錢茜,包德明,岳宗進(jìn)
(1.河南中醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院 藥學(xué)部,河南 鄭州 450000;2.鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院 骨科,河南 鄭州 450052;3.河南省中醫(yī)院 脊柱研究所,河南 鄭州 450002)
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程序性死亡-1對骨肉瘤細(xì)胞MG-63的影響研究
錢茜1,包德明2,岳宗進(jìn)3
(1.河南中醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院 藥學(xué)部,河南 鄭州 450000;2.鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院 骨科,河南 鄭州 450052;3.河南省中醫(yī)院 脊柱研究所,河南 鄭州 450002)
目的 探討程序性死亡-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)對骨肉瘤細(xì)胞MG-63的影響。方法 從人骨肉瘤細(xì)胞株 MG-63 細(xì)胞中分選及鑒定骨肉瘤類腫瘤干細(xì)胞,MTT法檢測PD-1信號對T細(xì)胞增殖的影響;RT-PCR檢測 PD-1 mRNA表達(dá)。結(jié)果 1周內(nèi)癌細(xì)胞明顯增殖,顯示出較強(qiáng)的增殖能力及侵襲性;腫瘤細(xì)胞球的形成依賴于血清營養(yǎng)的支持;血清培養(yǎng)基中的MG-63癌細(xì)胞增殖數(shù)量較無血清懸浮培養(yǎng)的骨肉瘤細(xì)胞球細(xì)胞明顯增高(P< 0.05);RT-PCR的結(jié)果顯示多能干細(xì)胞標(biāo)記CD133在癌細(xì)胞球中的表達(dá)顯著高于MG-63, 癌細(xì)胞球及MG-63的PD-1表達(dá)均明顯增加(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 MG-63細(xì)胞系具有骨肉瘤干細(xì)胞特性,能夠表達(dá)相應(yīng)的細(xì)胞標(biāo)記,PD-1的表達(dá)亦顯著增加,其使患者的免疫功能下調(diào),與腫瘤的發(fā)生及進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)。
PD-1;MG-63;骨肉瘤;干細(xì)胞
骨肉瘤(osteosarcoma,OS)是兒科最常見的骨科惡性腫瘤,最新研究顯示免疫系統(tǒng)的失調(diào)節(jié)可能是其中最關(guān)鍵的環(huán)節(jié)之一[1]。程序性死亡-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)亦稱為編程性細(xì)胞死亡,是CD28家族中一員,表達(dá)于激活的T細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞及巨噬細(xì)胞[2-3]。研究證明抗PD-1抗體在癌癥治療及免疫刺激中具有重要作用,其對免疫細(xì)胞的抑制作用主要是抑制T細(xì)胞對感染的炎癥反應(yīng)過程及自主免疫,當(dāng)T細(xì)胞表面的PD-1受體與其靶蛋白鏈程序性死亡配體1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)及PD-L2程序性死亡配體2(programmed death-ligand 2,PD-L2)相結(jié)合后,細(xì)胞內(nèi)的PD-1磷酸化使蛋白磷酸激酶聚集,如含有Src同源結(jié)構(gòu)域2的蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(Src-homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase,SHP-2)抑制T細(xì)胞受體信號通路,阻斷PD-1通路能夠通過加強(qiáng)抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng),減少抑制性T細(xì)胞數(shù)量,增強(qiáng)組織內(nèi)T細(xì)胞活性因子活性及抗腫瘤微環(huán)境[4-6]。通過抑制PD-1通路同樣可增強(qiáng)自然殺傷細(xì)胞的活性,促使PD-1陽性B細(xì)胞抗體產(chǎn)生,PD-1及其協(xié)同抑制因子如細(xì)胞毒T細(xì)胞抗原4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4,CTLA-4)、T細(xì)胞免疫球蛋白、黏蛋白區(qū)域3(T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3,Tim-3)等最常見的檢查點(diǎn)分子(cell surface signaling molecules,CSSMs),扮演“收費(fèi)站”的角色,判斷細(xì)胞外信號信息,決策細(xì)胞循環(huán)及是否進(jìn)行其他細(xì)胞內(nèi)活動(dòng),與腫瘤的進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)[7-8]。