蔣天鵬,王黎洲,李興,宋杰,吳曉萍,周石
(貴陽醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院 放射科,貴州 貴陽 550004)
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內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)觸發(fā)肝硬化大鼠模型肝細(xì)胞凋亡及纖維化機(jī)制的探討
蔣天鵬,王黎洲,李興,宋杰,吳曉萍,周石Δ
(貴陽醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院 放射科,貴州 貴陽 550004)
目的 用動物實(shí)驗的方法,探討研究在肝硬化組織中形成肝纖維化的特殊機(jī)制。方法 將60只Wistar大鼠隨機(jī)平均分為3組:肝硬化組(n=20)、假注射組(n=20)、對照組(n=20);在肝硬化組大鼠腹腔內(nèi)注射二甲基亞硝胺建立肝硬化模型。大鼠肝組織經(jīng)HE染色后觀察肝纖維化及肝硬化,使用Western blot檢測α-平滑肌肌動蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)和結(jié)蛋白(desmin)的表達(dá),使用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測早期及晚期凋亡。內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(ER stress)相關(guān)的未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)(unfolded protein response,UPR)通道蛋白和凋亡蛋白(CHOP和caspase-12)均進(jìn)行Western blot檢測和/或 RT-PCR檢測。結(jié)果 肝硬化組均成功建立肝硬化大鼠模型,并發(fā)現(xiàn)在肝硬化大鼠模型中出現(xiàn)了更多的肝纖維化。流式細(xì)胞學(xué)檢測顯示,在肝硬化模型中出現(xiàn)的早期和晚期細(xì)胞凋亡顯著高于對照組(P<0.05)。肌醇激酶1(inositol requiring enzyme 1,IRE1)在肝硬化鼠模型中的表達(dá)均顯著升高(P<0.05)。內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激蛋白(CHOP)在肝硬化大鼠模型中的表達(dá)與對照組比較也顯著升高(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 在肝硬化大鼠模型的肝組織中可發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的細(xì)胞凋亡,這種細(xì)胞凋亡是通過激活內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激介導(dǎo)的IRE1和CHOP蛋白引起的。
肝硬化;細(xì)胞凋亡;內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激;肌醇激酶1;CHOP蛋白
肝硬化通常因肝炎病毒感染或酗酒對肝造成的長期破壞所致,其特點(diǎn)是肝內(nèi)廣泛纖維化和肝功能異常[1]。長期、晚期肝硬化通常不可逆,并常與靜脈曲張出血或肝細(xì)胞肝癌的發(fā)生有關(guān)。因此,肝硬化是導(dǎo)致全球發(fā)病率和死亡率升高的主要疾病[2]。在肝組織中,休眠的肝星型細(xì)胞(hepatic stellate cells,HSC)和肝成纖維細(xì)胞是肝細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix,ECM)的主要組成部分,而這2種細(xì)胞在肝硬化發(fā)病中起關(guān)鍵作用[3-4]。盡管HSC和成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移是肝纖維化的致病原因,但近期研究[5-6]顯示,肝細(xì)胞凋亡也可能參與了肝纖維化和肝硬化的形成。
近年多項研究顯示,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)在誘導(dǎo)和調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞凋亡中起到了關(guān)鍵作用[7-8],內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)與多種通道有關(guān),如內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)相關(guān)蛋白降解和未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)(unfolded protein response,UPR)[9]。UPR通道也可激活數(shù)種蛋白,包括肌醇激酶1(inositol requiring enzyme-1,IRE1)、PKR樣ER蛋白激酶(PKR-like ER kinase,PERK)和活化轉(zhuǎn)錄因子6(activating transcription factor 6,ATF6)[10],上述蛋白質(zhì)可進(jìn)一步激活細(xì)胞凋亡。本實(shí)驗旨在研究和探討肝硬化大鼠模型中肝纖維化的特殊發(fā)病機(jī)制,為尋求肝硬化患者治療方法提供理論支持。
