杜秉健,唐曉雙,翟曉娜,2,劉 飛,3,冷小京,3,*
(1.中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)與營養(yǎng)工程學(xué)院,北京 100083;2.北京茱古拉咖啡有限公司,北京 100085;3.奶牛產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系北京市創(chuàng)新團(tuán) 隊(duì),北京 100102)
具有抗抑郁功效食品營養(yǎng)因子的研究進(jìn)展
杜秉健1,唐曉雙1,翟曉娜1,2,劉飛1,3,冷小京1,3,*
(1.中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)與營養(yǎng)工程學(xué)院,北京100083;2.北京茱古拉咖啡有限公司,北京100085;3.奶牛產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系北京市創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì),北京100102)
抑郁癥是一種危害性大、涉及人群廣的情感障礙類疾病,致病機(jī)制主要有單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)系統(tǒng)失調(diào)、神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子缺乏和下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)紊亂3類。目前常用的臨床治療手段多治愈率低、副作用大,受眾抵觸心理強(qiáng)烈,因此開發(fā)具有抗抑郁功能的保健食品作為輔助治療手段非常必要。本文對近年來食品抗抑郁營養(yǎng)因子(和/或功能因子)、作用機(jī)理以及營養(yǎng)素補(bǔ)充手段的主要研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
抗抑郁;營養(yǎng)因子;作用機(jī)理;營養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充
目前抑郁癥的臨床治療手段主要有心理療法(psychotherapy)、電痙攣療法(electroconvulsive therapy)以及藥物療法(antidepressant medications)[8]。然而臨床觀察顯示,這些方法或治療效果緩慢,或伴隨惡心、失眠、疲勞和性功能障礙等副作用,給患者帶來極大痛苦[9-10]。因此需要開發(fā)溫和的食物輔助治療手段增強(qiáng)療效,提高接受度。事實(shí)上,大量研究表明食物所含的多種營養(yǎng)因子在抑郁癥防治方面的確能夠發(fā)揮重要作用。近年來世界范圍內(nèi)對食物中抗抑郁營養(yǎng)因子方面的研究,尤其是在作用機(jī)理和新型營養(yǎng)素補(bǔ)充手段等方面已經(jīng)獲得了快速發(fā)展與長足進(jìn)步。本文就近年來關(guān)于食品所含主要抗抑郁營養(yǎng)因子、作用機(jī)理和營養(yǎng)素補(bǔ)充手段的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,為開發(fā)新型保健食品提供參考。
1.1單胺假說(monoamine hypothesis)
抑郁產(chǎn)生自嚴(yán)重的情感障礙,其生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)涉及腦部多區(qū)域功能的同步改變,因此與心境相關(guān)的大腦彌散性調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)(diffuse modulatory system)的紊亂被認(rèn)為與抑郁癥相關(guān)。常見的致幻劑如麥角二乙胺等和興奮劑如安非他命等都是通過影響該系統(tǒng)發(fā)生作用的。單胺假說認(rèn)為,在大腦彌散性調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)中起關(guān)鍵信號突觸傳遞作用的單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)5-羥色胺、去甲腎上腺素和多巴胺的釋放水平與抑郁癥發(fā)病有直接關(guān)系[11](圖1)。最早的證據(jù)出現(xiàn)在20世紀(jì)60年代,利血平作為一種降血壓藥導(dǎo)致約20%的服用者出現(xiàn)精神抑郁癥,隨后的研究表明它能耗竭中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的5-羥色胺和兒茶酚胺[1]。