MG-63為骨肉瘤細(xì)胞株,具有誘導(dǎo)后可顯著表達(dá)干擾素等特點(diǎn),是研究骨肉瘤進(jìn)展分子機(jī)制最常用的細(xì)胞系,本研究旨在探究PD-1表達(dá)對骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的影響,以期對骨肉瘤的靶向治療提供指導(dǎo)意義。
1.1 細(xì)胞 MG-63細(xì)胞系(購自ATCC)。
1.2 藥品與試劑 MTT粉劑(Gibco,美國);DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基(Hycfone,德國);胰蛋白酶(Invitrogen公司);10%胎牛血清(四季青生物工程材料有限公司);二甲基亞砜DMSO(Amresco公司);Trizol及RT-PCR試劑盒(Invtrogen公司)。
1.3 主要實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器 自動(dòng)酶標(biāo)儀(Beckman公司,美國);RT-PCR儀(CFX384 TOUCH,美國伯樂);倒置相差顯微鏡(Olympus,日本);CO2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱(Heraeus BB16UV,德國)。
1.4 骨肉瘤類腫瘤干細(xì)胞的分選及鑒定 MG-63細(xì)胞系使用含 10%胎牛血清的 DMEM/F12 培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng),鋪滿細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)瓶底后傳代; 用含表皮生長因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)10 ng/mL、基本成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,b-FGF)10 ng/mL及 N2 添加物的改良Eagle培養(yǎng)基/營養(yǎng)混合物F12(Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium: nutrient mixture F-12,DMEM/F12)無血清培養(yǎng)基及超低粘附細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板懸浮培養(yǎng) MG-63 細(xì)胞,培養(yǎng) 7~12 d后可形成 50 個(gè)以上細(xì)胞組成的骨肉瘤細(xì)胞球,將骨肉瘤細(xì)胞球吹散,重新加入到無血清懸浮培養(yǎng)基中,觀察是否再次成球;將骨肉瘤細(xì)胞球重新接種到含血清培養(yǎng)基中,觀察其生長情況。
1.5 骨肉瘤MG-63與腫瘤細(xì)胞球增殖比較 收集人骨肉瘤 MG-63 細(xì)胞及無血清懸浮培養(yǎng) 7~10 d的骨肉瘤細(xì)胞球行四唑鹽比色(MTT)實(shí)驗(yàn)。取MTT溶于10 mL 0.1M PBS中配成5 mg/mL MTT溶液。全自動(dòng)酶標(biāo)儀檢測細(xì)胞在590 nm吸光度A值,減去空白對照組(無細(xì)胞,僅MTT 200 μL,二甲基亞砜DMSO 150 μL)數(shù)值,實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,比較 MG-63 細(xì)胞及骨肉瘤細(xì)胞球在含 EGF(10 ng/mL)、b-FGF(10 ng/mL)及N2 添加物的 DMEM/F12 無血清培養(yǎng)基中1~7 d的生長情況,以培養(yǎng)時(shí)間為橫軸,吸光度A值為縱軸繪制生長曲線。
