李佳濤 李 惠 胡國(guó)宏
(上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院/中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海生命科學(xué)研究院健康科學(xué)研究所 上海 200025)
乳腺癌中STC1的表達(dá)與乳腺癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)
李佳濤 李 惠 胡國(guó)宏△
(上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院/中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海生命科學(xué)研究院健康科學(xué)研究所 上海 200025)
目的研究乳腺癌中分泌蛋白斯坦尼鈣調(diào)節(jié)蛋白1(stanniocalcin 1,STC1)的表達(dá)與乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系。方法用質(zhì)譜及Western blot分析STC1在具有不同轉(zhuǎn)移能力細(xì)胞系中的蛋白表達(dá)情況。熒光定量RTPCR(qRT-PCR)分析STC1 mRNA在乳腺癌細(xì)胞系及23例患者樣本中的表達(dá)情況,并通過(guò)網(wǎng)上數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)分析1 609例乳腺癌患者STC1 mRNA的表達(dá)水平與患者發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移之間的關(guān)系。結(jié)果質(zhì)譜及Western blot分析結(jié)果顯示,具有高轉(zhuǎn)移能力的乳腺癌細(xì)胞系高表達(dá)STC1。qRT-PCR分析結(jié)果顯示,STC1在高轉(zhuǎn)移乳腺癌細(xì)胞系中高表達(dá),STC1在轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌患者中的表達(dá)高于非轉(zhuǎn)移性患者。另外,通過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中乳腺癌患者樣本的分析發(fā)現(xiàn),原位癌高表達(dá)STC1的乳腺癌患者更容易發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移。結(jié)論STC1的表達(dá)與乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移具有相關(guān)性,提示STC1具有臨床預(yù)測(cè)乳腺癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移的潛在價(jià)值。
STC1; 乳腺癌; 腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移; 生物標(biāo)志物
乳腺癌發(fā)病率高,對(duì)女性健康構(gòu)成很大威脅,而乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移是引起不良預(yù)后的重要原因[1]。腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移具有器官特異性,其中乳腺癌最常見(jiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)移部位是骨、肺、肝及腦[2]。乳腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移會(huì)給患者帶來(lái)疼痛、骨折和高鈣血等,而乳腺癌的肺轉(zhuǎn)移會(huì)給患者帶來(lái)致命的傷害[3]。早期發(fā)現(xiàn)、早期預(yù)測(cè)乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)于乳腺癌的治療具有重要意義。
斯坦尼鈣調(diào)節(jié)蛋白1(stanniocalcin 1,STC1)是一種分泌型糖蛋白,由STC1基因編碼,位于人染色體8p11.2~p21。STC1最初發(fā)現(xiàn)于魚(yú)類(lèi)中,進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人類(lèi)及其他哺乳動(dòng)物中也廣泛存在STC1[4]。通過(guò)對(duì)哺乳動(dòng)物中該蛋白的同源蛋白進(jìn)行分析,還發(fā)現(xiàn)了另一斯鈣素家族成員STC2[5]。STC1表達(dá)于多種組織,通過(guò)自分泌或旁分泌發(fā)揮功能[6]。目前已知STC1在調(diào)節(jié)腎及小腸鈣磷平衡及細(xì)胞代謝等方面發(fā)揮著重要功能[7],而對(duì)STC2的功能尚不清楚。
STC1及STC2在多種腫瘤組織的表達(dá)量都比對(duì)應(yīng)的癌旁正常組織有明顯升高或降低,提示STC可能與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在卵巢癌中STC1的表達(dá)較癌旁有所下調(diào)[8];在肝癌組織中STC1的表達(dá)較癌旁有所上調(diào)[9];STC2在肝癌中的表達(dá)也有上調(diào)且能促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞體外增殖能力[10]。乳腺癌中,STC1可能會(huì)被BRCA1基因誘導(dǎo)而產(chǎn)生[11];在ER陽(yáng)性乳腺癌中,STC1及STC2在腫瘤組織中的表達(dá)較癌旁正常組織明顯上升[12],其中STC2的高表達(dá)可能受激素調(diào)節(jié)[13]。另有研究提示STC1可做為乳腺癌的一種臨床診斷標(biāo)志物[14]。STC還參與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的過(guò)程,有研究顯示腫瘤相關(guān)成纖維細(xì)胞(cancer associated fibroblast,CAF)分泌的STC1可以促進(jìn)節(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移[15];STC2與食管癌的淋巴節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)等[16]。