非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

魏立娟

在英語(yǔ)中，不能作句子謂語(yǔ)，而是擔(dān)任其他語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞，叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有3種：動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞?，F(xiàn)將動(dòng)詞不定式的用法總結(jié)如下：

動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式是“to+動(dòng)詞原形”，有時(shí)不能帶to。它沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能作謂語(yǔ)，但它具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征，在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，它可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，并和其一起構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，不定式的否定形式是在to前加not。

Please tell Tom to come here on time tomorrow.

The doctor asked her not to eat too much meat.

一、不定式作主語(yǔ)

To keep the environment clean is our duty.

在日常英語(yǔ)中，特別是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)而謂語(yǔ)較短時(shí)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把真正的主語(yǔ)——?jiǎng)釉~不定式放在句子后面，避免頭重腳輕。

It is good for our health to drink more water every day.

二、不定式作賓語(yǔ)

常用在及物動(dòng)詞 want，begin，decide，forget，hope， like，learn等的后面。

I want to buy a computer.

He decided to give up smoking.

不定式后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用先行詞it作形式賓語(yǔ)，把真正的不定式賓語(yǔ)后置。動(dòng)詞后能接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的有： think， find， believe， suppose， make等。由于賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，所以有時(shí)候?qū)①e語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)換成從句的形式。

He found it difficult to learn English well.

=He found that its difficult to learn English well.

三、不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

1.動(dòng)詞 ask，tell，want，teach，allow等后跟帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)。

The teacher asked us to do Exercise 1.

The policeman told the children not to play football in the street.

2.使役動(dòng)詞（let，make，have）和感官動(dòng)詞（feel，see， watch，notice，hear）后跟不帶to的不定式。

The boss made the workers work twelve hours a day.

感官動(dòng)詞后既可跟不定式也可跟現(xiàn)在分詞，它們的區(qū)別是：用不定式表示動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程或經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作：用現(xiàn)在分詞表示當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

I saw the boy climb the wall.（我看見(jiàn)小孩爬墻了）

I saw the boy climbing the wall.（我看見(jiàn)小孩在爬墻）

3.不帶to的不定式在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中，必須帶上to。

She is often heard to sing in the next room.

The boy was made to stand in the classroom.

四、不定式作表語(yǔ)

一般緊跟在be，get，seem 等系動(dòng)詞的后面，用于說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)。

My wish is to be a doctor.

The maths teacher seemed to be angry.

五、不定式作定語(yǔ)

不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)與所修飾的名詞或復(fù)合不定式有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，要放在所修飾的詞后面。

I have a lot of things to do today.

He needs some paper to write on.

六、不定式作狀語(yǔ)

動(dòng)詞不定式具有副詞的功能，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞，用作目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件等狀語(yǔ)。當(dāng)表示目的時(shí)，為了更突出，可將不定式放在前面。

They will go to the station to meet the guests.

To catch the early bus， he got up early.

七、不定式和疑問(wèn)詞連用

該結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。

He didnt tell me what to do next.

He didnt tell me how to do it.

I dont know where to go.