,其中能引起植物根癌病的根癌農(nóng)桿菌所占數(shù)量較多。人工接種不同數(shù)量的根結(jié)線蟲蟲卵,黃瓜植株根際土壤微生物的數(shù)量也出現(xiàn)了變化,表現(xiàn)為隨接種數(shù)量的增加,根際土壤厭氣性細(xì)菌數(shù)量、好氣性細(xì)菌數(shù)量、細(xì)菌總數(shù)及細(xì)菌/真菌(B/F)逐漸降低;放線菌數(shù)量在接種量為2 000個/株時顯著升高,之后隨著接種量的增加逐漸降低;真菌數(shù)量卻逐漸升高;放線菌/真菌(A/F)在接種量為2 000個/株時略有升高,之后隨著接種量的增加逐漸降低[28]。根結(jié)線蟲侵染黃瓜植株導(dǎo)致根際土壤發(fā)生“真菌化”,顯示土壤質(zhì)量下降[29]。
微生物群落多樣性是指群落中的微生物種群類型和數(shù)量、種的豐富度和均勻度、種的分布情況等。傳統(tǒng)的土壤微生物群落多樣性解析技術(shù)是指純培養(yǎng)分離法,包括平板計數(shù)法[30]、形態(tài)分析法[31]以及群落水平生理學(xué)指紋法[32]。后來,出現(xiàn)了多樣性評價較為客觀的生物標(biāo)記法,包括磷脂脂肪酸法[33]和呼吸醌指紋法[34]。如今的現(xiàn)代分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)包括:(G+C)%含量法[35]、DNA復(fù)性動力學(xué)[36]、核酸雜交法[37]、DNA Microarrays[38]、DNA指紋圖譜技術(shù)[39]以及土壤宏基因組學(xué)[40]等。
目前應(yīng)用土壤宏蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)技術(shù)研究植物根際生物學(xué)特性及其分子機理成為當(dāng)前科學(xué)研究的熱點。Wang等[41]通過土壤蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)技術(shù)分析水稻、甘蔗、煙草等作物根際生物學(xué)特性,隨機挑取189個蛋白質(zhì),發(fā)現(xiàn)其中107個來源于植物、72個來源于微生物、10個來源于動物。此外利用T-RFLP技術(shù)對根際微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)進行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)土壤蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)技術(shù)不能取代T-RFLP技術(shù),兩者相互補充。Wu等[42]通過研究連作模式下地黃根際土壤蛋白質(zhì)表達譜的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)生差異表達的土壤蛋白質(zhì)功能涉及能量、核酸代謝、氨基酸、脅迫防御、信號傳遞、次級代謝等,這些差異蛋白在微生物與植物的相互作用中發(fā)揮著重要功能。Lin等[43]通過分析新種植與宿根甘蔗根際土壤的宏蛋白質(zhì)表達譜,也發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多介導(dǎo)微生物與植物互作的關(guān)鍵蛋白。
根結(jié)線蟲生物防治資源主要指根結(jié)線蟲在自然界的天敵生物,包括捕食性線蟲、根際細(xì)菌、食線蟲真菌、專性寄生細(xì)菌、病毒、放線菌等[21]。
4.1 食線蟲菌物
食線蟲菌物是對植物寄生線蟲具有拮抗作用菌物的統(tǒng)稱。目前國內(nèi)外報道根結(jié)線蟲食線蟲菌物約30個屬,至少79種,如淡紫擬青霉[44]和厚垣孢輪枝孢[45]等。
4.2 線蟲天敵細(xì)菌
主要是巴氏桿菌屬(Pasteuria)和根際細(xì)菌兩大類,如穿刺巴氏桿菌(Pasteuria penetrans)[46]。穿刺巴氏桿菌為專性寄生,難于人工培養(yǎng),大量生產(chǎn)受到限制。根際細(xì)菌是指從根際分離所得,如蘇云金芽胞桿菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)[47]、解淀粉芽胞桿菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)[48]、 枯草芽抱桿菌(Bacillus sublilis)[49]、熒光假單胞桿菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)[50]、放射形土壤桿菌(Agrobacterium radiobacter)[51]等。
土壤是構(gòu)成農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的主要組成部分,土壤微生物則在土壤有機質(zhì)分解、養(yǎng)分循環(huán)、改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu)、影響健康和植物演替中具有重要的作用,因此土壤微生物的變化可以作為衡量土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是否遭到破壞的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)。而當(dāng)土壤微生物群落失去平衡時,即會引起有害微生物種群占據(jù)優(yōu)勢群體,導(dǎo)致各種病蟲害的發(fā)生,如根結(jié)線蟲病害。只有研究清楚這其中的相互關(guān)系,對癥下藥,通過篩選強勢的有益微生物,減少有害微生物的種群數(shù)量,降低根結(jié)線蟲蟲口,重新恢復(fù)土壤微生物群落的平衡,才能最終實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)性生物防治的最佳效果。
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Research Progress on Relationships between Occurrence of Root Knot Nematode Disease and Soil Microbial Community
LIU Xiaoyan1,MIN Yong1,HUANG Daye1,ZHANG Wei2,WANG Kaimei1,WAN Zhongyi1,YANG Ziwen1
(1.National Biopesticide Engineering Technology Research Center,Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Center,Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Wuhan 430064;2.Department of Horticulture,Hubei Vocational College of Biotechnology)
We introduced relationships between root knot nematode disease occurrence and soil microbial community,and summrized from four aspects,including interaction between rhizospheric microorganisms and root knot nematode,effects of root knot nematode on soil microorganisms,analysis methods of rhizospheric microflora and biocontrol resources of root knot nematode.In addition,we discussed that variation of soil microbial biomass affected occurrence degree of root knot nematode disease,ane pointed out that sustainable biological control means could reduce occurrence of root knot nematode.
Root knot nematode;Rhizospheric microorganisms;Sustainable biological control
S432.4+5
A
1001-3547(2015)24-0032-05
10.3865/j.issn.1001-3547.2015.24.014
劉曉艷(1979-),女,博士,主要從事植物病理學(xué)及生物農(nóng)藥分子生物學(xué)研究,電話:027-59101919
2015-10-14