徐曄華
【摘要】本文在對(duì)近年來(lái)江蘇英語(yǔ)高考試卷特點(diǎn)的分析基礎(chǔ)上,利用課堂實(shí)例對(duì)精泛式閱讀的課堂教學(xué)模式進(jìn)行了分析、探討,指出這種模式的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】江蘇英語(yǔ)高考 精泛式閱讀課堂
一、近幾年江蘇高考英語(yǔ)的幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)
江蘇近幾年的高考給人的直接感受是越來(lái)越難。題量過(guò)大還是詞匯難度過(guò)大?看完這幾年的試卷,我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一些高考試卷上的細(xì)節(jié)變化。首先,做到了原貌呈現(xiàn)地道英語(yǔ),與中式英語(yǔ)說(shuō)Bye-bye,不再為了學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)程度而生硬地改編原版英文。再者,題材躍出狹小的范圍,出現(xiàn)了小說(shuō)、書(shū)評(píng)等題材,更多考量學(xué)生的知識(shí)面。其三,閱讀量逐步增加,文章篇幅長(zhǎng),閱讀理解后三篇篇幅均超出400字,最后一篇為整整一版、6道閱讀理解題,近三年試卷的頁(yè)數(shù)達(dá)到了16頁(yè)。最重要的是試卷側(cè)重于考察學(xué)生的critical thinking能力,重視學(xué)生在字里行間把握作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)、對(duì)文章主題方向的把握和單選、完形中對(duì)上下文語(yǔ)境的把握。
由此可見(jiàn),要在高考英語(yǔ)考試中勝出,功夫在平時(shí)。在課文閱讀的基礎(chǔ)上,跳出課本這一方小天地之外,注重知識(shí)、跨語(yǔ)言文化的積淀。
二、精泛式閱讀的課堂
以往的課本課文教學(xué)往往是這樣處理的:對(duì)課本中課文的處理以往分成兩節(jié)課處理,一節(jié)課方方面面分析全面,另一節(jié)把各個(gè)細(xì)小的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)分析到位,學(xué)生忙碌地跟著老師記了很多筆記,但遺忘率也相當(dāng)高,效果并不理想。
建構(gòu)教學(xué)理論指出課堂中教師的作用是一個(gè)支架的搭建者,學(xué)生在教師的幫助下在原有知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)上自我建構(gòu)新的內(nèi)容,而不是教師“填鴨”,滿(mǎn)堂講解。
所以這里我們提出精泛式閱讀教學(xué)。那什么樣的閱讀教學(xué)才稱(chēng)為精泛式閱讀,精泛式閱讀有什么特點(diǎn)呢?
1.教材中的精泛式閱讀。首先教師需要問(wèn)自己這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題:高考考什么?單選題部分除了部分語(yǔ)法知識(shí)外,主要考察學(xué)生語(yǔ)匯的辨識(shí)與應(yīng)用,這種考察建立在單句的小情景中,猶如一個(gè)小型的閱讀理解。完形與閱讀部分除部分考察細(xì)節(jié)、語(yǔ)匯的搭配,主要側(cè)重考察學(xué)生對(duì)文章脈絡(luò)、作者態(tài)度、文章主旨的理解把握能力。
那么英語(yǔ)課本中的文章的作用應(yīng)該是什么?為高考中的閱讀服務(wù)。因此,課堂上把對(duì)文章的理解部分需要濃縮成精華的問(wèn)題,減少授課時(shí)間,但能有效幫助學(xué)生深入理解文章。這些問(wèn)題針對(duì)高考中學(xué)生難以駕馭的問(wèn)題,例如:作者觀(guān)點(diǎn),文章大意,文章暗示了什么,最佳標(biāo)題是什么,文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)是什么樣的,文中某一生僻詞匯的具體上下文含義是什么等,幫助學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)critical thinking,形成對(duì)篇章整體的把握及個(gè)人對(duì)文章理解的表達(dá)。從而把力氣使在刀刃上,不在學(xué)生普遍能駕馭的文章細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題上過(guò)多糾纏。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)在同一節(jié)課中處理。學(xué)生其實(shí)無(wú)法一次性記憶太多的知識(shí)點(diǎn),講多了的結(jié)果是需要不?!俺蠢滹垺?。因此,語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的處理不再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)大而全,而主要幫助學(xué)生解決影響到文章理解的語(yǔ)言難點(diǎn):詞匯、較難句式等。其中特別重心的地方是某一個(gè)新學(xué)詞匯在其他上下文中的具體含義。例如在mummy s curse一文中:the fresh air disturbed the viruses.這里的disturb并不是打擾,而是外來(lái)空氣與墓穴內(nèi)的病毒產(chǎn)生了化學(xué)反應(yīng),chemical changes.