具有低肺轉(zhuǎn)移能力的乳腺癌細(xì)胞系中過(guò)表達(dá)STC1后,可以增強(qiáng)該乳腺癌細(xì)胞系的肺轉(zhuǎn)移能力[17]。但是,STC1的表達(dá)是否與乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移能力相關(guān),以及在臨床上STC1的表達(dá)與患者預(yù)后發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是否相關(guān),尚不明確。因此,本研究旨在探討STC1在乳腺癌中的表達(dá)與乳腺癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系,揭示STC1與乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移的相關(guān)性,為預(yù)測(cè)及診斷乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移提供理論依據(jù)。
細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)LM2-4173及LM2-4175(分別簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)4173及4175)來(lái)源于Joan Massague實(shí)驗(yàn)室[18]。MDA231、4173、4175以及4T1系列細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)使用DMEM加10%胎牛血清、100 U/m L青霉素和100μg/m L鏈霉素的培養(yǎng)液,置于37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。MCF10系列細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)(MCF10AT,MCF10CA1h,MCF10CA1a)使用DMEM/F12(HyClone)加10μg/m L胰島素、20 ng/m L表皮生長(zhǎng)因子、0.5μg/m L氫化可的松、100 ng/m L霍亂毒素,5%馬血清,100 U/m L青霉素和100μg/m L鏈霉素的培養(yǎng)液、置于37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。
樣本來(lái)源23例乳腺癌患者腫瘤樣本均來(lái)自山東大學(xué)齊魯醫(yī)院,其中12例患者預(yù)后發(fā)生了肺轉(zhuǎn)移,11例患者預(yù)后未發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,腫瘤樣本分成轉(zhuǎn)移組與非轉(zhuǎn)移兩組。網(wǎng)上乳腺癌患者樣本數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于www.kmplot.com,選擇研究對(duì)象為乳腺癌(breast cancer),考查指標(biāo)為遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移(distant metastasis free survival,DMFS)。將1 609例乳腺癌患者樣本按表達(dá)的STC1中值分為兩組:STC1高表達(dá)組和STC1低表達(dá)組,然后比較兩組發(fā)生DMFS的生存曲線。
STC1 mRNA表達(dá)檢測(cè)采用Trizol法提取細(xì)胞或組織總RNA,然后取RNA 1μg,利用隨機(jī)引物及polyd T進(jìn)行逆轉(zhuǎn)錄。隨后用熒光定量RT-PCR (qRT-PCR)法檢測(cè)具有不同轉(zhuǎn)移能力的細(xì)胞系及乳腺癌患者樣本中STC1 mRNA的表達(dá)水平,引物序列見(jiàn)表1。
STC1蛋白表達(dá)檢測(cè)分泌蛋白收集方法及質(zhì)譜分析方法參考文獻(xiàn)[19]。分泌蛋白的Western blot檢測(cè)使用10%SDS電泳分離,轉(zhuǎn)膜后用麗春紅(Ponceau S)確定上樣蛋白量是否相同。兔源抗STC1一抗為多克隆抗體購(gòu)于美國(guó)Gene Tex公司(批號(hào):GTX47080)。熒光標(biāo)記的抗兔二抗來(lái)源于Li-Cor公司。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 13.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。qRT-PCR法檢測(cè)STC1 mRNA表達(dá),數(shù)據(jù)以±s表示。分析乳腺癌患者腫瘤樣本時(shí),采用Student's t檢驗(yàn);P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
質(zhì)譜數(shù)據(jù)分析具有不同肺轉(zhuǎn)移能力的乳腺癌細(xì)胞系的分泌蛋白為了找到在乳腺癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移中起著重要作用的分泌蛋白,通過(guò)液相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法(LC-MS/MS)分析來(lái)自具有不同遺傳背景且具有不同肺轉(zhuǎn)移能力的乳腺癌細(xì)胞系——MDA-MB-231系列(231及4175)和來(lái)自鼠源的4T1系列(67NR、168FARN、4TO7及4T1)的分泌蛋白情況。4T1系列細(xì)胞系(包括67NR、168FARN、4TO7、4T1)均來(lái)自小鼠自發(fā)乳腺癌模型,其中67NR及168FARN均無(wú)肺轉(zhuǎn)移能力,4TO7及4T1細(xì)胞可以擴(kuò)散到肺,但只有4T1能長(zhǎng)成肉眼可見(jiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)移灶[20-21]。MDA-MB-231(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)231)是肺轉(zhuǎn)移能力較弱的人源乳腺癌細(xì)胞系,LM2-4173及LM2-4175(分別簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)4173及4175)是來(lái)自于231細(xì)胞系的具有高肺轉(zhuǎn)移能力的乳腺癌細(xì)胞系[18]。