不同種植地點(diǎn)超級(jí)雜交稻產(chǎn)量及氮磷鉀吸收積累特點(diǎn)

夏冰, 趙楊, 魏穎娟, 黃敏, 敖和軍, 鄒應(yīng)斌

(湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,長(zhǎng)沙 410128)

不同種植地點(diǎn)超級(jí)雜交稻產(chǎn)量及氮磷鉀吸收積累特點(diǎn)

夏冰, 趙楊, 魏穎娟, 黃敏, 敖和軍, 鄒應(yīng)斌*

(湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,長(zhǎng)沙 410128)

為探明不同生態(tài)條件下超級(jí)雜交稻產(chǎn)量與氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分的吸收積累特點(diǎn)及其基因型差異。以?xún)蓛?yōu)培九、中浙優(yōu)1號(hào)等8個(gè)代表性的超級(jí)雜交稻品種為材料,普通雜交稻汕優(yōu)63和超級(jí)常規(guī)稻勝泰1號(hào)為對(duì)照,于2007—2009年在湖南省桂東、長(zhǎng)沙、南縣進(jìn)行了大田栽培試驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明不同基因型超級(jí)雜交稻產(chǎn)量與氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分吸收量的地點(diǎn)間、年度間、品種間差異顯著。不同超級(jí)雜交稻品種產(chǎn)量3年3地點(diǎn)平均為9.32～10.25 t/hm2,比汕優(yōu)63增產(chǎn)5.1%～15.6%,比勝泰1號(hào)增產(chǎn)8.9%～19.7%;氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分需要量分別為18.48～19.85 kg,3.75～4.63 kg 和15.90～17.40 kg;氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分吸收量分別為177.69～189.09 kg/hm2,36.94～39.80 kg/hm2和153.38～165.39 kg/hm2,其中稻谷中氮素、磷素分別為61.2%～65.3%和67.6%～74.4%,稻草中鉀素為86.9%～89.6%;氮素吸收率在分蘗中期約為20%,穗分化期25%～30%,抽穗期30%～40%,成熟期約為20%;磷素分別約15%,20%～30%,40%～45%,10%～20%;鉀素分別為15%～20%,25%～35%,30%～40%,15%～20%?？梢?jiàn),超級(jí)雜交稻具有顯著的增產(chǎn)優(yōu)勢(shì),養(yǎng)分需要量低于對(duì)照品種,說(shuō)明超級(jí)雜交稻有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)高產(chǎn)與養(yǎng)分高效利用相協(xié)調(diào)。

超級(jí)稻; 產(chǎn)量; 氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分; 地點(diǎn)

