馮波 盧矯陽 鄭民華
·青年專家論壇·
腹腔鏡主導(dǎo)下個體化肛提肌切除的APE術(shù)
馮波 盧矯陽 鄭民華
馮波 醫(yī)學(xué)博士,畢業(yè)于上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院,任瑞金醫(yī)院普外科、上海市微創(chuàng)外科臨床醫(yī)學(xué)中心副主任醫(yī)師,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師。主要從事胃腸腫瘤的早期診斷與微創(chuàng)手術(shù)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究。任中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會肛腸醫(yī)師分會委員,中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會外科醫(yī)師分會結(jié)直腸外科醫(yī)師委員會委員,中國抗癌協(xié)會大腸癌專業(yè)委員會腹腔鏡學(xué)組委員兼秘書,中國抗癌協(xié)會大腸癌專業(yè)委員會青年委員,海峽兩岸醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生交流協(xié)會腫瘤防治專家委員會胃腫瘤專業(yè)學(xué)組常務(wù)委員,上??拱﹨f(xié)會腫瘤微創(chuàng)治療委員會腹腔鏡外科學(xué)組副組長,上海市醫(yī)學(xué)會外科分會微創(chuàng)外科學(xué)組秘書,華東地區(qū)微創(chuàng)外科醫(yī)師聯(lián)盟執(zhí)行委員兼秘書長,《中華結(jié)直腸疾病電子雜志》通訊編委。獨(dú)立承擔(dān)國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目、上海市衛(wèi)生局重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目與上海市科委重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目,并入選上海交通大學(xué)晨星計(jì)劃。曾獲教育部科技進(jìn)步一等獎,上海市科技進(jìn)步一等獎,上海市醫(yī)學(xué)科技獎一等獎以及中華醫(yī)學(xué)獎二等獎(第三完成人),上海交通大學(xué)九龍獎。2009赴美國Cornell大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬New York Presbyterian醫(yī)院結(jié)直腸外科任訪問學(xué)者。
對于低位直腸癌的手術(shù)治療,傳統(tǒng)腹會陰部聯(lián)合切除術(shù)存在穿孔率和環(huán)周切緣陽性率高的問題,預(yù)后較差。肛提肌外腹會陰聯(lián)合切除術(shù)通過擴(kuò)大切除帶來的腫瘤學(xué)獲益仍有爭議,且該手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高。本文回顧兩項(xiàng)手術(shù)發(fā)展歷史,評價(jià)相關(guān)循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù),并提出一種腹腔鏡主導(dǎo)下的腹會陰聯(lián)合切除術(shù)。該手術(shù)在腹腔鏡直視下經(jīng)盆腔途徑個體化切除肛提肌,將其最大程度保留用于盆底重建;將手術(shù)匯合平面降至坐骨直腸窩脂肪,簡化會陰部操作;并具備腹腔鏡手術(shù)操作精細(xì),利于盆部自主神經(jīng)保護(hù)的傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)點(diǎn),是一種值得在實(shí)踐中進(jìn)一步完善推廣的新術(shù)式。
腹腔鏡; 直腸腫瘤; 外科手術(shù)
傳統(tǒng)腹會陰部聯(lián)合切除術(shù)治療低位直腸癌,存在穿孔率和環(huán)周切緣陽性率高的問題,預(yù)后較差。肛提肌外腹會陰聯(lián)合切除術(shù)通過擴(kuò)大切除帶來的腫瘤學(xué)獲益仍有爭議。本文提出腹腔鏡主導(dǎo)下的腹會陰聯(lián)合切除術(shù):腹腔鏡直視下經(jīng)盆腔途徑個體化切除肛提肌,簡化會陰部操作,利于盆自主神經(jīng)保護(hù),是一種值得在實(shí)踐中進(jìn)一步完善推廣的新術(shù)式。
早在1908年,英國倫敦外科醫(yī)生Miles在Lancet雜志上提出了腹會陰聯(lián)合切除術(shù)(abdominal-perineal exision,APE)用于手術(shù)治療直腸癌和末端結(jié)腸癌[1]。該論文中所描述的APE,其腹部操作采用鈍性分離的方法游離下端結(jié)腸和直腸至前列腺,骶尾關(guān)節(jié)和“肛提肌上方的兩側(cè)”,在充分游離直腸并行乙狀結(jié)腸造口后,將病人翻轉(zhuǎn)至右側(cè)臥位行會陰部操作;Miles強(qiáng)調(diào),為最大范圍清除可能沿兩側(cè)途徑播散的腫瘤,肛提肌的切除應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量靠近盆側(cè)壁;為此,傳統(tǒng)的APE將肛提肌,坐骨直腸窩脂肪和肛周皮膚一并切除,是一種創(chuàng)傷較大的手術(shù)。