1.1 大鼠肝硬化模型建立 選用4~6周齡的Wistar大鼠(貴陽醫(yī)學(xué)院實(shí)驗動物中心,許可證號:SYXK(黔)2012-0001)60只,雌雄不限,體質(zhì)量0.18~0.2 kg。本實(shí)驗遵循《實(shí)驗動物保護(hù)條例》。本研究實(shí)驗組為40只大鼠,其中注射組20只、假注射組20只;剩余20只在處死前未接受注射的正常大鼠作為對照組。使用溶于生理鹽水的二甲基亞硝胺(日本國東京化成工業(yè)會社,LOTMA1041)對注射組大鼠進(jìn)行了腹腔內(nèi)注射,劑量為10 mg/kg,每周連續(xù)給藥3天,持續(xù)5周;嚴(yán)格按照金樹根等[11]的方法建立肝硬化模型及肝硬化判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。同時,假注射組大鼠腹腔內(nèi)僅注射與二甲基亞硝胺劑量相等的生理鹽水。
1.2 組織學(xué)檢查 10周后,所有動物全部處死并取肝組織行組織學(xué)檢查。組織學(xué)檢查由1名經(jīng)驗豐富且對本實(shí)驗內(nèi)容不知情的病理醫(yī)師完成。肝組織使用10%福爾馬林或70%乙醇溶液固定,并使用石蠟包埋。在結(jié)蛋白和α-平滑肌肌動蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)的免疫組化檢查中,組織切片分別與單克隆抗鼠α-SMA抗體(圣克魯茲生物技術(shù)公司,圣克魯茲,美國)和單克隆抗鼠結(jié)蛋白抗體(圣克魯茲生物技術(shù)公司,圣克魯茲,美國)反應(yīng)1 h。免疫組化操作程序按照Xu K等的報道[12]。
1.3 HE染色 將上述石蠟包埋肝組織切片,使用蘇木精-伊紅(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)和天狼星紅染色以評定肝硬化。組織切片的分類根據(jù)Goldani等[13]的報道。
1.4 Western blot分析 使用Western blot分析來檢測α-SMA和結(jié)蛋白(desmin)的表達(dá),在緩沖液樣品中將細(xì)胞裂解進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE檢測。蛋白質(zhì)被電印到聚偏二氟乙烯膜上。在使用含有5%脫脂牛奶的PBS阻斷后,將膜用兔抗大鼠單克隆或多克隆抗體培養(yǎng)(所有抗體均購自美國圣克魯茲)。免疫反應(yīng)性蛋白用增強(qiáng)的化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑顯影。
2.1 在肝硬化大鼠模型中纖維化加重 本研究肝硬化組所有小鼠均能存活10周以上。正常肝、肝纖維化和肝硬化的組織學(xué)圖片見(圖1A)。肝組織被裂解并進(jìn)行Western blot分析。結(jié)果表明,肝硬化組與假注射組、對照組相比α-SMA和結(jié)蛋白在肝臟的表達(dá)均有升高(P<0.05)(圖1B)。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)明確提示肝硬化組20只小鼠均成功建模。
圖1 肝纖維化在3組中的形成情況A:接受二甲基亞硝胺腹腔注射的大鼠肝臟切片的鏡下圖片(箭頭提示陽性細(xì)胞,HE,×200);B:Western blot檢測分析α-SMA和結(jié)蛋白(desmin)在肝硬化組、假注射組和對照組大鼠肝臟中的表達(dá)*P<0.05,與假手術(shù)組比較;#P<0.05,與對照組比較Fig.1 Fibrosis formation in the cirrhotic group, sham group and control groupA:photomicrographs of liver sections stained from the rats receiving dimethylnitrosamine intraperitoneally (the positive staining cells represented by arrows, HE,×200); B:changes in expression of hepatic α-SMA and desmin in cirrhotic group, sham group and control group
2.2 肝硬化大鼠的肝細(xì)胞凋亡分析 流式細(xì)胞學(xué)檢測表明,在肝硬化模型中,早期凋亡細(xì)胞率、晚期凋亡細(xì)胞率顯著高于假注射組和對照組(P<0.01),死亡細(xì)胞率顯著高于假注射組和對照組(P<0.05,見圖2)。
圖2 肝硬化模型中大鼠的肝細(xì)胞凋亡結(jié)果A:3組大鼠膜聯(lián)蛋白V/PI雙染檢測(X軸表示經(jīng)PI染色的細(xì)胞數(shù)目,Y軸表示膜聯(lián)蛋白V-FITC染色細(xì)胞的數(shù)量);B:統(tǒng)計分析[膜聯(lián)蛋白V標(biāo)記的細(xì)胞(Q1區(qū)域)百分比]*P<0.05,**P<0.01,與假手術(shù)組比較;#P<0.05,##P<0.01,與對照組比較Fig.2 Apoptosis results in the cirrhosis modelA:Annexin V/PI double staining assays of cells in three groups(X axis indicates the number of PI stained cells; Y axis indicates the number of Annexin VFITC stained cells);B:statistical analysis[the percentages of the cells labeled with only Annexin V (counted in Q1 region)]**P<0.01,*P<0.05,compared with sham group;##P<0.01,#P<0.05,compared with control group
2.3 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激UPR通道參與肝硬化介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡 在本研究中,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激UPR的3個主要因素,包括IRE1,PERK和ATF6,通過Western blot法(圖3)和RT-PCR分析(圖4)分別進(jìn)行了分析。結(jié)果顯示,與假注射組和對照組比較,注射組IRE1的表達(dá)顯著增加(圖3A,P<0.05)。此外,上述UPR蛋白的mRNA表達(dá)用半定量RT-PCR分析,如圖4所示,假注射組和對照組IRE1的mRNA水平較注射組升高(圖4A,P<0.01)。3組中ATF6和p-PERK沒有顯著差異(見圖4B、C)。