水稻的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和產(chǎn)量與土壤氮、磷、鉀等養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)能力及施肥有關(guān),尤其與氮肥用量及施用時(shí)間關(guān)系密切[1-20]。已有研究[1-10]表明不同基因型水稻氮素積累量和利用效率存在顯著差異,不僅在秈亞種與粳亞種間、常規(guī)稻與雜交稻間差異顯著,而且在相同亞種不同品種間也表現(xiàn)出顯著差異,但其差異變化范圍不完全一致,既與氮肥用量、土壤背景氮等栽培環(huán)境條件有關(guān)[7-10],也與生物產(chǎn)量、葉面積指數(shù)、株高、籽粒產(chǎn)量及其產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成等農(nóng)藝性狀有關(guān)[9-11]。水稻成熟期氮素積累量大的品種,通常其單位面積穗數(shù)、庫(kù)容量、葉面積系數(shù)、生物產(chǎn)量增加,但其每穗穎花數(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)系數(shù)、結(jié)實(shí)率和千粒質(zhì)量卻會(huì)降低[10-15]。水稻氮素利用效率的基因型差異顯著,已引起水稻育種學(xué)家及栽培專(zhuān)家的共同關(guān)注,具有高氮素利用率及高吸收率的品種[11-16]以及反映水稻氮素高效利用的農(nóng)藝性狀指標(biāo)也相應(yīng)地被提出[15-17]。超級(jí)稻氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分的吸收能力強(qiáng)且總吸收量大,同時(shí)超級(jí)粳稻比秈稻品種的氮素需要量高17.5%[21],但由于超級(jí)稻的收獲指數(shù)和籽粒產(chǎn)量高,按單位籽粒產(chǎn)量的氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分需要量卻并不增加[18-20]。唐啟源等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)后期施氮能明顯增加超級(jí)稻兩優(yōu)培九光合產(chǎn)物的積累量。胡泓等[23]研究表明鉀肥可促進(jìn)超級(jí)雜交水稻氮磷養(yǎng)分從莖葉部位向穗部輸送,增加產(chǎn)量。Chen等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在不施氮肥或低氮肥條件下,超級(jí)稻與普通稻品種產(chǎn)量沒(méi)有顯著差異,但在高氮肥條件下,超級(jí)稻產(chǎn)量和氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率顯著高于普通稻。陳露等[25]認(rèn)為超級(jí)稻品種在高氮水平下具有更高的產(chǎn)量。但是,超級(jí)雜交稻高產(chǎn)是否與氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分高效利用相協(xié)調(diào)還不明確。本研究試圖在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,研究不同超級(jí)雜交稻氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分吸收積累規(guī)律及其產(chǎn)量表現(xiàn)的基因型差異、地點(diǎn)間和年度間差異,旨在為超級(jí)雜交稻的高產(chǎn)栽培,為篩選具有高氮素利用率和高吸收率的水稻品種提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)材料

試驗(yàn)材料為農(nóng)業(yè)部認(rèn)定的超級(jí)雜交稻品種D優(yōu)527(DY-527)、Ⅱ優(yōu)084(EY-084)、Ⅱ優(yōu)航1號(hào)(EYH-1)、兩優(yōu)培九(LYPJ)、內(nèi)兩優(yōu)6號(hào)(NLY-6)、Y兩優(yōu)1號(hào)(YLY-1)、準(zhǔn)兩優(yōu)527(ZLY-527),中浙優(yōu)1號(hào)(ZZY-1)、對(duì)照超級(jí)常規(guī)稻品種勝泰1號(hào)(STai-1)和普通雜交稻品種汕優(yōu)63(SY-63)。種子由中國(guó)水稻研究所、國(guó)家雜交水稻工程研究中心等育種單位提供。

1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)于2007—2009年在湖南省桂東縣寨前鄉(xiāng)水灣村(北緯 25°08′,東經(jīng)113°55′,海拔724 m)、南縣南洲鎮(zhèn)北洋村(北緯29°20′,東經(jīng)112°25′,海拔32 m)和湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)水稻試驗(yàn)基地(北緯28°12′,東經(jīng)113°04′,海拔53 m)大田栽培條件下進(jìn)行,各試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)的品種和方法相同。田間采用隨機(jī)區(qū)組排列,3次重復(fù),小區(qū)面積25 m2,各試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)肥料用量相同,即施尿素375 kg/hm2,過(guò)磷酸鈣750 kg/hm2,氯化鉀210 kg/hm2。其中:尿素分基肥(50%)、分蘗肥(20%)、穗肥(30%)3次施用;鉀肥分基肥和穗肥2次施用;磷肥作基肥于插秧前1次施用。各試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)稻田土壤肥力水平中等偏上(表1),排灌方便,田間栽培管理一致。桂東點(diǎn)于4月15至20日播種,長(zhǎng)沙點(diǎn)和南縣點(diǎn)于5月15至20日播種,濕潤(rùn)育秧,播種量15 g/m2,秧齡25 d。栽插密度23.33 cm×23.33 cm,每穴栽插2本苗,雜交稻和常規(guī)稻相同。在插秧后淺水灌溉,當(dāng)多數(shù)品種達(dá)到夠苗期時(shí)開(kāi)始曬田,曬田15 d后保持淺水灌溉到抽穗期,抽穗后至收割前7 d,采用間歇灌溉；均按照高產(chǎn)栽培要求嚴(yán)格控制病害和蟲(chóng)害,不施用除草劑,采用人工中耕除草。