在這2個(gè)細(xì)胞系的分泌蛋白中,有7個(gè)蛋白被共同上調(diào)或者下調(diào),包括蛋白酶分子和生長(zhǎng)因子等。STC1是其中被共同上調(diào)的分泌蛋白之一,STC1在高肺轉(zhuǎn)細(xì)胞系中具有高表達(dá)情況(圖1A)。為了進(jìn)一步確定,本研究采用Western blot驗(yàn)證了STC1在MDA-MB-231系列細(xì)胞系的條件培養(yǎng)液上清中的表達(dá)情況。由于抗STC1一抗無(wú)法與鼠源STC1相互作用,故4T1系列細(xì)胞系的STC1蛋白表達(dá)用Western blot未能檢測(cè)到。進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證MCF10A系列細(xì)胞系(10AT、CA1h及CA1a)中STC1分泌蛋白的表達(dá)情況(圖1B)。MCF10系列也是人源細(xì)胞系,其中MCF10AT(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)10AT)是人源乳腺癌細(xì)胞系,能在裸鼠上形成良性腫瘤;MCF10CA1h(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)CA1h)是能形成分化程度較高的腫瘤,且具有肺轉(zhuǎn)移能力;MCF10CA1a(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)CA1a)能形成分化程度較低的腫瘤,且能通過(guò)尾靜脈注射形成肺轉(zhuǎn)移灶,其轉(zhuǎn)移能力較強(qiáng)[22-23]。
高肺轉(zhuǎn)能力細(xì)胞系4 173及4 175的STC1表達(dá)明顯高于低肺轉(zhuǎn)能力的231母系;高肺轉(zhuǎn)能力細(xì)胞系CA1h及CA1a的STC1表達(dá)明顯高于無(wú)肺轉(zhuǎn)能力的AT。
圖1 高肺轉(zhuǎn)細(xì)胞系分泌高水平STC1蛋白Fig 1 Cell lines with high lung metastatic potential secreted more STC1 than those without metastatic ability
STC1在乳腺癌細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá)質(zhì)譜數(shù)據(jù)以及Western blot數(shù)據(jù)顯示,分泌蛋白STC1在高轉(zhuǎn)移乳腺癌細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá)水平高于低肺轉(zhuǎn)能力的細(xì)胞系。為了確定在mRNA水平上STC1是否也在高肺轉(zhuǎn)系中高表達(dá),本研究采用q RT-PCR法測(cè)定了STC1在MCF10系列、MDA-MB-231系列及鼠源4T1系列細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá)情況(圖2):STC1m RNA的表達(dá)水平與蛋白表達(dá)水平結(jié)果一致,在具有高肺轉(zhuǎn)能力的細(xì)胞系CA1h、CA1a、4173、4175及4T1中的表達(dá)高于其他低肺轉(zhuǎn)或無(wú)肺轉(zhuǎn)能力的細(xì)胞系。
在患者樣本中STC1與乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系在轉(zhuǎn)移組乳腺癌患者中,STC1的表達(dá)達(dá)明顯高于非轉(zhuǎn)移組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.049,圖3A)。另外,通過(guò)網(wǎng)上數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(www.kmplot.com)分析了1 609例乳腺癌患者原位癌STC1的表達(dá)與乳腺癌患者預(yù)后發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系。原位癌高表達(dá)STC1的乳腺癌患者組發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.013,圖3B)。
圖2 qRT-PCR檢測(cè)STC1 mRNA表達(dá)水平與乳腺癌細(xì)胞系的肺轉(zhuǎn)移能力Fig 2 Expression level of STC1 mRNA correlated with lung tropism in breast cancer all lines detected by qRT-PCR
圖3 乳腺癌患者腫瘤樣本STC1的表達(dá)量與發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)正相關(guān)Fig 3 In breast cancer patients,the STC1 expression level in primary tumor samples correlates with metastasis risk
研究表明,在癌細(xì)胞改造腫瘤微環(huán)境的過(guò)程中,癌細(xì)胞的分泌蛋白(包括細(xì)胞因子、生長(zhǎng)因子、蛋白酶等)作用非常關(guān)鍵[24-25]。金屬蛋白酶MMP1、MMP2是公認(rèn)的對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移具有促進(jìn)作用的癌細(xì)胞分泌蛋白[26]。癌細(xì)胞分泌的分泌蛋白不僅能改變腫瘤的微環(huán)境,而且能在癌細(xì)胞到達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)移靶器官之前通過(guò)循環(huán)系統(tǒng)到達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)移靶器官并改造靶器官,從而使其成為適于癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的土壤[27]。分泌蛋白存在于癌細(xì)胞外,容易在血液或體液中被檢測(cè)到,也容易通過(guò)藥物進(jìn)行靶向治療。因此,腫瘤的分泌蛋白組學(xué)研究可以為腫瘤的早期診斷及靶向治療提供重要依據(jù),具有重要的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