一種用于治療肺結(jié)核病的藥物異丙肼,通過抑制單胺氧化酶,干擾其對5-羥色胺和兒茶酚胺的分解,會導(dǎo)致服用者出現(xiàn)情緒高漲的現(xiàn)象[12]。目前以單胺假說為基礎(chǔ)的抗抑郁藥在臨床應(yīng)用上占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,如選擇性5-羥色胺重吸收抑制劑(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor,SSRI)、選擇性去甲腎上腺素重吸收抑制劑(selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors,NRIS)和5-羥色胺-去甲腎上腺素重吸收抑制劑(serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors,SNRI)等(表1)。需要注意的是,雖然這類藥物能快速調(diào)節(jié)遞質(zhì)水平,但其抗抑郁作用需要用藥后數(shù)周才能體現(xiàn)[13],目前普遍認(rèn)為遞質(zhì)水平的增加只是該類藥物的直接效果,實(shí)際抗抑郁作用的發(fā)揮是通過增加的遞質(zhì)與G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體結(jié)合引發(fā)級聯(lián)反應(yīng),提高大腦前額皮層和海馬體中神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的塑性,建立認(rèn)知性新皮層環(huán)路,控制異常的神經(jīng)環(huán)路后,進(jìn)而體現(xiàn)出臨床抗抑郁的治療效果,該過程是需要一定時間的[14]。
圖1 單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)水平與抑郁癥狀的關(guān)系[11]11Fig.1Relationship between monoamine neurotransmitters and depression symptoms[11]
表1 主要的抗抑郁藥Table1Classes of antidepressant drugsdrugs
1.2神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)假說(neurotrop hin hypothesis)
臨床觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)海馬體和大腦皮層某些部分的萎縮與抑郁癥發(fā)病有明顯的關(guān)聯(lián),負(fù)責(zé)神經(jīng)發(fā)生、營養(yǎng)和重塑的腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor)的不足和代謝紊亂是導(dǎo)致抑郁癥發(fā)病的重要機(jī)理[15-17]。研究表明,直接將腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子灌注到動物受體的海馬體和大腦前額皮層區(qū)域可以產(chǎn)生明顯的抗抑郁作用[18];另一方面,剔除掉腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子或者該因子受體的動物,其大腦中樞神經(jīng)元的增殖、發(fā)生、成熟、分化和凋亡等過程會出現(xiàn)明顯異常,產(chǎn)生抑郁的癥狀,且干擾抗抑郁劑的起效[19-21]。新近研究證明,經(jīng)典的單胺類抗抑郁藥物同樣具有提高中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子水平的效果,說明該效果可能在抗抑郁療效中發(fā)揮重要作用[22-24]。
1.3應(yīng)激假說(stress hypothesis)
應(yīng)激,指機(jī)體受到應(yīng)激因子(stress or)刺激后,在沒有發(fā)生特異的病理性損害前所產(chǎn)生的一系列非特異性應(yīng)答反應(yīng)。該假說主要涉及下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸的激活,包括釋放促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素激素調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng),引發(fā)機(jī)體交感神經(jīng)興奮,血糖與血壓升高等反應(yīng)[25]。應(yīng)激因子可以是生理因素,也可以是心理因素。近年來大量研究證明,長期應(yīng)激壓力帶來的炎癥和氧化應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)中樞系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)元損傷等是導(dǎo)致抑郁癥發(fā)病的重要機(jī)制之一[26-30]。而具有抗炎和抗氧化活性的物質(zhì),尤其是其中能夠穿越血腦屏障進(jìn)入大腦中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)直接發(fā)揮作用,或者能夠間接降低大腦炎癥因子和氧化應(yīng)激水平而起作用的活性物質(zhì),則具有重要的開發(fā)潛力[31-35]。
