章建平,方華Δ,張競(jìng)超,章放香,王泉云,王儒蓉
(1.貴州省人民醫(yī)院 麻醉科,貴州 貴陽(yáng) 550002;2.四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院 麻醉科,四川 成都 610041)
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鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)中天麻素與瑞芬太尼控制性降壓治療的前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究
章建平1,方華1Δ,張競(jìng)超1,章放香1,王泉云2,王儒蓉2
(1.貴州省人民醫(yī)院 麻醉科,貴州 貴陽(yáng) 550002;2.四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院 麻醉科,四川 成都 610041)
目的 比較鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)中天麻素和瑞芬太尼控制性降壓的臨床效果、術(shù)后疼痛及并發(fā)癥的變化。方法 80例接受鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)治療的患者隨機(jī)分為天麻素組(G組)和瑞芬太尼組(R組),每組40例。2組患者采用異丙酚2 mg/kg麻醉誘導(dǎo)插管,術(shù)中吸入七氟烷維持麻醉。G組先單次2 mg/kg靜脈注射天麻素后再以20 mg/kg持續(xù)靜脈輸注,R組患者靶控持續(xù)靜脈輸注瑞芬太尼3~4 ng/mL,維持平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean arterial pressure,MAP)60~70 mmHg。記錄術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)、術(shù)中情況、術(shù)后疼痛及不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)果 2組術(shù)中控制性降壓均效果良好。術(shù)后R組MAP和心率均高于G組(P<0.05)。2組術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。G組術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分均明顯低于R組(P<0.05)。G組發(fā)生寒顫病例數(shù)、使用止吐劑和止痛劑病例數(shù)明顯少于R組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 術(shù)中輸注天麻素和瑞芬太尼復(fù)合吸入七氟烷控制性降壓可以為鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)提供滿意的手術(shù)條件。術(shù)中使用天麻素較瑞芬太尼具有術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果好、術(shù)后惡心嘔吐及寒顫發(fā)生率低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù);天麻素;瑞芬太尼;控制性降壓
鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)中需要進(jìn)行控制性降壓以提供清晰的手術(shù)視野,血管擴(kuò)張劑(硝普鈉、尼卡地平及硝酸甘油)及高濃度的強(qiáng)效吸入性麻醉劑(氟烷、異氟烷和七氟烷)已用于鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)中控制性降壓[1-3]。瑞芬太尼用于鼻內(nèi)窺鏡術(shù)中控制性降壓也可提供滿意的手術(shù)視野,但術(shù)中持續(xù)靜脈輸注瑞芬太尼可能引起術(shù)后痛覺增敏[4-5]。天麻素是一種具有鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛及抗交感作用的中藥有效成分,雖然天麻素已作為一種血管擴(kuò)張劑用于臨床高血壓患者降壓治療[6-7],但仍未見天麻素應(yīng)用于圍手術(shù)期中控制性降壓的研究報(bào)道。因此,本研究觀察鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)期間使用天麻素和瑞芬太尼控制降壓后的臨床效果、術(shù)后疼痛及并發(fā)癥的變化情況。
1.1 患者一般資料及分組 選擇2014年8月~2015年1月貴州省人民醫(yī)院80例需要在全身麻醉下進(jìn)行鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)治療的成人患者,美國(guó)麻醉師協(xié)會(huì)(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)評(píng)分I級(jí)~I(xiàn)I級(jí),年齡20~65歲,采用密封信封法將患者隨機(jī)分為天麻素(簡(jiǎn)稱G組)和瑞芬太尼組(簡(jiǎn)稱R組)[本研究預(yù)試驗(yàn)中,麻醉恢復(fù)期間G組9例患者中有3例(33%)及R組11例患者中有7例(64%)需要靜脈注射藥物緩解疼痛。根據(jù)預(yù)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,本研究計(jì)算出各組樣本量大小為40例(α=0.05,β=0.2)時(shí)2組患者中需要靜脈注射藥物緩解疼痛的例數(shù)才能達(dá)到80%檢驗(yàn)效能及30%的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異],每組40例。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審核批準(zhǔn),所有患者均簽署的書面知情同意書。其中既往有對(duì)本研究藥物有過敏反應(yīng)病史、濫用阿片類藥物病史、長(zhǎng)期服用鈣通道阻滯劑、阿片類藥物和非甾體類消炎藥治療慢性疾病病史、合并腎臟、肝臟、心血管疾病、神經(jīng)肌肉疾病及房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯的患者不入選本研究病例。