通過(guò)液相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法(LC-MS/MS)對(duì)比分析具有不同遺傳背景及不同轉(zhuǎn)移能力的乳腺癌細(xì)胞系的分泌蛋白組,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了在高肺轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞系中高表達(dá)的分泌蛋白STC1。通過(guò)q RT-PCR及Western blot方法進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了STC1在具有高肺轉(zhuǎn)能力的細(xì)胞系中高表達(dá)。另外,通過(guò)網(wǎng)上數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)及患者樣本檢測(cè),均發(fā)現(xiàn)STC1的表達(dá)與乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移能力相關(guān)。以上結(jié)果中提示乳腺癌STC1的表達(dá)與乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移,特別是乳腺癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。因此,臨床上有可能用STC1作為乳腺癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移的一種分子標(biāo)志進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。
腫瘤的分泌蛋白可被腫瘤細(xì)胞分泌到細(xì)胞外并存在于組織液中甚至血液中,這使分泌蛋白更容易被檢測(cè)到并進(jìn)行靶向治療。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)乳腺癌患者原位癌STC1的表達(dá)與乳腺癌預(yù)后發(fā)生肺轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有一定的相關(guān)性。曾有報(bào)道提示分泌蛋白STC1也可以在血液中被檢測(cè)到[13]。因此,在今后的研究中應(yīng)進(jìn)一步關(guān)注乳腺癌患者血液中分泌蛋白STC1的表達(dá)水平與患者預(yù)后發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的相關(guān)性,這可為臨床上通過(guò)檢測(cè)STC1的表達(dá)診斷及預(yù)防乳腺癌患者發(fā)生DMFS提供重要的理論依據(jù)。
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STC1 expression in breast cancer is correlated with breast cancer lung metastasis
LI Jia-tao,LI Hui,HU Guo-hong△
(Institute of Health Sciences,School of Medicine,Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 200025,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of stanniocalcin 1(STC1)in breast cancer cell lines and its relationship with breast cancer metastasis.MethodsSTC1 protein expression in breast cancer cell lines was determined by Western blot and mass spectrum.STC1 mRNA expression in cell lines and 23 patient samples was determined by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR).Kaplan-Meier curves for distant metastasis free survival in breast cancer patients were determined based on the analysis of STC1 expression of 1 609 breast cancer patients from online database.ResultsIn breast cancer cell lines,STC1 secretion in cell lines with lung metastatic potential was higher than those without lung tropism as determined by Western blot and mass spectrum.In breast cancer patients,STC1 mRNA expression in patients with higher risk of lung metastasis was more than patients without metastasis risk.Kaplan-Meier curves for distant metastasis free survival analysis of online database showed that breast cancer patients with high STC1 expression were more likely to have distant metastasis.ConclusionsSTC1 expression is correlated with breast cancer metastasis,and may be a potential biomarker for breast cancer lung metastasis.
STC1; breast cancer; metastasis; biomarker
R 737.9
A
10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2015.05.010
2015-03-06;編輯:段佳)
△Corresponding author E-mail:ghhu@sibs.ac.cn