在隨后的半個世紀(jì),Miles手術(shù)都是直腸癌手術(shù)治療的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。至20世紀(jì)中葉,由于吻合器技術(shù)的發(fā)展,前切除術(shù)(Anterior resection,AR)和低位前切除術(shù)(low AR,LAR)開始逐漸應(yīng)用于切除中高位直腸腫瘤;而低位直腸癌治療仍沿用傳統(tǒng)APE術(shù)式[2-6]。1982年,Heald等提出全直腸系膜切除術(shù)(total mesorectal excision,TME),即利用盆腔筋膜臟層和壁層之間的天然解剖平面完整切除腫瘤和包繞腫瘤的直腸系膜,從而避免腫瘤在系膜內(nèi)播散造成的復(fù)發(fā)[7-8]。該方法適用于未侵出直腸系膜的的中低位直腸癌,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道可將腫瘤局部復(fù)發(fā)率降至10%以下,同時患者5年生存率可達(dá)70%[9-11]。除腫瘤學(xué)優(yōu)勢外,TME顯著提高了中低位直腸癌手術(shù)保肛的比例,并利于保護(hù)患者的泌尿生殖功能,從而使患者獲得更好的術(shù)后生存質(zhì)量。
TME原則的成功使之成為近十幾年該領(lǐng)域外科醫(yī)生手術(shù)技能培訓(xùn)的重點(diǎn),特別是其核心部分,即直視下銳性分離直腸系膜的操作也成為了AR手術(shù)和APE手術(shù)中腹部操作的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法”,但APE的會陰部操作并未進(jìn)行相應(yīng)改進(jìn)。目前所按照TME原則施行的APE手術(shù),都是先行直腸系膜分離,但未至其末段裸區(qū),隨后行會陰部肛門外括約肌和肛提肌切除,腹會陰匯合平面一般在肛提肌裂孔外側(cè)1 cm左右。
在解剖上,直腸系膜向下成錐形縮窄至末段裸區(qū),外科醫(yī)生為貫徹TME原則常過多的將直腸系膜從肛提肌上分離下來,從而導(dǎo)致術(shù)后標(biāo)本在距肛緣3~5 cm處形成狹窄的“外科腰”,而傳統(tǒng)截石位下,APE的會陰部操作視線不清,空間狹小,常常采用鈍性分離的方法,操作不精細(xì)。因而,外科腰處成為APE手術(shù)穿孔和環(huán)周切緣(circumferential resection margin,CRM)陽性率的高發(fā)區(qū)[12]。外國學(xué)者通過對Dutch TME trial中的846例AR手術(shù)標(biāo)本和373例APE手術(shù)標(biāo)本分析發(fā)現(xiàn),AR和APE的穿孔率分別為2.5%和13.7%,而CRM(+)率分別為10.7%和30.4%,由此,APE手術(shù)較高的穿孔率與切緣陽性率為其安全性埋下隱患[13]。
近年來,多個歐洲國家針對直腸癌的手術(shù)治療進(jìn)行了臨床試驗(yàn),證實(shí)同樣按照TME原則進(jìn)行的AR和APE手術(shù),后者的腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率和病人生存率均劣于前者,APE手術(shù)穿孔率和切緣陽性比例明顯高于AR[11,13-17],且穿孔與切緣陽性與不良預(yù)后直接相關(guān),是不良預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,而APE術(shù)式本身也成為低位直腸癌復(fù)發(fā)的的危險(xiǎn)因素[18-19](表1)。
針對上述問題,2007年,瑞典外科醫(yī)生Holm提出了一種改良的APE術(shù)式,即肛提肌外腹會陰聯(lián)合直腸切除術(shù)(extralevator abdominoperinealexcision,ELAPE)。該方法的腹部操作未將直腸系膜從肛提肌上分離下來,而是將病人翻轉(zhuǎn)至折刀位,通過會陰途徑完整切除包繞直腸系膜的肛提肌,將腹會陰手術(shù)的匯合平面上升至肛提肌起點(diǎn)處[20]。該方法切除的手術(shù)標(biāo)本由于有肛提肌包繞而成柱狀,可避免外科腰的形成,從而在理論上降低術(shù)中穿孔和切緣陽性率。
表1 APE和AR的腫瘤學(xué)效果對比表(%)