1.2 麻醉與監(jiān)測(cè)方法 2組患者均未術(shù)前用藥,采用MP5型多功能監(jiān)護(hù)儀(PHILIPS公司,美國(guó))監(jiān)測(cè)呼氣末二氧化碳分壓(end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure,PETCO2)、呼氣末七氟醚濃度(end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane,CETSev)、腦電雙頻指數(shù) (bispectral index score,BIS)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean artery pressure,MAP)及心率(heart rate,HR)。麻醉誘導(dǎo)采用2 mg/kg丙泊酚靜脈注射,術(shù)中采用SY-1200型輸液泵系統(tǒng)(浙大醫(yī)學(xué)儀器有限公司,中國(guó))持續(xù)靜脈輸注天麻素和瑞芬太尼。R組患者采用Minto模型靶控輸注瑞芬太尼,首先麻醉誘導(dǎo)時(shí)靜脈注射瑞芬太尼4 ng/mL,術(shù)中靶控輸注瑞芬太尼效應(yīng)室濃度達(dá)到3~4 ng/mL。依據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[6-7]及本研究預(yù)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,G組患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)期間靜脈注射2 mg/kg天麻素注射液(批號(hào)為:H20066464,上?,F(xiàn)代哈森藥業(yè)有限公司,200 mg/支)后持續(xù)靜脈輸注20 mg/kg天麻素注射液至手術(shù)結(jié)束。眼瞼反射消失后手控通氣并吸入8%七氟醚,0.6 mg/kg羅庫(kù)溴銨靜脈注射2 min后氣管插管,Aestiva 3000麻醉機(jī)(Datex-Ohmeda公司,美國(guó))正壓通氣,術(shù)中持續(xù)吸入氧氣2 L/min和七氟醚維持麻醉深度BIS值40~60,PETCO2維持于35~40 mmHg, MAP保持60~70 mm Hg[8-9]。手術(shù)期間靜脈滴注乳酸鈉林格注射液,當(dāng)術(shù)中MAP及HR升高超過術(shù)前值20%提示麻醉深度不足時(shí)單次靜脈注射1 μg/kg芬太尼,MAP低于60 mmHg或出現(xiàn)心動(dòng)過緩時(shí)靜脈注射麻黃素5 mg或阿托品0.5mg,失血量超過500 mL時(shí)輸注紅細(xì)胞懸液。術(shù)畢停用七氟醚及天麻素和瑞芬太尼。
1.3 指標(biāo)采集 分別于麻醉誘導(dǎo)前、氣管插管前、氣管插管后5、15、30、60、90、120 min、氣管拔管前及氣管拔管后監(jiān)測(cè)記錄MAP、HR、CETSev和BIS值。術(shù)中記錄失血量、輸液量及控制性降壓的持續(xù)時(shí)間。術(shù)畢患者返回麻醉后恢復(fù)室(post-anaesthesia recovery room,PAR)后采用改良Aldrete評(píng)分法[10]每15 min評(píng)估1次,評(píng)分達(dá)到出室標(biāo)準(zhǔn)才能返回病房。麻醉恢復(fù)期間,由1名不了解試驗(yàn)分組情況的麻醉護(hù)士觀察記錄患者術(shù)后疼痛反應(yīng)及出現(xiàn)的不良反應(yīng)(PONV及寒顫)。采用100 mm視覺模擬量表(VAS,0~100)[9]評(píng)估術(shù)后疼痛反應(yīng)和術(shù)后惡心嘔吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV)。VAS為30時(shí)靜脈注射100 mg曲馬多緩解疼痛及靜脈注射10 mg胃復(fù)安止吐。
2.1 患者一般資料和術(shù)中情況比較 2組患者的年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量、身高、手術(shù)時(shí)間、麻醉時(shí)間、失血量、輸液量及控制性降壓時(shí)間組間比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。2組患者術(shù)中均未使用麻黃素、阿托品、芬太尼及未輸注紅細(xì)胞懸液。見表1。
表1 2組患者一般資料比較Tab.1 Comparison of patients’ general information in both ±s,n=40)
2.2 MAP和HR變化 麻醉誘導(dǎo)前至氣管插管后120 min期間各時(shí)間點(diǎn)G組與R組MAP和HR變化差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,氣管拔管后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)G組MAP和HR均低于R組,組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。見表2。
表2 2組患者M(jìn)AP及HR的比較Tab.