圖3 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激UPR通道蛋白檢測*P<0.05,與假手術(shù)組比較;#P<0.05,與對照組比較Fig.3 Examination of unfolded protein response pathway proteins*P<0.05,compared with sham group;#P<0.05,compared with control group
圖4 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激UPR相關(guān)基因的mRNA水平檢測A:IRE1的mRNA;B:裂解ATF6的mRNA;C:p-PerK的mRNA**P<0.01,與假手術(shù)組比較;##P<0.01,與對照組比較Fig.4 Examination of mRNA levels of ER stress associated UPR genes**P<0.01, compared with sham group;##P<0.01,compared with control group
2.4 肝硬化大鼠中CHOP在介導(dǎo)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)凋亡中的作用分析 探討在肝組織中導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡的具體途徑,對經(jīng)裂解的半胱氨酸蛋白酶12和CHOP蛋白的細(xì)胞水平使用Western blot檢測法進(jìn)行了評價。結(jié)果顯示,與對照組相比,CHOP蛋白含量水平在肝硬化組中顯著升高(P<0.05)。與假注射組和對照組比較,裂解的半胱氨酸蛋白酶12在肝硬化模型中無顯著差異(圖5)。
圖5 細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)*P<0.05,與假手術(shù)組比較;#P<0.05,與對照組比較Fig.5 Apoptosisrelated protein expression*P<0.05,compared with sham group; #P<0.05,compared with control group
因肝外傷和/或炎癥的影響,激活態(tài)的肝星形細(xì)胞和成纖維細(xì)胞使外基質(zhì)沉積在肝臟中,是肝硬化和肝纖維化形成過程中的主要來源。另一方面,在肝纖維化自我修復(fù)過程中,活化的肝星形細(xì)胞和成纖維細(xì)胞可激發(fā)細(xì)胞凋亡[14]。因此,肝細(xì)胞和成纖維細(xì)胞密切參與了肝纖維化/肝硬化的修復(fù)過程。雖然有探索肝硬化和細(xì)胞凋亡關(guān)系的研究[15-16],但本課題是最先研究肝組織中導(dǎo)致肝硬化具體機(jī)制的課題之一。
肝纖維化的形成可在肝硬化大鼠模型中被觀測到。結(jié)果表明,與正常對照組相比,肝纖維化在肝硬化模型中表現(xiàn)顯著。現(xiàn)在所知的肝纖維化直至肝硬化的形成過程中,需要細(xì)胞進(jìn)行纖維化相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)。因此,本研究檢測了肝組織中的α-SMA和結(jié)蛋白[17]。顯著增加的纖維組織擴(kuò)張、α-SMA和結(jié)蛋白在肝內(nèi)表達(dá)提示肝纖維化和肝硬化的形成。我們推測,肝細(xì)胞凋亡時有一種潛在機(jī)制導(dǎo)致α-SMA和結(jié)蛋白的強(qiáng)化表達(dá)。
為了探討肝硬化與凋亡相關(guān)的具體機(jī)制,對內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(UPR通路)相關(guān)蛋白,包括p-PERK,IRE1,ATF6水平進(jìn)行了檢測[18]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)IRE1蛋白和mRNA在肝硬化模型的肝組織中均被激活。所以IRE1 UPR通路可能參與了肝硬化相關(guān)凋亡的過程,肝硬化相關(guān)凋亡可能有助于進(jìn)一步闡明纖維化在肝纖維化或肝硬化發(fā)展中的作用。既往研究表明,IRE1活化可激活內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)相關(guān)的細(xì)胞凋亡和細(xì)胞死亡[19]。這些數(shù)據(jù)有力證明了內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激出現(xiàn)在肝硬化大鼠模型中。因此本研究推測,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激可能參與了肝纖維化、肝硬化形成的病理過程。