表1 不同試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)稻田土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)及養(yǎng)分含量

1.3 試驗(yàn)測(cè)定的內(nèi)容與方法

于2007年成熟期，2008—2009年分蘗中期(移栽后20 d)、穗分化期、抽穗期、成熟期取樣測(cè)定干物質(zhì)量。成熟期沿小區(qū)對(duì)角線取植株10穴(不包括邊3行)，其他時(shí)期每小區(qū)取代表性植株6穴。取樣時(shí)連根拔起，用自來(lái)水沖洗干凈，剪除根系，計(jì)數(shù)每穴株數(shù)或穗數(shù)。分蘗中期和穗分化期樣品分為莖、葉2部分；抽穗期樣品分為莖、葉、穗3部分；成熟期樣品手工脫粒后，稻谷用清水漂洗，分為實(shí)粒(下沉)和空秕粒(上浮)，樣品分為稻草、實(shí)粒和空秕粒3部分。將全部樣品在105 ℃恒溫條件下殺青20 min，然后在80 ℃恒溫條件下，烘干至恒重，冷卻后稱(chēng)量。

產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因子包括有效穗數(shù)、每穗粒數(shù)、結(jié)實(shí)率和千粒質(zhì)量。在每個(gè)小區(qū)的邊3行以?xún)?nèi)，調(diào)查每穴的有效穗數(shù)，連續(xù)調(diào)查30穴，按栽插密度計(jì)算有效穗數(shù)。每個(gè)小區(qū)從成熟期實(shí)粒樣品中稱(chēng)取30 g樣品3份計(jì)數(shù)，空秕粒全部計(jì)數(shù)，計(jì)算所取樣品的每穗總粒數(shù)、結(jié)實(shí)率(%)和千粒質(zhì)量(g，烘干質(zhì)量)。在每個(gè)小區(qū)的邊3行以?xún)?nèi)，連續(xù)收割125穴脫粒，曬干后稱(chēng)量，同時(shí)取樣500 g，在80 ℃恒溫條件下烘干至恒重，按照13.5%標(biāo)準(zhǔn)含水量計(jì)算稻谷質(zhì)量，再按照栽插密度計(jì)算各處理的稻谷產(chǎn)量。

將全部樣品粉碎消煮后測(cè)定氮磷鉀含量。其中，氮含量采用法國(guó)Alliance全自動(dòng)流動(dòng)注射儀(型號(hào)：Fortuna)測(cè)定；磷含量測(cè)定采用鉬藍(lán)比色法；鉀含量測(cè)定采用火焰光度計(jì)(型號(hào)：FP640)。氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分吸收有關(guān)指標(biāo)計(jì)算方法為

氮磷鉀吸收量/(kg/hm2)=植株氮磷鉀含量×單位面積植株干物質(zhì)量;

氮磷鉀收獲指數(shù)=籽粒氮磷鉀吸收量/植株氮磷鉀吸收量;

氮磷鉀需要量/(kg/1 000 kg)=單位面積植株氮磷鉀吸收量/收割的稻谷產(chǎn)量.

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

全部數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果用Excel軟件和美國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件Statistix 8.0分析處理。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成

不同基因型超級(jí)雜交稻品種稻谷產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成、干物質(zhì)量均存在顯著的地點(diǎn)間差異和年度間差異(表2)。年度間稻谷產(chǎn)量以2009年最高,3地點(diǎn)平均達(dá)到10.1 t/hm2,其原因是干物質(zhì)量大、有效穗數(shù)多和穎花數(shù)多(有效穗數(shù)×每穗粒數(shù))。地點(diǎn)間以桂東點(diǎn)產(chǎn)量最高,其原因是干物質(zhì)量大、有效穗數(shù)多、穎花數(shù)多、結(jié)實(shí)率高。表2還表明不同超雜交稻品種間產(chǎn)量差異顯著,其中以?xún)蓛?yōu)培九產(chǎn)量最高,準(zhǔn)兩優(yōu)527產(chǎn)量次之。其高產(chǎn)的原因前者是單位面積穎花數(shù)多,后者是千粒質(zhì)量大、結(jié)實(shí)率高。超級(jí)雜交稻品種平均產(chǎn)量達(dá)到9.71 t/hm2,比普通雜交稻品種汕優(yōu)63增產(chǎn)9.5%,增幅為5.1%～15.6%,比常規(guī)稻品種勝泰1號(hào)增產(chǎn)13.5%,增幅為8.9%～19.7%。