學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)是學(xué)科育人的集中體現(xiàn),是學(xué)生通過學(xué)科學(xué)習(xí)而逐步形成的正確價值觀念、必備品格和關(guān)鍵能力。語文學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)是學(xué)生在積極的語言實(shí)踐活動中積累與構(gòu)建起來,并在真實(shí)的語言運(yùn)用情境中表現(xiàn)出來的語言能力及其品質(zhì);是學(xué)生在語文學(xué)習(xí)中獲得的語言知識與語言能力,思維方法與思維品質(zhì),情感、態(tài)度與價值觀的綜合體現(xiàn)。主要包括“語言建構(gòu)與運(yùn)用”“思維發(fā)展與提升”“審美鑒賞與創(chuàng)造”“文化傳承與理解”四個方面。那么,如何通過語文教學(xué)提升學(xué)生的語文學(xué)科素養(yǎng)呢?筆者認(rèn)為,閱讀和表達(dá)能力的培養(yǎng)是提升學(xué)生語文學(xué)科素養(yǎng)的根本途徑和基本手段。
2.1維生素
2.1.1VC
VC是水溶性維生素,是一種重要的膳食抗氧化劑,外觀為無色結(jié)晶,酸性,沒有氣味,主要分布在新鮮水果和蔬菜中,如橙子、檸檬、草莓、芒果、菠蘿、西紅柿和西蘭花等[36-37]。早期臨床觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),靜脈注射高劑量的VC(50mg/(kg·d))可以舒緩兒童由促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素導(dǎo)致的抑郁癥狀[38]。Brody[39]觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),VC對健康的成人也有一定的情緒改善效果。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抑郁癥患者血液VC含量((0.37±0.14)mg/100mL)要低于健康人群((0.65±0.06)mg/100mL),證明了VC缺乏與抑郁癥發(fā)病之間的緊密聯(lián)系。盡管近年來相關(guān)研究不斷深入,關(guān)于VC抗抑郁的機(jī)理目前還不夠清晰,可能涉及多條機(jī)制路徑。Binfaré等[40]研究表明,灌胃1mg/kg劑量以上的VC可以通過調(diào)控中樞神經(jīng)單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)路徑,在小鼠懸尾行為模型中體現(xiàn)出抗抑郁的作用。Moretti等[41]研究認(rèn)為,VC可以調(diào)控由環(huán)境壓力導(dǎo)致的中樞神經(jīng)氧化應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)的異常,進(jìn)而平復(fù)相應(yīng)的抑郁癥狀。另一方面,VC還是一種重要的輔酶,參與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)由酪氨酸到去甲腎上腺素的代謝過程[42](圖2),會對大腦的情緒調(diào)節(jié)有一定影響。目前認(rèn)為,科學(xué)合理地補(bǔ)充VC對于抵御抑郁的發(fā)生與減緩癥狀具有積極作用。除生食蔬菜水果外,目前在市面上較為普遍的VC營養(yǎng)素補(bǔ)充劑也是方便的膳食補(bǔ)充途徑,多以泡騰片、咀嚼片和沖劑的形式存在。
圖2由酪氨酸合成兒茶酚胺的過程Fig.2Synthesis process from tyrosine to catecholamine
2.1.2B族維生素