**P<0.01,與R組比較,compared with group R
2.3 CETSev和BIS值變化 麻醉誘導(dǎo)前至氣管插管后120 min期間各時(shí)間點(diǎn)G組與R組麻醉深度BIS值變化差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,氣管插管后15~120 min期間各時(shí)間點(diǎn)R組CETSev明顯高于G組,組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。見表3。
表3 2組患者CETSev和BIS的比較Tab.3 Comparison of CETSev and BIS in two groups ±s,n=40)
**P<0.01,與R組比較,compared with group R
2.4 PAR期間各指標(biāo)變化 2組術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分、PAR評(píng)分及PAR滯留時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。G組PONV VAS及疼痛VAS均明顯低于R組(P<0.01)。G組發(fā)生寒顫病例數(shù)、使用止吐劑和止痛劑病例數(shù)明顯少于R組(P<0.01)。見表4、5。
指標(biāo)G組R組PAR評(píng)分 即刻7.2±1.36.9±1.8 15min8.8±1.98.4±1.5 30min9.4±0.99.5±1.8F組間(P)0.03(0.8560)F時(shí)間(P)56.05(<0.0001)F交互(P)4.24(0.0155)術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分(VAS)(mm) 即刻37.6±15.1**43.6±14.5 15min36.9±16.3**54.8±17.3 30min34.4±17.5**52.5±13.9F組間(P)42.16(<0.0001)F時(shí)間(P)4.65(0.0105)F交互(P)5.53(0.0045)PONV(VAS)(mm)14.5±5.8**30.1±8.2t(P)9.82(<0.0001)
**P<0.01,與R組比較,compared with group R
表5 2組患者使用止吐劑、鎮(zhèn)痛劑、寒顫、PAR滯留時(shí)間及術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分的比較(n=40)Tab.5 Comparison of using antiemetic and analgesic, shivering,PAR duration and scores of surgical field quality in two groups(n=40)
**P<0.01,與R組比較,compared with group R
鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)中控制性降壓治療主要適用于減少術(shù)中失血和避免術(shù)中過多輸血[9]。鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)要求提供清晰的手術(shù)視野,特別是術(shù)中手術(shù)區(qū)域滲血將模糊手術(shù)視野,增加手術(shù)難度。本研究參照文獻(xiàn)[11],術(shù)中控制MAP 60~70 mmHg范圍。研究表明,天麻素可作為臨床中鎮(zhèn)靜和鎮(zhèn)痛治療的輔助用藥[6-7]。此外,天麻素注射液還可以降低老年難治性高血壓患者的血壓,且其降低收縮壓的作用相對(duì)較強(qiáng)[6-7]。而本研究結(jié)果表明,鼻內(nèi)窺鏡術(shù)中輸注天麻素同樣可作為血管擴(kuò)張劑用于控制性降壓以減少術(shù)中出血。本研究在術(shù)中輸注天麻素和瑞芬太尼進(jìn)行控制性降壓后手術(shù)視野清晰,絕大部分患者術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分為3~5分,說明術(shù)中輸注天麻素及瑞芬太尼達(dá)到的麻醉深度及控制性降壓程度為手術(shù)操作提供良好條件。但術(shù)中輸注瑞芬太尼可能引起術(shù)后痛覺過敏及術(shù)后寒顫,造成術(shù)后疼痛管理困難[12]。本研究中R組患者氣管拔管后MAP和HR均顯著高于G組,24例(60%)患者需要使用止痛劑曲馬多治療;與此同時(shí),G組患者術(shù)后寒顫發(fā)生率明顯低于R組。
本研究中采用復(fù)合吸入七氟醚維持全身麻醉,其結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)氣管插管后15~120 min期間各時(shí)間點(diǎn)G組CETSev明顯低于R組,說明天麻素能夠減少術(shù)中麻醉劑七氟醚的吸入量,提示圍手術(shù)期輸注天麻素上具有一定程度的麻醉增效作用。圍手術(shù)期持續(xù)吸入七氟醚具有降低氣道高反應(yīng)性、麻醉誘導(dǎo)平穩(wěn)及蘇醒迅速等特點(diǎn),雖然七氟醚具有輕微的降低血壓作用,但吸入七氟醚可能引起PONV[8],影響術(shù)后恢復(fù)并延長(zhǎng)平均住院日。鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)PONV的發(fā)生率約為45%[13],瑞芬太尼對(duì)PONV無(wú)明顯影響[14]。本研究還觀察到G組的PONV的發(fā)生率明顯低于R組,提示與天麻素可能通過減少手術(shù)中七氟醚吸入量而降低PONV的發(fā)生率,有益于患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)。