2.2 氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分吸收量及其在稻草和稻谷中的分配

不同基因型超級(jí)雜交稻地上部全株氮素吸收量差異顯著(表3),其中以準(zhǔn)兩優(yōu)527最高,其次為中浙優(yōu)1號(hào),兩優(yōu)培九和內(nèi)兩優(yōu)1號(hào),顯著高于其余4個(gè)超級(jí)雜交稻品種及對(duì)照品種汕優(yōu)63和勝泰1號(hào)。不同基因型超級(jí)雜交稻稻草氮素積累量差異不大,然而實(shí)粒氮素積累量存在顯著差異。表3還表明稻草、實(shí)粒、空秕粒、全株的氮素積累量均存在明顯的地點(diǎn)間和年度間差異,其中地點(diǎn)間以桂東點(diǎn)植株氮素積累量最高,3年平均為214.9 kg/hm2,年度間以2009年最高,3地點(diǎn)平均為206.30 kg/hm2。從氮素在器官中的分配來(lái)看,實(shí)粒平均占62.56%(61.2%～65.3%),稻草平均占32.8%(31.8%～33.6%),空秕粒平均占4.6%(2.8%～5.5%)。

表4是超級(jí)雜交稻地上部植株磷素吸收量及其在稻草和實(shí)粒中的分配。從表4可看出，不同基因型超級(jí)雜交稻地上部全株磷素吸收量差異顯著,Ⅱ優(yōu)航1號(hào)全株磷吸收顯著高于對(duì)照品種汕優(yōu)63和勝泰1號(hào)；其次為兩優(yōu)培九、D優(yōu)527,顯著高于勝泰1號(hào),但與其他超級(jí)雜交稻品種差異不顯著。表4還表明,不同超級(jí)雜交稻稻草、實(shí)粒磷素積累量均存在顯著的基因型差異,地點(diǎn)間以桂東點(diǎn)植株磷素積累量最高,3年平均為44.56 kg/hm2,年度間以2008年最高,3地點(diǎn)平均為43.91 kg/hm2。從磷素在器官中的分配來(lái)看,實(shí)粒平均占71.0%(67.6%～74.4%),稻草平均占24.3%(21.7%～27.4%),空秕粒平均占4.7%(2.8%～5.5%)。

表2 不同超級(jí)稻品種產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成的地點(diǎn)間差異和年度間差異

同列數(shù)列后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示同一項(xiàng)目不同處理間在P<0.05水平下差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.

Values within a column followed by different lowercase letters indicate the significant difference of the same item among different treatment groups at the 0.05 probability level.

表3 超級(jí)雜交稻地上部植株氮素吸收量及其分配

同列數(shù)列后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示同一項(xiàng)目不同處理間在P<0.05水平下差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.

Values within a column followed by different lowercase letters indicate the significant difference of the same item among different treatment groups at the 0.05 probability level.

表4 超級(jí)雜交稻地上部植株磷素吸收量及其分配

同列數(shù)列后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示同一項(xiàng)目不同處理間在P<0.05水平下差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.

Values within a column followed by different lowercase letters indicate the significant difference of the same item among different treatment groups at the 0.05 probability level.