從病理解剖角度看,早期對Dutch TME臨床試驗(yàn)手術(shù)標(biāo)本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),約1/3的手術(shù)APE手術(shù)標(biāo)本切緣位于固有肌層以內(nèi),甚至直接穿孔進(jìn)入腸腔。而ELAPE增加了擴(kuò)大切除標(biāo)本的橫截面,進(jìn)而增加了手術(shù)切緣距離直腸固有肌層的距離,保證了切緣腫瘤細(xì)胞陰性[13]。有趣的是,ELAPE的會陰部操作與最早Miles術(shù)式的會陰操作有類似之處,即都要求切除全部的肛提肌,只是ELAPE的會陰部操作只需沿肛門外括約肌和肛提肌上行,無需切除過多的坐骨直腸窩間的脂肪組織。
Holm進(jìn)一步提出,傳統(tǒng)APE預(yù)后不良的原因在于會陰部操作未能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,并以ELAPE為基礎(chǔ)提出了經(jīng)括約肌間APE(intersphincteric APE)和坐骨肛管間APE(ischio-rectal APE)。前者適用于外括約肌無明顯受累,術(shù)后預(yù)計(jì)肛門功能不佳,低位吻合口瘺發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大的病人;后者則適用于腫瘤累及坐骨直腸窩脂肪組織的病人。而ELAPE則廣泛適用于T2~T4期低位直腸癌,包括LAR和APE難以獲得陰性切緣者[12]。
ELAPE自創(chuàng)立之日起就飽受爭議,主要圍繞在其是否有確切腫瘤學(xué)優(yōu)勢以及擴(kuò)大切除帶來的創(chuàng)傷上。誠然,對一項(xiàng)新的手術(shù)方式的最終評價(jià)有待于嚴(yán)格設(shè)計(jì)的前瞻性隨機(jī)對照臨床試驗(yàn),但該等級證據(jù)的獲得仍需時日。對于ELAPE相對APE的短期和長期療效問題,既往的小規(guī)?;仡櫺匝芯拷Y(jié)果由于存在病人入組偏倚,評價(jià)指標(biāo)定義不清等問題結(jié)論各不相同,研究間異質(zhì)性較大[11,13,20-26]。而在最近一年發(fā)表的兩項(xiàng)分別來自瑞典和丹麥的大規(guī)模前瞻性臨床研究和一項(xiàng)來自西班牙的大規(guī)模病例對照研究[27-29](表2)的結(jié)果則表明:ELAPE相對APE在穿孔率,切緣陽性率和生存復(fù)發(fā)方面無差別甚至劣于APE。但分析上述研究數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),不同研究單位引起的偏倚較大,如APE的穿孔率從4%~11%不等,而切緣陽性率則從7%~28%不等,ELAPE的穿孔率則在2%~7.7%,切緣陽性率在13.6%~29%間不等;亦即從數(shù)據(jù)看來,相比手術(shù)方式的不同,手術(shù)單位的不同成為了手術(shù)結(jié)果的最大影響因素。Holm在2014年初的一篇筆談中認(rèn)為,針對APE和ELAPE的研究,應(yīng)明確兩種手術(shù)的具體操作方法,而不能僅進(jìn)行粗略的分類。有趣的是,早在2011年,梅奧團(tuán)隊(duì)回顧分析本單位所行的655例直腸癌手術(shù)后發(fā)現(xiàn),APE與AR在復(fù)發(fā)和5年DFS上無顯著差別,并認(rèn)為規(guī)范操作的APE療效與AR類似[30]。由此可見,低位直腸癌手術(shù),包括腹部和會陰部手術(shù)操作的規(guī)范化對于手術(shù)效果,病人預(yù)后和相關(guān)臨床試驗(yàn)的證據(jù)強(qiáng)度有較大影響,成為操縱臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的“看不見的手”。
表2 最新APE與ELAPE手術(shù)短期與長期效果比較表(%)
除腫瘤學(xué)意義的爭議外,ELAPE擴(kuò)大切除也被認(rèn)為會損傷盆壁神經(jīng),不必要的切除了過多的坐骨直腸窩脂肪組織,從而加重盆底關(guān)閉困難并引發(fā)術(shù)后一些特有并發(fā)癥,如盆底疝等[31]。但近年幾項(xiàng)針對ELAPE術(shù)后短期效果的臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)論不一,有試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明ELAPE與APE在術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,包括膿腫、瘺、破裂等方面的發(fā)生率與APE并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[20-24,27-29]。實(shí)際上,與前述情況類似,不同手術(shù)單位的技術(shù)水平,規(guī)范化程度,盆底修補(bǔ)的方法等都會造成并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的差異;現(xiàn)在評定ELAPE的功與過還為時尚早。