綜上所述,鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)中天麻素和瑞芬太尼分別復(fù)合吸入七氟醚全身麻醉均可產(chǎn)生相似的術(shù)中情況和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化。恢復(fù)期間各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)變化說明,圍手術(shù)期輸注天麻素較瑞芬太尼更有利于減少術(shù)后疼痛、寒顫及PONV事件的發(fā)生率。
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(編校:王儼儼)
Prospective randomized controlled study between gastrodin and remifentanil for controlled hypotension in endoscopic sinus surgery
ZHANG Jian-ping1, FANG Hua1Δ, ZHANG Jing-chao1, ZHANG Fang-xiang1,WANG Quan-yun2, WANG Ru-rong2
(1.Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China)
ObjectiveTo compare the changes in postoperative pain, complications and clinical effect between gastrodin and remifentanil for controlled hypotension in endoscopic sinus surgery.MethodsEighty patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery were enrolled in the study.Patients were randomized into two groups of 40 to receive gastrodin (Group G) or remifentanil (Group R) infusion.Two groups were administered with propofol of 2 mg/kg to induce anaesthesia, which was maintained using sevoflurane.Group R received a continuous infusion of remifentanil titrated between 3 and 4 ng/mL using target-controlled infusion, whereas Group G received an i.v.gastrodin bolus of 2 mg/kg followed by a 20 mg/kg continuous infusion to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) between 60 and 70 mmHg.Haemodynamic variables, surgical conditions, postoperative pain, and adverse effects, such as postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and shivering were recorded.ResultsControlled hypotension was well maintained in both groups.MAP and heart rate were higher in Group R than Group G after operation(P<0.05).Surgical conditions scores were not different between two groups.Postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in Group G than Group R (P<0.05).Shivering and the use of antiemetic and analgesic drugs were also less frequent in Group G than Group R (P<0.05).ConclusionsBoth gastrodin and remifentanil when combined with sevoflurane provides adequate controlled hypotension and proper surgical conditions for endoscopic sinus surgery.However, patient administered gastrodin has a more favourable postoperative course with better analgesia and less shivering and PONV.
endoscopic sinus surgery; gastrodin; remifentanil; controlled hypotension
貴州省衛(wèi)生廳基金(gzwkj2010-1-006);貴州省科技廳基金(黔科SY字[2012]001號(hào))
章建平,女,碩士在讀,主治醫(yī)師,研究方向:臨床麻醉學(xué),E-mail:zhangjianping666@126.com;方華,通訊作者,男,博士,副教授,研究方向:麻醉學(xué),E-mail:fanghua816@163.com。
R651.2
A
1005-1678(2015)05-0084-04