1.6 RT-PCR檢測mRNA表達(dá) 收集骨肉瘤細(xì)胞球,用Trizol抽提總mRNA,按TaKaRa逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒將mRNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,取1 μL逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物于20 μL(10 pmol引物)反應(yīng)體系中擴(kuò)增cDNA,35個(gè)循環(huán),每個(gè)循環(huán)中94°C 30s變性,30 s 退火,60 s 72 ℃條件下延伸。PCR產(chǎn)物經(jīng)1%瓊脂凝膠電泳,通過溴乙非啶染色,β-actin作為分子量參考,獲得條帶使用Image J軟件量化灰度值。相關(guān)基因序列查自Gene Bank,應(yīng)用專業(yè)引物設(shè)計(jì)軟件Primer 5.0設(shè)計(jì),由上海生物工程技術(shù)公司合成,具體序列如下:β-actin:上游 5’ GTCCACCGCAAATGCTTCTA3’, 下游5’TGCTGTCACCTTCACCGTTC3’, 190 bp; CD133: 上游 5’GTTCTTAGGACAGATTTGGATGG3’, 下游5’CCTTTTGATA-CCTGCTACGACA3’, 111 bp; MDRI: 上游 5’AGAAGATTGTC-CCCAAGAAGA3’, 下游5’GGAAGTGGTGGCTGAGGTT3’, 138 bp; OCT3/4: 上游 5’AGCCACCACTCACCCTACTGC3’, 下游5’CTGGAGCCCATTGTCCGTTAC3’, 154 bp; PD-1: 上游 5’GCTGATGGCAACTTCAACTG3’, 下游5’GATCAGCTCGGGCA-CTTTAG3’, 105 bp; nestin: 上游 5’AGCGTCAACAGGGAGA-TGTC3’, 下游5’TTCCACAAAGGCATCCCAGC3’, 120 bp; nanog: 上游 5’ATGGCACCGTCAAGGCTGAG3’, 下游5’GCAGTGATGGCATGGACTGT3’, 179 bp。
2.1 骨肉瘤細(xì)胞增殖 絕大多數(shù)細(xì)胞成梭形或多邊形,無接觸性抑制,見圖1。圖1-A、1-B顯示為1周內(nèi)癌細(xì)胞明顯增殖,表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的增殖能力及侵襲性;圖1-C、1-D分別為MG-63于含 10%胎牛血清或不含血清培養(yǎng)基上培養(yǎng)10d所形成腫瘤細(xì)胞球,前者癌細(xì)胞的數(shù)量和所形成的腫瘤體積顯著增加,若將骨肉瘤細(xì)胞球吹散,重新加入無血清懸浮培養(yǎng)基中,則12d時(shí)未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯腫瘤細(xì)胞球形成;圖1-E,1-F顯示:將骨肉瘤細(xì)胞球重新接種到含血清培養(yǎng)環(huán)境中后癌細(xì)胞明顯增殖,形成腫瘤細(xì)胞球,同時(shí)12d左右可見癌細(xì)胞向周邊侵襲擴(kuò)散,表明MG-63細(xì)胞株中存在干細(xì)胞特征細(xì)胞,具有較強(qiáng)的增殖能力及侵襲性,與其他惡性腫瘤特征基本一致,其對營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的需求性較強(qiáng)。
圖1 骨肉瘤細(xì)胞增殖圖(×40)A:含血清培養(yǎng)基上1 d癌細(xì)胞生長鏡檢圖片;B:含血清培養(yǎng)基上7 d癌細(xì)胞生長鏡檢圖片;C:10%胎牛血清中癌細(xì)胞生長10 d所形成的細(xì)胞球;D:不含血清時(shí)10 d所形成的癌細(xì)胞球;E:將骨肉瘤細(xì)胞球重新接種到含血清培養(yǎng)環(huán)境中后癌細(xì)胞增殖,7 d形成腫瘤細(xì)胞球;F:將骨肉瘤細(xì)胞球重新接種到含血清培養(yǎng)環(huán)境中后12 d左右可見癌細(xì)胞向周邊侵襲擴(kuò)散Fig.1 Osteosarcoma cells proliferation(×40)A: Microscopic examination of cancer cell growth at 1d on the medium containing serum;B: Microscopic examination of cancer cell growth at 7d on the medium containing serum;C: Cells sphere of cancer cells growth 10d in 10% fetal bovine serum;D: Formed cancer sphere at 10 d when the serum free of serum;E: The tumor cells were re- seeded in the serum of the tumor cells, and the tumor cells were formed by 7 d;F: The tumor cells were re-inoculated into the serum containing culture environment and the invasion and diffusion of the tumor cells to the surrounding cells were observed after 12 d.