目前已知的B族維生素超過12種,其膳食來源也十分廣泛,涉及豆類、動物肝臟、食用菌類和堅(jiān)果類等食品。B族維生素大多都是重要的輔酶,在人體內(nèi)廣泛參與調(diào)控各類生物代謝過程。VB1,又稱硫胺素,參與乙酰輔酶A合成,具有十分重要的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,缺乏會導(dǎo)致腳氣病、失語癥、色覺障礙和視力喪失等癥狀。VB3,又稱煙酸或尼克酸,參與色氨酸的代謝過程,進(jìn)而影響到5-羥色胺的水平,缺乏會導(dǎo)致疲勞倦怠、皮炎、癡呆和神經(jīng)炎癥等癥狀[43-44]。VB6,又稱吡哆醇,參與生成5-羥色胺、多巴胺和去甲腎上腺素,過量攝入會導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)紊亂和肢體麻痹等癥狀[45]。葉酸,是一種水溶性維生素,主要存在于蔬菜中,如菠菜、蘆筍、甘藍(lán)和小白菜等,其直接參與合成5-羥色胺、兒茶酚胺和褪黑素,在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮重要作用,孕婦在懷孕期間如缺乏葉酸會直接影響胎兒神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育。自1998年起,美國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,F(xiàn)DA)已強(qiáng)制規(guī)定在谷物食品中強(qiáng)化葉酸,每1kg谷物食品強(qiáng)化1.4mg葉酸[46-48]。近年來的動物模型和臨床觀察研究發(fā)現(xiàn),葉酸具有良好的抗抑郁作用,涉及多條神經(jīng)調(diào)控機(jī)制路徑(表2)。目前國內(nèi)市場上常見的口服葉酸補(bǔ)充片劑,是經(jīng)由國家食品藥品監(jiān)督管理總局(State Food and Drug Administration,SFDA)批準(zhǔn)的預(yù)防胎兒先天性神經(jīng)管畸形適應(yīng)癥的藥物,是針對孕婦的口服預(yù)防用非處方藥品,而非保健食品。因?yàn)锽族維生素種類繁多,且生理功能相互交叉,目前市面上多以復(fù)合VB營養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充劑的形式存在,屬于營養(yǎng)素補(bǔ)充劑類保健食品范疇。Lewis等[49]新近研究表明,服用復(fù)合B族維生素營養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充劑30d以上可以有效改善抑郁癥患者癥狀。這一成果為更具目的性的個性化復(fù)合維生素補(bǔ)充劑的開發(fā)提供了新的思路。
表2葉酸在動物實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床研究中的抗抑郁效果Table2Animal model and clinical studies showing the effects of folic acid on depressionssion
2.1.3VE
VE是脂溶性維生素,又稱生育酚,在植物油如菜籽油、芝麻油、豆油、玉米油和向日葵油等以及堅(jiān)果如榛子和松子中含量較為豐富[58]。VE在人體內(nèi)最顯著的生理功能是抗氧化與抗炎作用[59],其中對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用包括改善認(rèn)知和記憶力[60-61]、舒緩焦慮[62]、抵御阿茲海默癥[63]和帕金森癥[64]等。近年來,VE抗抑郁作用的研究在逐漸增多,涉及功效機(jī)理方面的研究不斷深入(表3)。目前市面上的VE補(bǔ)充產(chǎn)品主要有兩類:一是經(jīng)VE強(qiáng)化的植物油和早餐谷物;二是VE軟膠囊,屬于營養(yǎng)素補(bǔ)充劑類保健食品范疇。
表3VE在動物模型和臨床研究中的抗抑郁效果Table3Animal model and clinical studies showing the effects of Table3Animal model and clinical studies showing the effects of vitamin E on depressionssion
2.2礦物質(zhì)
2.2.1鋅
鋅是一種十分重要的微量元素,人體內(nèi)有超過300種酶需要依靠其發(fā)揮作用[72],主要的膳食來源包括牡蠣及其他貝類、魚蝦類、肉類和蛋類等[73]。鋅在中樞神經(jīng)中含量豐富,維持著重要的生理平衡(圖3),發(fā)揮著十分關(guān)鍵的神經(jīng)生理學(xué)作用,已有大量文獻(xiàn)論述[74-75]。長期以來,關(guān)于鋅的抗抑郁作用已有大量文獻(xiàn)總結(jié),但因其神經(jīng)生理學(xué)活性涉及廣泛,目前尚未有明確的抗抑郁作用機(jī)理,圖4描述了已知的3條可能的作用機(jī)制與路徑,涉及了對天冬氨酸系統(tǒng)的抑制,對腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子系統(tǒng)和5-羥色胺系統(tǒng)的強(qiáng)化[76-78]。目前市面上補(bǔ)鋅保健食品以葡萄糖酸鋅類產(chǎn)品為主,形式主要為片劑、口服液和營養(yǎng)強(qiáng)化鹽,主要作用于青少年因缺鋅引起的營養(yǎng)不良和厭食癥等癥狀,雖屬于保健食品范疇,但受眾針對性明顯。實(shí)際上,即使是兒童,只要合理膳食不過分挑食,鋅的攝入一般是充足的,健康成年人基本不需要特別補(bǔ)充鋅元素,相應(yīng)的營養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充劑類產(chǎn)品較少。