與手術(shù)切除范圍變化同步進(jìn)行的是切除方式的變化。尤其是以腹腔鏡為代表的微創(chuàng)外科技術(shù),其在腫瘤學(xué)上與開腹手術(shù)的等效性和術(shù)后短期療效的優(yōu)越性已得到國際大規(guī)模臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)的證實(shí)[32-35]。在短期效果上,腹腔鏡結(jié)直腸手術(shù)疼痛輕,切口小,愈合快,恢復(fù)快的優(yōu)勢已得到公認(rèn)。在長期療效上,國際CLASSIC和COLOR臨床試驗(yàn)為腹腔鏡直腸癌根治術(shù)的腫瘤學(xué)安全性提供了循證醫(yī)學(xué)的I級證據(jù)(表3)。在技術(shù)上,腹腔鏡所需操作空間小,手術(shù)視野放大,在低位直腸癌根治術(shù)中操作更加靈活,也更有利于盆腔血管和自主神經(jīng)的保護(hù)。
表3 腹腔鏡與開腹直腸癌遠(yuǎn)期療效RCT研究比較表(I級證據(jù))
我們看到,低位直腸癌根治術(shù)的發(fā)展是在對解剖認(rèn)識的深入和新技術(shù)發(fā)展的驅(qū)動下,在腫瘤安全性和創(chuàng)傷最小化之間尋找平衡的過程。由于對直腸癌轉(zhuǎn)移方向和筋膜解剖的研究,低位直腸癌手術(shù)從Miles術(shù)范圍縮小到傳統(tǒng)APE術(shù),再至TME原則下的APE術(shù),并通過腹腔鏡達(dá)到更為微創(chuàng)精細(xì)的手術(shù)效果。而手術(shù)范圍的一再縮小引發(fā)的腫瘤學(xué)安全原則的擔(dān)憂又促使了ELAPE等試圖重新擴(kuò)大切除范圍而保證安全的術(shù)式的誕生,而ELAPE在發(fā)展之路上又飽受擴(kuò)大切除的并發(fā)癥所困擾。因此,如何既保證安全,又減少創(chuàng)傷,成為目前低位直腸癌手術(shù)的關(guān)鍵問題。為此,我們提出了腹腔鏡主導(dǎo)下個體化肛提肌切除的概念。(laparoscopic-dominant abdominoperineal resection with personalized levator ani resection,LDAPR)。
近年,美國的Marecik團(tuán)隊(duì)和我國的池畔團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)表論文,分別利用手術(shù)機(jī)器人和腹腔鏡行經(jīng)盆腔途徑的ELAPE[36-37]。該方法可在腹部操作中經(jīng)盆腔切斷肛提肌并繼續(xù)向下銳性分離,將腹會陰手術(shù)交匯平面降至坐骨直腸窩脂肪。該方法既可以實(shí)現(xiàn)腹腔鏡直視下的個體化肛提肌切除,避免外科腰的形成;又可簡化會陰部操作,無需變換體位,縮短手術(shù)時間;同時,在直腸前方,用腹腔鏡操作代替會陰部操作,有利于保護(hù)精囊腺下方以及Deconvilliers筋膜處自主神經(jīng)以及前列腺兩側(cè)的血管神經(jīng)束,而會陰部操作的簡化與切除范圍的縮小則有利于盆側(cè)壁血管神經(jīng)的保護(hù)[38-40]。
我們認(rèn)為,這種經(jīng)盆腔途徑的ELAPE方法完全可以推廣至傳統(tǒng)的APE。其腹腔鏡主導(dǎo)的手術(shù)模式的核心在于精細(xì)的微創(chuàng)操作和個體化水平的完整切除,通過合理的擴(kuò)大切除范圍保證腫瘤學(xué)的安全性。研究顯示:ELAPE更適用于T4期腫瘤侵犯外括約肌和肛提肌者,特別是位于兩側(cè)和后壁的腫瘤?,F(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明:不加選擇的應(yīng)用ELAPE不能改善整體預(yù)后,其負(fù)面結(jié)果,如神經(jīng)損傷,盆底疝反被凸顯。早期腫瘤應(yīng)用ELAPE“得不償失”,而APE又有缺陷。可否利用ELAPE的腫瘤學(xué)原理,改良APE,以期在腫瘤學(xué)安全性和手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷性中取得平衡?經(jīng)盆腔途徑在腹腔鏡直視下個體化切除肛提?。↙CAPR),將匯合平面降至坐骨直腸窩脂肪,術(shù)中無需變換體位。這樣,將APE的切除范圍合理擴(kuò)大,腹腔鏡直視下個體化切除肛提肌,既保證足夠切緣,避免穿孔,又保留足夠肛提肌用以盆底重建;腹腔鏡直視下精細(xì)操作,可確切保護(hù)直腸前壁和盆腔側(cè)壁的血管和神經(jīng),降低腹盆會師平面;簡化盆部操作,無需變化體位,縮短手術(shù)時間。如腫瘤位于肛提肌裂孔水平及以上:患側(cè)切除足夠肛提肌,健側(cè)可沿holy plane多分離,保留更多的肛提肌用于盆底重建。用于T3或T2期腫瘤分化程度差,預(yù)計(jì)保肛手術(shù)肛門功能差者;如腫瘤位于肛提肌裂孔以下:兩側(cè)均無需過多切除肛提肌,僅沿兩側(cè)恥骨直腸肌切除肛提肌,保留更多的提肛肌用于盆底重建。