表5是超級(jí)雜交稻地上部植株鉀素吸收量及其在稻草和實(shí)粒中的分配。從表5可看出，不同超級(jí)雜交稻地上部全株鉀素吸收量存在顯著的基因型差異,準(zhǔn)兩優(yōu)527最高, 其次為兩優(yōu)培九、D優(yōu)527,汕優(yōu)63和Ⅱ優(yōu)航1號(hào),顯著高于勝泰1號(hào)。不同基因型超級(jí)雜交稻的稻草、實(shí)粒鉀素積累量也均存在顯著的基因型差異,其中實(shí)粒鉀素積累量以中浙優(yōu)1號(hào)最高,以汕優(yōu)63和勝泰1號(hào)最低。表5還表明超級(jí)雜交稻的稻草、實(shí)粒、全株鉀素積累量均存在顯著的地點(diǎn)間和年度間差異,其中地點(diǎn)間以桂東點(diǎn)植株鉀素積累量最高,年度間以2009年最高。從鉀素在器官中的分配來(lái)看,稻草平均占87.2%(85.8%～88.6%),實(shí)粒平均占11.6%(10.4%～13.1%),空秕粒平均占1.2%(0.7%～1.5%)。

表5 超級(jí)雜交稻地上部植株鉀素吸收量及其分配

同列數(shù)列后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示同一項(xiàng)目不同處理間在P<0.05水平下差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.

Values within a column followed by different lowercase letters indicate the significant difference of the same item among different treatment groups at the 0.05 probability level.

2.3 氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分需要量

表6表明超級(jí)雜交稻氮素需要量為18.48～19.85 kg,不同基因型品種間差異顯著,但都顯著低于汕優(yōu)63(20.52 kg)和勝泰1號(hào)(20.68 kg)。超級(jí)雜交稻磷素需要量為3.75～4.63 kg/hm2,品種間差異顯著,除Ⅱ優(yōu)航1號(hào)外,其他品種與對(duì)照品種汕優(yōu)63 (4.43 kg)和勝泰1號(hào)(4.36 kg)沒(méi)有顯著差異。超級(jí)雜交稻鉀素需要量為15.90～17.40 kg/hm2,品種間差異顯著,均顯著低于汕優(yōu)63(18.08 kg),與對(duì)照勝泰1號(hào)17.09 kg差異不顯著。表6還表明超級(jí)稻氮素、磷、鉀的需要量存在地點(diǎn)間和年度間差異,其中地點(diǎn)間均以長(zhǎng)沙點(diǎn)最高,這可能與長(zhǎng)沙點(diǎn)的收割產(chǎn)量低和收獲指數(shù)不高有關(guān),因?yàn)榈?、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分的吸收量包括實(shí)粒和稻草2部分的積累量,收獲指數(shù)低于50%,說(shuō)明稻草積累的養(yǎng)分質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)大,養(yǎng)分需要量高。

表6 超級(jí)稻每生產(chǎn)1 000 kg稻谷植株的氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分需要量

同列數(shù)列后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示同一項(xiàng)目不同處理間在P<0.05水平下差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.

Values within a column followed by different lowercase letters indicate the significant difference of the same item among different treatment groups at the 0.05 probability level.

2.4 氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分吸收積累過(guò)程

從表7可以看出,超級(jí)雜交稻不同生育時(shí)期氮素吸收量在地點(diǎn)間和年度間差異顯著,但品種間除抽穗前以ZLY-527顯著高于EY-084和EYH-1外,其他各時(shí)期品種間差異不顯著。從表7還可以看出,從移栽期到分蘗中期,氮素吸收率2008年和2009年分別為25.4%和16.0%,差異顯著;不同地點(diǎn)以桂東最高(23.7%),顯著高于長(zhǎng)沙點(diǎn)(18.6%)和南縣點(diǎn)(19.8%);品種間為20.1%～21.4%,差異不顯著。從分蘗中期到幼穗分化期,氮素吸收率2年分別為19.3%和34.4%,差異顯著;地點(diǎn)間為25.5%～27.7%,差異不顯著;品種間為23.7%～32.2%,差異顯著。從穗分化期到抽穗期,氮素吸收率2年分別為30.8%和35.9%,差異顯著;地點(diǎn)間為31.7%～36.1%,差異不顯著;品種間為29.6%～37.7%,差異不顯著。從抽穗期到成熟期,氮素吸收率2年分別為26.3%和14.2%,差異顯著;地點(diǎn)間為17.8%～22.9%,差異顯著;品種間為17.4%～22.8%,差異不顯著。另外,除了成熟期ZLY-527氮素吸收量顯著高于常規(guī)稻勝泰1號(hào)外,超級(jí)雜交稻品種不同生育時(shí)期氮素吸收量及吸收率與對(duì)照品種的差異不顯著。