圖3神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞中參與調(diào)節(jié)ZnZn2+2+生理平衡的路徑和系統(tǒng)[74]74Fig.3P athways and systems regulating Zn2+homeostasis in neu rons[74]
圖4鋅可能的抗抑郁機(jī)理[77]77Fig.4Possible mechanisms of the antidepressant action of zinc[77]77
2.2.2鎂
鎂是一種重要的常量元素,在人體內(nèi)以其為輔酶的酶有近300種[79]。富含鎂的食物有綠色葉菜類蔬菜、海帶、芝麻、杏仁、黑巧克力和豆類等,盡管膳食來源廣泛,鎂缺乏現(xiàn)象依然十分常見。在美國,有近六成成年人每天不能保證攝入推薦量的鎂[80]。鎂在人體內(nèi)維持著重要的生理平衡,缺乏將導(dǎo)致炎癥和氧化應(yīng)激以及由此引發(fā)的神經(jīng)疾病的發(fā)生(圖5)。其中,鎂與抑郁癥的聯(lián)系已有大量文獻(xiàn)論述總結(jié),近年來的研究表明,膳食鎂的攝入量與抑郁癥發(fā)病率存在直接反相關(guān)的關(guān)系,同時鎂還具有一定改善抑郁癥狀的作用,與其參與的體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激平衡具有重要關(guān)系[81-82]。一般而言,膳食鎂的攝入量是充足的,因此市面上單獨(dú)補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)素鎂的產(chǎn)品較為少見,多為鈣鎂搭配補(bǔ)充,以補(bǔ)鈣為主的產(chǎn)品,如各種鈣鎂補(bǔ)充片劑。
圖5鎂缺乏與炎癥、氧化應(yīng)激以及神經(jīng)疾病的關(guān)系[80]80Fig.5Relationships among magnesium de?ciency,in?ammatory and oxidative stress,and neurological diseases[80]
2.2.3硒
硒是一種人體必需的微量元素,主要膳食來源是肉類和蛋類食品,其在這些食品中的含量受動物飼養(yǎng)方式和環(huán)境條件影響明顯[83]。硒的主要生理功能是作為關(guān)鍵組分構(gòu)成硒蛋白,后者可以是十分重要的酶類,如谷胱甘肽過氧化酶、甲狀腺素脫碘酶和硒代磷酸鹽合成酶,也可以單獨(dú)存在于心肌和骨骼肌中發(fā)揮抗氧化和抗炎的作用[84-85]。研究表明,含硒活性分子與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病包括癲癇、帕金森癥和阿茲海默癥有密切的聯(lián)系[86],關(guān)注其與抑郁癥狀的研究近年來有長足發(fā)展,代表成果見表4。不同于其他的必需微量元素,硒在膳食中的含量受地域環(huán)境因素影響十分明顯,總體而言我國的人群多處于缺硒的狀態(tài)。近年來,隨著補(bǔ)硒的概念不斷被提及,相應(yīng)的富硒食品特色農(nóng)業(yè)在我國蓬勃發(fā)展。市面上已有如富硒茶、富硒肉禽、富硒食用菌和富硒醬油等各色產(chǎn)品,可以滿足各類人群的補(bǔ)硒需求[87]。
表4 硒在動物模型和臨床研究中的抗抑郁效果Table4Animal model and clinical studies showing the effects of selenium on depressionssion
2. 3 ω-3脂肪酸
ω-3脂肪酸是一類多不飽和脂肪酸,常見的有α-亞麻酸(α-linolenic acid,α-ALA),二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)。前者在植物油中,如亞麻籽油中含量豐富;后兩者富含于深海魚油中。研究表明,ω-3脂肪酸可以改善健康人群的記憶力和反應(yīng)力[94],降低阿茲海默癥的發(fā)病率[95],以及患抑郁癥的風(fēng)險[96]。近年來有大量關(guān)于ω-3脂肪酸抗抑郁效果的研究報道,研究表明其可能的抗抑郁機(jī)理有:1)影響蛋白的磷酸化;2)調(diào)控蛋白激酶C的活性;3)調(diào)控中樞神經(jīng)5-羥色胺和多巴胺水平;4)抗炎與抗氧化作用;5)提高神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的發(fā)生與塑性[97-101]。因?yàn)槠滹@著的抗冠心病和抗中風(fēng)作用,ω-3脂肪酸的營養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充產(chǎn)品在市場上需求旺盛,較為成熟的有亞麻籽油和深海魚油兩大類產(chǎn)品[102]。