同時(shí),其他并未影響學(xué)生閱讀理解文章,但也是重點(diǎn)的詞匯搭配運(yùn)用也需要拎出來(lái),但不需要把知識(shí)點(diǎn)方方面面講全,點(diǎn)到為止,搭配一些小練習(xí)。在日后教學(xué)中碰到再重復(fù),加強(qiáng)記憶,不需要一下子鋪天蓋地。例如:expose 暴露,可以在行文中表達(dá)使某人接觸到某物。這些詞都可以在講解課文時(shí)作為重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容稍作擴(kuò)展補(bǔ)充,利用情景造句、不同句中expose含義辨析、高考題目復(fù)現(xiàn)等形式幫助學(xué)生鞏固。
這樣做的好處在于解決高考中的舊詞新意問(wèn)題。例如,2014年高考中單選題32題: I cant meet you on Saturday.I will be ________ occupied.這道題的正確選項(xiàng)otherwise,在此處的小情景中表示“另外有---”。這樣的題型,需要教師在教材介紹RealCine的這篇文章中“---otherwise would be rather dangerous”,以及介紹Attic這部戲劇時(shí)的句子 “---this otherwise tragedy” 時(shí)加以補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。
精泛式閱讀的另一個(gè)好處是節(jié)省了老師的解說(shuō)時(shí)間,給與學(xué)生更多練習(xí)應(yīng)用的空間,體現(xiàn)出學(xué)生為中心的教學(xué)模式特征。課后的鞏固以及課文閱讀的第二課時(shí)中,可以把文章濃縮成一個(gè)包含重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的summary之后背誦、任務(wù)型填空、選擇、同意轉(zhuǎn)換、小作文等練習(xí)形式,給與學(xué)生自我鞏固,加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)感的機(jī)會(huì)。以下為江蘇譯林牛津教材Module2 Unit3 Project精泛式閱讀練習(xí)的學(xué)案案例。
第一課時(shí)課堂練習(xí)部分:
I.multiple choices
1.How is Yangs experiences organized?
A.by time B.by plot
C.by explanation D.by comparison
2.Which of the following is the main reason for Yangs success as an astronaut?
A.He had a strong desire to fly at an young age and he loves technology and science.
B.He is optimistic and in control of himself.
C.He is hard-working,good at controlling himself and bears a high quality in psychology.
D.He scored the very top in all subjects including psychological tests.
II.task-based reading
Yang Liweis 1______to realize his dream *Yang had a strong 4______ to fly in the sky even when he was young.
*Yang worked hard after joining the army and was admitted to a flight school.
*Yang tried his best to 5______ to be a member of the Project “Shengzhou”.
*During the training in the next five years,Yang 6_____ among the top in everything.
*His excellent quality in psychology won him his status as the first astronaut in China.On 15 October 2003,Yang spent 21 hours 7______ the Earth 14 times.
The good 2_____ that enabled him to realize his dream *Yang is strong-minded.
*Yang is hard-working.
*Yang is good at 8________ himself.
Peoples 3______
towards Yang *Yangs superiors have 9_______ in him.
*Chinese take pride in him.
*Young people in the world 10_____ him as a man succeeding in living his dream.
*People all over the world will 11______ his name forever.
III.writing
write about Yangs experiences and your attitude towards hi.
Today,I read an article about Yang Liwei,Chinas first astronaut and I ---
write about your dream and how you will live it
Just as Yang,I have held a dream in my heart for long,that is,---
But its easier said than done.To live my dream,first of all,---
Words and phrases for you to choose from
diligence(n) 勤奮 diligent(adj)勤奮的
determination(n)決心 determined(adj)有決心
insist on--- insistence(n)堅(jiān)持
concentrate on--- concentration
sacrifice(vt/n)犧牲 motivation(n)動(dòng)力
devote oneself to--- show devotion to---
sayings for you to choose from
*Where there is a will there is a way.
*Whatever is worth doing is worth doing well.
*Action speaks louder than words.
*Don't aim for success if you want it; just do what you love and believe in,and it will come naturally.
*Hope is faith,holding out its hand in the dark
課后或第二課時(shí)練習(xí)部分:
IV.summary
Born in 1965,Yang Liwei loved science and technology and had a strong 1d_____ to learn how to fly from a young age.Fortunately,his parents as well as his sister and brother encouraged him to realize his dream.
After 2g_______ from a flight school,he became a pilot.Several years later,he 3a__________ to be a member of Project “Shenzhou”.Only 14 in 1500 4c_______ were selected.Then they spent the next five years being trained.Not only did they study subjects 5r_______ to be an astronaut but also they learnt 6s_______ skills as well as knowledge on spaceships and rockets.Finally,Yang 7s_______ the very top in every subject.