表8是不同生育時(shí)期的磷素吸收量及占總吸收量的百分率。超級(jí)雜交稻不同生育時(shí)期的磷素吸收積累量和吸收率年度間差異顯著,但地點(diǎn)間吸收率在生育中期差異不顯著。表8還表明,超級(jí)雜交稻不同生育時(shí)期磷素吸收率的品種間差異不一致,從移栽期到幼穗分化期、從抽穗期到成熟期品種間差異顯著;但從穗分化期到抽穗期差異不顯著。另外,與汕優(yōu)63和勝泰1號(hào)比較,超級(jí)雜交稻品種不同生育時(shí)期磷素吸收量及吸收率的差異不顯著。

表9表明超級(jí)雜交稻不同生育時(shí)期鉀素吸收量和吸收率年度間差異顯著,地點(diǎn)間除分蘗中期的鉀素吸收量和分蘗中期至穗分化期的鉀素吸收率差異不顯著外,其他各生育時(shí)期的鉀素吸收量和吸收率差異均顯著。不同超級(jí)雜交稻品種生長(zhǎng)前期,即從移栽期到分蘗中期,或者從分蘗中期到幼穗分化期,鉀素吸收率品種間差異均顯著;在生長(zhǎng)中、后期,即從穗分化期到抽穗期,或從抽穗期到成熟期,鉀素吸收率品種間差異不顯著。另外,與汕優(yōu)63和勝泰1號(hào)比較,超級(jí)雜交稻品種不同生育時(shí)期的鉀素吸收量和吸收率的差異不顯著。

表7 不同生育時(shí)期超級(jí)稻氮素吸收量及其占總吸收量的百分率

MT：分蘗中期(移栽后20 d);PI：幼穗分化始期;HD：抽穗期;MA：成熟期;YT：移栽期。同列數(shù)列后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示同一項(xiàng)目不同處理間在P<0.05水平下差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.

MT： Middle tillering stage (20 d after transplanting); PI: Young panicle differentiation stage; HD: Heading stage; MA: Maturity stage; YT： Transplanting stage. Values within a column followed by different lowercase letters indicate the significant difference of the same item among different treatment groups at the 0.05 probability level.

表8 不同生育時(shí)期超級(jí)稻磷素吸收量及其占總吸收量的百分率

MT：分蘗中期(移栽后20 d);PI：幼穗分化始期;HD：抽穗期;MA：成熟期;YT：移栽期.同列數(shù)列后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示同一項(xiàng)目不同處理間在P<0.05水平下差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.

MT： Middle tillering stage (20 d after transplanting); PI: Young panicle differentiation stage; HD: Heading stage; MA: Maturity stage; YT： Transplanting stage. Values within a column followed by different lowercase letters indicate the significant difference of the same item among different treatment groups at the 0.05 probability level.

表9 不同生育時(shí)期超級(jí)稻鉀素吸收量及其占總吸收量的百分率

MT：分蘗中期(移栽后20 d);PI：幼穗分化始期;HD：抽穗期;MA：成熟期;YT：移栽期。同列數(shù)列后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示同一項(xiàng)目不同處理間在P<0.05水平下差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.

MT： Middle tillering stage (20 d after transplanting); PI: Young panicle differentiation stage; HD: Heading stage; MA: Maturity stage; YT： Transplanting stage. Values within a column followed by different lowercase letters indicate the significant difference of the same item among different treatment groups at the 0.05 probability level.