2.4色氨酸
色氨酸是人類9種必需氨基酸之一,需靠膳食補(bǔ)充,主要來源有大豆、小米、肉類和奶類,具有十分重要的生理學(xué)功能。作為5-羥色胺的主要膳食前體物質(zhì),色氨酸在抗抑郁方面的作用一直為人們所重視。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)膳食色氨酸缺乏會導(dǎo)致抑郁癥發(fā)病率的上升[103],以及已有抑郁癥狀的加劇[104]。自19世紀(jì)60年代開始,大量的案例表明通過補(bǔ)充色氨酸可以發(fā)揮一定的改善抑郁癥狀和提高藥物治療效果的作用[105-106],但到目前為止,其效果在臨床尚未得到確認(rèn)[107]。氨基酸作為人體重要的組成部分,應(yīng)該盡量避免補(bǔ)充不當(dāng)可能導(dǎo)致的其他營養(yǎng)素代謝異常,均衡與適量是關(guān)鍵。
2.5植物黃酮
蔬菜與水果食品是構(gòu)成健康膳食必不可少的組成部分,其中一個重要原因是它們可以提供大量的膳食黃酮。目前已知的黃酮類化合物有6000多種,按照結(jié)構(gòu)可以大體分為六大類,見圖6。黃酮類化合物在神經(jīng)生理學(xué)上的重要作用一直以來受到廣泛關(guān)注,焦點(diǎn)包括降低神經(jīng)細(xì)胞損傷、減少神經(jīng)炎癥發(fā)生、以及提高認(rèn)知和記憶力[108]。其中黃酮類化合物自身所具有的抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒、抗癌和抗過敏等生理功能發(fā)揮了重要作用[109],此外討論較多的兩條神經(jīng)生理學(xué)活性作用路徑包括:1)作為神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)分子的類似物激發(fā)整條信號路徑,或者引發(fā)下游的一些蛋白激酶和脂質(zhì)激酶的級聯(lián)反應(yīng),如通過激活磷酸肌醇-3激酶、胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶1/2和Akt/蛋白激酶路徑促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的發(fā)生與分化,通過抑制c-Jun氨基末端激酶和p38路徑減少神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的凋亡[110](圖7);2)提高外圍系統(tǒng)和大腦的血液通量,促進(jìn)中樞神經(jīng)血管新生,強(qiáng)化營養(yǎng)輸送。
圖6黃酮類化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.6Structures of flavonoids
圖7黃酮參與調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞中的信號路徑[110]110Fig.7Overview of signal ing pathways mediated by flavonoids in neurons[110]
總體而言,一直以來關(guān)于黃酮類化合物的抗抑郁作用,構(gòu)效關(guān)系以及協(xié)同作用方面的研究,包括相關(guān)的臨床研究都比較少,近年來才有了一定的發(fā)展。目前已知的具有顯著抗抑郁作用的黃酮類化合物及主要的膳食植物來源見表5。此外,近年來還出現(xiàn)了大量關(guān)于膳食植物總黃酮混合物具有抗抑郁作用的報道,如可可豆[111]、石榴[112]、秋葵[113]、紅景天[114]和藏紅花[115]等。目前認(rèn)為,補(bǔ)充抗抑郁植物黃酮應(yīng)以功能成分與量效關(guān)系較為清晰的天然植物提取物制備的膳食營養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充劑為主,目前該類產(chǎn)品尚處于開發(fā)階段,市面上還沒有相應(yīng)的成熟產(chǎn)品可供選擇。近年來隨著該領(lǐng)域引起越來越多人的注意,學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域的研究不斷深入,在我國是一個植物醫(yī)藥文化源遠(yuǎn)流長的國度的大背景下,可以預(yù)想該類產(chǎn)品將更受大眾的偏愛,具有廣闊的發(fā)展前景。
表5黃酮類化合物在動物模型中的抗抑郁效果Table5Animal model studies showing the effects of flavonoids on depression