2.2 骨肉瘤MG-63與腫瘤細(xì)胞球增殖比較 MTT法檢測MG-63 細(xì)胞及無血清懸浮培養(yǎng)的骨肉瘤細(xì)胞球細(xì)胞在1~7d的增殖情況,與顯微鏡下觀察結(jié)果基本一致,血清培養(yǎng)基中的MG-63癌細(xì)胞增殖數(shù)量明顯增高,7 d后2種細(xì)胞增殖均進(jìn)入平臺期。見圖2。
圖2 MG-63 細(xì)胞及無血清懸浮培養(yǎng)的骨肉瘤細(xì)胞球細(xì)胞1~7 d細(xì)胞吸光度A值變化Fig.2 Absorbance value changes of MG-63 and osteosarcoma cells spheres cultured in serum-free medium in 1~7 days
2.3 RT-PCR檢測癌細(xì)胞mRNA表達(dá) RT-PCR顯示特異性多能干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志(CD133)及胚胎干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志(OCT3/4,nestin及Nanog)癌細(xì)胞球中表達(dá)明顯增強(qiáng);PD-1 mRNA在癌細(xì)胞球中表達(dá)亦明顯增強(qiáng)且細(xì)胞球的分子標(biāo)記表達(dá)均顯著增加,見圖3。
圖3 骨肉瘤細(xì)胞RT-PCR檢測(A)及條帶灰度值(B)Fig.3 RT-PCR test(A) and the grey bar value(B) of osteosarcoma cells
MG-63細(xì)胞非單克隆,具有異生性,很多研究者認(rèn)為從細(xì)胞系純化單克隆細(xì)胞對細(xì)胞學(xué)的研究十分重要[9-10]。為從MG-63細(xì)胞中獲得單克隆干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞,本研究首先確認(rèn)了相關(guān)的亞群,其主要是圓形或橢圓形的密集分布的克隆細(xì)胞,具有腫瘤形成活性,但培養(yǎng)的單克隆細(xì)胞并不能持續(xù)保持特異的形態(tài)及特征,而是發(fā)生再分化或自我克隆進(jìn)行傳代,因此本研究中每項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)所使用的細(xì)胞均來源于同系。
癌細(xì)胞的遷移、入侵、粘附及生長分析是最常用的判斷細(xì)胞活性的方法,其反映出腫瘤離開原發(fā)病灶細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),體內(nèi)進(jìn)行分散并克隆增殖[11-15]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)早期傳代中腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖率相對較低,但隨著傳代的增加,增值率有所升高,細(xì)胞間的入侵及轉(zhuǎn)移能力無明顯差異,克隆能力較強(qiáng)。
腫瘤干細(xì)胞主要表達(dá)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的標(biāo)記物(CD29,CD44,CD45及CD105),并且表達(dá)了很多來源于中胚層、內(nèi)外胚層的基因[16-17]。腫瘤球高表達(dá)胚胎干細(xì)胞標(biāo)記:Oct3/4,nestin及Nanog。相反地MG-63細(xì)胞內(nèi)此類基因的表達(dá)相對較低。90%以上的癌細(xì)胞球細(xì)胞表達(dá)多能干細(xì)胞標(biāo)記CD133,而MG-63細(xì)胞表達(dá)較低。進(jìn)一步的研究顯示干細(xì)胞類的標(biāo)記物常見于腫瘤球形成的早期階段,隨著球體積的增加及細(xì)胞數(shù)目的增加,表達(dá)水平隨之下降,提示腫瘤細(xì)胞逐漸獲得異質(zhì)性。因此結(jié)果提示原始腫瘤干細(xì)胞進(jìn)行了非均性分裂至均性分裂的轉(zhuǎn)變,隨之產(chǎn)生大量異質(zhì)性前體細(xì)胞。Oct-3/4是POU家族中的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,胚胎早期階段主要表達(dá)于內(nèi)胚層,與保持胚胎干細(xì)胞的多能性相關(guān),隨著胚胎的生長其表達(dá)逐漸下調(diào)[18-20]。Nanog基因的表達(dá)不常見于體細(xì)胞,此基因的激活對自我更新的控制及保持胚胎干細(xì)胞的多能性至關(guān)重要[21]。本研究中Nanog基因在癌細(xì)胞球細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)明顯增高,提示癌細(xì)胞球細(xì)胞如胚胎干細(xì)胞一樣具有多向分化潛能。Oct3/4、Nanog、nestin與細(xì)胞的分化及自我更新相關(guān),如果此類蛋白在腫瘤樣干細(xì)胞內(nèi)起到相同的作用,則其將成為骨肉瘤的較為理想的靶向治療。