3 討論

超級(jí)雜交稻生物產(chǎn)量和稻谷產(chǎn)量高,氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分吸收量高于普通雜交稻和常規(guī)稻[17-22]。本研究表明超級(jí)雜交稻地上部全株成熟期氮素、磷素、鉀素的吸收量品種間差異顯著,不同品種3年3 地點(diǎn)平均,品種間氮素變化幅度為177.69～189.09 kg/hm2,磷素為36.94～39.80 kg/hm2,鉀素為153.38～165.39 kg/hm2,這與前人研究結(jié)果一致[1-20]。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),氮素和磷素主要集中在稻谷中,分別為61.2%～65.3%和67.6%～74.4%;而鉀素主要集中在稻草中,達(dá)到86.9%～89.6%。可見(jiàn),在稻草還田條件下,水稻所吸收的鉀素約85%以上可歸還給土壤,有利于水稻生產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

超級(jí)雜交稻高產(chǎn)與氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分高效利用協(xié)調(diào)。與普通雜交稻及常規(guī)稻比較,超級(jí)雜交稻的產(chǎn)量增加,但氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分需要量沒(méi)有增加[18-20]。本研究證明不同基因型超級(jí)雜交稻氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分需要量品種間差異顯著,其中氮素為18.48～19.85 kg,磷素為3.75～4.63 kg,鉀素為15.90～17.40 kg。與對(duì)照品種比較,超級(jí)雜交稻比汕優(yōu)63增產(chǎn)5.1%～15.6%,比勝泰1號(hào)增產(chǎn)8.9%～19.7%,氮素需要量顯著低于勝泰1號(hào)(20.68 kg/hm2),鉀素需要量顯著低于汕優(yōu)63(18.26 kg/hm2),這與前人有關(guān)秈型超級(jí)稻品種的研究結(jié)果一致[18-20],但與前人以粳稻品種為材料的研究結(jié)果不同[26]。由于本研究沒(méi)有設(shè)置不施氮肥、磷肥、鉀肥的處理,有關(guān)超級(jí)雜交稻氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分利用率的品種間差異還有待進(jìn)一步研究。

不同生育時(shí)期的氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分吸收率,即氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分吸收量占成熟期吸收量的比例協(xié)調(diào)與否,與超級(jí)雜交稻產(chǎn)量形成關(guān)系密切[21-23]。本研究證明不同超級(jí)雜交稻品種氮素吸收率在分蘗中期約20%,穗分化期25%～30%,抽穗期30%～40%,成熟期約20%;磷素分別約15%,20%～30%,40%～45%,10%～20%;鉀素分別為15%～20%,25%～35%,30%～40%,15%～20%?？梢?jiàn),超級(jí)雜交稻抽穗后仍具有較強(qiáng)的氮、磷、鉀等養(yǎng)分吸收能力[17-22]。值得注意的是不同超級(jí)雜交稻品種與對(duì)照品種汕優(yōu)63和勝泰1號(hào)的差異因品種而異,即有的品種與對(duì)照差異顯著,有的品種與對(duì)照差異不顯著。

4 結(jié)論

超級(jí)雜交稻單位面積有效穗數(shù)和每穗粒數(shù)等產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因子間協(xié)調(diào),3年3地點(diǎn)平均產(chǎn)量顯著高于對(duì)照品種(汕優(yōu)63和勝泰1號(hào)),不同生育時(shí)期氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分吸收量與對(duì)照品種差異不顯著,但養(yǎng)分需要量低于對(duì)照品種,說(shuō)明超級(jí)雜交稻有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)高產(chǎn)與養(yǎng)分高效利用相協(xié)調(diào)。

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Characteristics of grain yield and nitrogen， phosphorus, potassium uptake and accumulation of super hybrid rice grown in different locations.

Journal of Zhejiang University (Agric. & Life Sci.)， 2015，41(5)：547-557

Xia Bing, Zhao Yang, Wei Yingjuan, Huang Min, Ao Hejun, Zou Yingbin*

(AgronomyCollegeofHunanAgriculturalUniversity,Changsha410128,China)

Rice is one of the most important staple food crop in China and other Asian countries. Breeding high yielding varieties and improving resource-use efficiency are eternal themes in the areas of both rice research and rice production. In recent years, many super hybrid rice varieties with high yield potential have been widely grown by rice farmers in China, but the rule of nutrient uptake and accumulation is not fully clear.