綜上,隨著對直腸前側(cè)間隙與血管神經(jīng)束解剖研究的不斷深入及高清腹腔鏡下直腸解剖技術(shù)的更加精準(zhǔn),腹腔鏡下直腸癌根治術(shù)對盆自主神經(jīng)保護(hù)已經(jīng)非常確切。如何進(jìn)一步簡化經(jīng)會陰途徑的操作達(dá)到提肛肌的精準(zhǔn)切除是亟待解決的重要問題。因此,LCAPR不僅可以精準(zhǔn)保護(hù)盆自主神經(jīng),而且可以簡化經(jīng)會陰途徑的提肛肌切除操作,有望成為一種微創(chuàng)時代腹會陰聯(lián)合切除的新手術(shù)方式。
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(本文編輯:楊明)
馮波, 盧矯陽, 鄭民華. 腹腔鏡主導(dǎo)下個體化肛提肌切除的APE術(shù)[J/CD].中華結(jié)直腸疾病電子雜志, 2015, 4(6):607-612.
Laparoscopic-cotrolled abdominaoperineal excision with individualized levator muscle transection
Feng Bo, Lu Jiaoyang, Zheng Minhua.Depatment of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai 200025, China
Corresponding author: Zheng Minhua, Email: zmhtiger@yeah.net
In the field of surgical treatment for low rectal cancer, the traditional abdominoperineal excision (APE) do not benefit much from the total mesorectal excision (TME) prinple, but is trapped by theso-called ?surgical waist? and associated oncological inferiorities. The safety of a more radical procedure,the extralevator abdominoperineal resection (ELAPR) is still under debate. Owing to the advancement of laparoscopic techniques, we developed a laparoscopy-cotrolled APE (LCAPE) procedure for stage I-III patients. During the procedure, a controlled incision of levators into the ischiorectal fat was performed transabdominally under direct vision; the meeting plane is therefore lowered and the perineal dissection simplified without changing body position. This laparoscopic guided technique has innate advantages in neurovascular preservation, and offers individualized transection of levator muscles, minimizes the risk of wound complications and prevents surgical waist to ensure oncological safety.
Laparoscopes; Rectal neoplasms; Surgical procedures, operative
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3224.2015.06.07
2011上海市科委重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(11411950700);國家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃(863項(xiàng)目)(2012AA021103);2012上海市衛(wèi)生局重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(20130423);2013上海交通大學(xué)晨星計(jì)劃B類;2013上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)工交叉面上項(xiàng)目(YG2013MS26);2013上海市衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)先進(jìn)適宜技術(shù)推廣項(xiàng)目(2013SY010)
200025 上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院普外科 上海市微創(chuàng)外科臨床醫(yī)學(xué)中心
鄭民華,Email:zmhtiger@yeah.net
(2015-10-15)