PD-1作為協(xié)同抑制受體負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞功能,經(jīng)抗原激活的CD8+T細(xì)胞表面PD-1的高水平表達(dá)與T細(xì)胞耗竭相關(guān),使CD8+T細(xì)胞的增殖能力、產(chǎn)生白介素2(IL-2)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、干擾素-γ(INF-γ)等細(xì)胞因子的能力逐漸喪失。表達(dá)PD-1的CD8+T細(xì)胞已被發(fā)現(xiàn)于腫瘤入侵的淋巴細(xì)胞內(nèi),且在慢性病毒性感染時(shí)[22]。CD4+T細(xì)胞上的PD-1功能目前尚不明確,研究顯示PD-1能夠顯著限制免疫刺激后CD4+T細(xì)胞的聚集, 不同程度的疾病中表達(dá)PD-1的CD4+T細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)作用不同,提示PD-1在CD4+T細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)可能與疾病的進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)[23]。骨肉瘤中CD4+及CD8+T細(xì)胞的PD-1表達(dá)上調(diào),伴有腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、晚期腫瘤或合并病理性骨折的患者PD-1水平更高。RT-PCR結(jié)果顯示隨著骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的增殖及侵襲性增強(qiáng),PD-1的表達(dá)明顯上調(diào),提示其與腫瘤的發(fā)生及進(jìn)展有關(guān)。
綜上所述,MG-63細(xì)胞系具有骨肉瘤干細(xì)胞特性,能夠表達(dá)相應(yīng)的細(xì)胞標(biāo)記,PD-1的表達(dá)亦顯著增加,PD-1與腫瘤的發(fā)生及進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)。
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(編校:王冬梅)
Effect of programmed death-1 on human osteosarcoma cells MG-63
QIAN Qian1, BAO De-ming2, YUE Zong-jin3
(1.Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China; 2. Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; 3.Spinal Institute, He’nan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China)
ObjectiveTo discuss the influences of programmed death-1 (PD-1) factor on osteosarcoma cells MG-63.MethodsOsteosarcoma stem cells were sovted and identified through osteosarcoma cell strain MG-63 cells.The influence of PD-1 signal on T cells proliferation were detected by MTT.The expression of PD-1 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR.ResultsCancer cells had an obvious proliferation within one week, which showed the strong ability of proliferation and aggressivity.The formation of tumor cells spheres depended on the support of serum nutrition.The number of MG-63 cells proliferation in serum culture medium was significantly higher than the osteosarcoma cells spheres in serum-free suspension culture (P<0.05).Pluripotent stem cell marks that the expression of CD133 in cancer cell sphere was significantly higher than that of MG-63(P<0.05).RT-PCR results showed the PD-1 expression level of cancer cell sphere and MG-63 were increased significantly.ConclusionMG-63 cell line has the character istics of osteosarcoma stem cells.MG-63 cell line can express the corresponding cell markers.The expression of PD-1 also increase significantly which can reduce immune function of patients and is closely related with the occurrence and development of tumors.
PD-1; MG-63; osteosarcoma; stem cells
河南省科技攻關(guān)計(jì)劃(122102310186)
錢茜,女,碩士,主任藥師,研究方向:藥學(xué),E-mail:qianxi1966@163.com。
R738.7
A
1005-1678(2015)05-0040-04