抑郁癥嚴(yán)重危害著個人生活以及公共安全,值得全社會給予高度關(guān)注。作為一種情感障礙類疾病其具有潛伏期長、發(fā)病突然、難根除和易反復(fù)等特點(diǎn),這給科學(xué)診斷與治療帶來了困難與挑戰(zhàn)。目前,與一些發(fā)達(dá)國家相比,我國對于抑郁癥的防治重視還不夠,全社會對舒緩抑郁癥狀的關(guān)注不足,多是在患者臨床發(fā)病后才采取副作用強(qiáng)烈的藥物或物理治療手段,給很多患者及其家庭造成了巨大痛苦。國內(nèi)的抗抑郁營養(yǎng)保健食品概念尚處于醞釀階段,基本在依據(jù)傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)理念研發(fā)和營銷,這類產(chǎn)品既缺乏確切的現(xiàn)代科學(xué)研究證據(jù),對其中的關(guān)鍵功能成分、構(gòu)效和量效關(guān)系以及協(xié)同關(guān)系方面探討不足,又對中醫(yī)倡導(dǎo)的因人不同和因病狀而異概念把握不足,即對目標(biāo)人群的選擇與針對性欠缺,導(dǎo)致整體產(chǎn)品素質(zhì)一般,且可能具有潛在的不良風(fēng)險。我國具有悠久的食補(bǔ)養(yǎng)生文化,膳食資源豐富,深化對其中抗抑郁營養(yǎng)因子的研究,理清關(guān)鍵營養(yǎng)因子和作用機(jī)理,并開發(fā)出相應(yīng)的營養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充食品,是拓展符合時代需要的新的保健食品領(lǐng)域的重要一步,具有廣闊的研發(fā)前景。
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Progress in Food Antidepressant Nutritional Factors
DU Bingjian1,TANG Xiaoshuang1,ZHAI Xiaona1,2,LIU Fei1,3,LENG Xiaojing1,3,*
(
1.College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering,China Agricultural University,Beijing100083,China;2.Beijing Chocolat Coffee Co.Ltd.,Beijing100085,China;3.Beijing Innovation Team of Technology System in Dairy Industry,Beijing100102,China)
Depression is one of the dangerous epidemic diseases all over the world.Its pathogenic mechanisms mainly refer to the monoamine neurotransmitter system disorders,neurotrophic factor deficiency and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress system disorders.Most current clinical treatments are often reported to have undesirable side effects,and thus the development of the nutritional foods with antidepressant function becomes necessary.This paper reviews the recent progress in antidepressant nutritional factors(and/or functional factors),mechanisms and nutritional supplements.
anti-depression;nutritional factor;action mechanism;nutritional supplement
TS218
A
1002-6630(2015)05-0212-09
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201505040
2014-04-22
國家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(31171771);“十二五”國家科技支撐計劃項(xiàng)目(2011BAD23B04)
杜秉?。?985—),男,博士研究生,研究方向?yàn)槭称坊瘜W(xué)與營養(yǎng)。E-mail:dbj8541@163.com
冷小京(1966—),男,教授,博士,研究方向?yàn)榭墒秤媚ぜ拔⒛z囊科學(xué)。E-mail:lengxiaojingcau@163.com