This paper attempted to ascertain the characteristics and genetic differences of grain yield performance and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) uptake and accumulation of super hybrid rice under different ecological conditions. The field experiments with 8 representative super hybrid rice varieties (i.e., Liangyoupeijiu, Zhongzheyou 1, Zhunliangyou 527, Y-liangyou 1, Ⅱ-you 084, Ⅱ-youhang 1, Neiliangyou 6 and D-you 527) were conducted in Guidong County, Changsha City and Nanxian County of Hunan Province in China from 2007 to 2009, of which a common hybrid rice variety Shanyou 63 and a super inbred rice variety Shengtai 1 were taken as the control. The varieties were arranged in a randomized block design with 3 replications. Germinated seeds were sown at the rate of 15 g/m2on 15-20th May in Guiding and on 15-20th April in Changsha and Nanxian. Twenty five-days old seedling were transplanted with 2 seedlings per hill and a hill spacing is 23.33 cm×23.33 cm. Crop management followed high yielding cultivation practices.

The results showed that there were significantly genetic and regional differences in grain yield and nitrogen， phosphorus, potassium (NPK) uptake and accumulation. Averaged across 3 locations and 2 years, grain yields of super hybrid rice varieties were 9.32-10.25 t/hm2, which were 5.1%-15.6% and 8.9%-19.7% higher than those of Shanyou 63 and Shengtai 1, respectively. Guidong had the highest average grain yield of 11.45 t/hm2, which was 38.1% and 30.0% higher than that in Changsha and Nanxian, respectively. The high grain yield in Guiding was attributed to high panicle number and filled grain percentage. In addition, there was significant difference in grain yield among years. The highest average grain yield of 10.01 t/hm2was obtained in 2009 and the lowest one of 8.29 t/hm2was recorded in 2007, of which the former was resulted from high panicle number and the latter was cased by small panicle size. Nutrient requirement for producing 1 000 kg grains of super hybrid rice appeared as N 18.48-19.85 kg, P 3.75-4.63 kg and K 15.90-17.40 kg. There were no significant differences in the NPK requirements between super hybrid rice and the control except for that Shengtai 1 showed significantly less N requirement. Nutrient uptake rate of super hybrid rice appeared as N 177.69-189.09 kg/hm2, P 36.94-39.80 kg/hm2and K 153.38-165.39 kg/hm2, of which 61.2%-65.3% of N and 67.6%-74.4% of P accumulated in rice grains and 86.9%-89.6% of K accumulated in rice straw. Compared with super hybrid and common hybrid rice, inbred rice Shengtai 1 showed significantly less NK uptake rates but similar P uptake rate. Percentage of N uptake rate to the total was about 20% until to mid-tillering stage (20 d after transplanting), 25%-30% from mid-tillering stage to panicle initiation stage, 30%-40% from panicle initiation stage to heading stage and about 20% after heading, and the percentage of P was 15%,20%-30%,40%-45% and 10%-20%, respectively, and the percentage of K was 15%-20%, 25%-35%, 30%-40% and 15%-20%, respectively. There were no significant differences in NPK accumulation rates at each growth stage between hybrid rice and inbred rice.

As above,super hybrid rice displayed significantly higher yield potential but lower nutrient requirements for NPK than those of common hybrid rice and inbred rice. It is concluded that high grain yield can be achieved with high nutrient-use efficiency in super hybrid rice.

super rice; grain yield; nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium nutrients; location

國(guó)家水稻產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系崗位專(zhuān)家項(xiàng)目(CARS-01);湖南省科技計(jì)劃一般項(xiàng)目(2012FJ6118)。

聯(lián)系方式：夏冰(http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8122-9103)，E-mail:fifaice@163.com

2015-05-18;接受日期(Accepted)：2015-06-08;網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期(Published online)：2015-09-18

S 511

A

*通信作者(Corresponding author)：鄒應(yīng)斌(http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1638-1488)，E-mail:ybzou123@126.com

URL:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/33.1247.s.20150918.1756.012.html