根據(jù)已發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)[20],內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)因子(裂解的半胱氨酸蛋白酶-12和CHOP蛋白)可被檢測用以確定參與肝硬化發(fā)病機(jī)制中的特定細(xì)胞凋亡因子。一些學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),裂解的半胱氨酸蛋白酶-12可以激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3和觸發(fā)細(xì)胞凋亡,同時CHOP可以直接誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)的細(xì)胞凋亡[21-22]。在本研究中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)裂解的半胱氨酸蛋白酶12蛋白(激活態(tài))在所有分組中均無顯著差異。然而,注射組大鼠的CHOP水平顯著高于假注射組和對照組。從這些結(jié)果我們發(fā)現(xiàn),內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)的CHOP蛋白被激活,從而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡進(jìn)入下一步。因此,我們研究發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)活化的CHOP可導(dǎo)致纖維化發(fā)生。
總之,細(xì)胞凋亡可在肝硬化大鼠的肝組織中被發(fā)現(xiàn),而細(xì)胞凋亡是通過激活內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激介導(dǎo)的IRE1和CHOP蛋白引起的。
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(編校:王儼儼,譚玲)
Mechanism of liver cell apoptosis and fibrosis triggered by ER stress in liver cirrhosis rat model
JIANG Tian-peng,WANG Li-zhou,LI Xing,SONG Jie,WU Xiao-ping,ZHOU ShiΔ
(Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang 550004, China)
ObjectiveTo investigate specific mechanism of the forming of fibrosis or cirrhosis in hepatic cirrhosis tissues.Methods60 Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups equally: cirrhotic group (n=20), sham group(n=20) and control group(n=20); The cirrhosis model was established by intraperitoneally administered dimethylnitrosamine.The HE staining was performed on the hepatic tissues of the rats to observe the fibrosis or cirrhosis.Western blot was employed to detect the α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) and desmin protein expression.Flow cytometry analysis was used to examine the early and late apoptosis.The ER stress associated unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway proteins and the apoptotic proteins (CHOP and caspase-12) were also detected by Western blot and/or RT-PCR.ResultsThe cirrosis model was established successfully in cirrhotic group and more fibrosis was formed in the cirrhosis rat model.Flow cytometry analysis showed that early and late apoptosis in cirrhosis model were significantly higher compared with control group (P<0.05).The expression of UPR pathway protein and inositol requiring enzyme 1(IRE1) were increased significantly in the cirrhosis rat tissues(P<0.05).The expression of CHOP protein in cirrhosis model was significantly increased compared with the control group (P<0.05). ConclusionThe obvious apoptosis is observed in the hepatic tissue of cirrhosis rats, and the apoptosis was caused by activating the ER stress mediated IRE1 and CHOP protein.
liver cirrhosis; apoptosis; ER stress; IRE1; CHOP protein
貴州省科技廳社會發(fā)展基金(黔科合SY字【2012】3145號)
蔣天鵬,男,碩士,副主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:外周介入的治療與臨床研究,E -mail:wlz_wlz@163.com;周石,通信作者,學(xué)士,男,主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:外周及神經(jīng)介入的治療與臨床研究,E-mail:156722229@qq.com。
R364
A
1005-1678(2015)02-0092-04