In 2003,only three out of 14 candidates were picked for the Chinese space adventure.Yang took all kinds of tests to 8p______ he was fit for the task.While he didnt score the best on every single test,it was his high scores on psychological tests 9________ finally 10w_______ him his 11s______ of Chinas first astronaut.
According to his 12s_______,Yang was a man hard-working and in control of himself.So they were 13o________ that he would make it.At last,his 14v_____ in space in 15o_____ around the Earth 14 times proved him a success and his name will go 16____ in history.People of China will take pride in him and young people in the world will 17_____ _____ ______ him as an example of a man who managed to 18l_______ his dream.
2.教材外的精泛式閱讀。近幾年江蘇高考的閱讀完形文章越來(lái)越有“洋味”,越來(lái)越地道、原汁原味。高考考前模擬的題目也越來(lái)越多采用外文原文而不加以“漢化”的改動(dòng),以適應(yīng)中國(guó)學(xué)生,而是讓中國(guó)學(xué)生適應(yīng)原味英文。
因此,英語(yǔ)課本中的文章是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足這個(gè)要求的。教師需要與時(shí)俱進(jìn),不斷地從英文原版文章中尋找素材。而這些文章更不可能像課文文章那樣詳細(xì)講解,而更需要采用精泛式閱讀的教學(xué)方法讓學(xué)生有更多接觸時(shí)新地道的英語(yǔ)文章,提高他們的閱讀興趣,擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面,培養(yǎng)閱讀能力。
這些英語(yǔ)文章的難度需要適合本年級(jí)學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)水平,不可過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單,但也不可在高一時(shí)就讓學(xué)生看Times等雜志上的長(zhǎng)篇文章,過(guò)難只會(huì)適得其反。以下是筆者在教學(xué)中針對(duì)高一、高二年級(jí)學(xué)生借用文章的出處:網(wǎng)絡(luò)BBC閱讀,21世紀(jì)報(bào)中學(xué)生版,滬江英語(yǔ),普特英語(yǔ)等出現(xiàn)的美文,空中英語(yǔ)教室等適合中學(xué)生的英文雜志。高二后半段至高三階段可以適當(dāng)加入英語(yǔ)短片小說(shuō)、文學(xué)評(píng)論、時(shí)政評(píng)論等較長(zhǎng)文章。
下面就以BBC隨身英語(yǔ)閱讀上的一篇小文章為例。
標(biāo)題 Ive lost it!,文章網(wǎng)址鏈接:http://www.24en.com/bbc/bbc2/2012-02-17/140000.html
課堂開(kāi)始部分告知學(xué)生閱讀這篇文章的目的是通過(guò)字里行間體會(huì)出作者的態(tài)度和寫(xiě)作意圖,細(xì)節(jié)部分需要學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)部分舊詞的新意。在接下來(lái)的閱讀過(guò)程中,引領(lǐng)學(xué)生分段落閱讀,推導(dǎo)出第一部分為舉例,第二部分為如何處理遺失物品。通過(guò)分段閱讀首先解決了文章的結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題。然后提問(wèn)學(xué)生為什么作者給出如此的例子,在第二部分引導(dǎo)學(xué)生讀教授的話(huà),詢(xún)問(wèn)學(xué)生作者對(duì)遺失物品處理有沒(méi)有想法,從而得出作者對(duì)這件事情的態(tài)度。到此,文章的理解就結(jié)束了。之后,對(duì)剛才讀到過(guò)的句子:“The dish ended up in the lost property office until it was recovered by his mother.”中的“recovered”的含義分析,解釋舊詞新意,以及“l(fā)ost jewels belonging to---”中“belonging to---”的用法加以補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,幫助學(xué)生加深印象。至于文中出現(xiàn)的生詞,影響到閱讀的解釋即可。
三、小結(jié)
如果高考是太陽(yáng),精泛式閱讀時(shí)時(shí)時(shí)刻刻以她為中心,圍繞她轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的。精泛式閱讀課堂以高考為目標(biāo),為其服務(wù)。同時(shí)精泛式閱讀又如同大過(guò)太陽(yáng)的浩瀚宇宙,其閱讀量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出高考要求的廣度、深度,并在閱讀的過(guò)程中接觸地道英語(yǔ),積累英語(yǔ)詞匯等知識(shí),培養(yǎng)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)感,幫助學(xué)生厚積而薄發(fā),從容應(yīng)對(duì)高考。
綜上所述,如今的英語(yǔ)高考絕不是死背課文單詞短語(yǔ),死扣英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法就能取得高分的時(shí)代了。要想跑贏(yíng)高考,在于平時(shí)課內(nèi)外知識(shí)的積累、閱讀技巧的培養(yǎng),在于課內(nèi)外用在“刀刃上”的、有針對(duì)性的、高效的精泛式閱讀課堂的應(yīng)用。
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