轉(zhuǎn)眼間春天又踏著溫暖的陽光而來,一時(shí)間春風(fēng)吹綠梢,身旁鶯歌燕舞、百鳥爭鳴。畫眉“嚦嚦”、斑鳩“咕咕”、燕子呢喃、云雀高唱入云……宛如一支鳥類交響樂?!胺涿邸眰儗?duì)鳥兒的歌聲早已熟悉,那么大家有興趣聽聽鳥兒喝醉后的歌聲嗎?Let’s go~
Arun Rath (Host): A new study looked at how alcohol affects communication—bird communication. Christopher Olson and his colleagues at Oregon Health and Science University got a bunch of 1)zebra finches drunk and singing in the name of science. I asked him what they were expecting to happen, and why give alcohol to birds in the first place?
Christopher Olson: Well, we wanted to study how alcohol affects the production of bird song, because we use the zebra finch as a model to study human 2)vocal learning in the first place. And that’s the process that allows humans to learn how to communicate with language. And that’s a fairly unique 3)trait that we have. So we, as humans—we learn to speak by hearing other people talk, and birds have a very similar process. And we all know that alcohol affects human speech, so...
(Laughter)
Rath: Now, how did you get the birds drunk?
Olson: Well, we just showed up in the morning and mixed a little bit of juice with six percent alcohol and put it in their water bottles and put it in the cages. And, you know, at first, we were thinking that they wouldn’t drink on their own because, you know, a lot of animals just will not touch the stuff. But they seem to tolerate it pretty well, and be somewhat willing to 4)consume it.
Rath: And how 5)tipsy—how 6)intoxicated did the birds get? How do you (laughter)—how do you measure that? Olson: Well, we can take a small blood sample, and we have yet to invent the bird 7)breathalyzer, but...(Laughter)...which would be easy. But we can take a blood, a small blood sample, and what we see is blood 8)ethanol 9)concentrations in the range of 0.05 to 0.08 percent. And so, you know, 0.08 is the legal limit to drive, just to give you a 10)baseline. They’re just underneath that.
Rath: And so, well, let’s get to the effects of alcohol on the birdsong. So the first we’re going to hear—this is the normal zebra finch song. (Soundbite of zebra finch song) And this is the drunk song. (Soundbite of zebra finch song) Now, Chris, I know that birds can hear a lot more detail in sound than we do, which is good because I can’t really tell a difference between these two.
Olson: Yeah. It’s probably hard. So you can’t really judge it on big structural differences in the song. But if you take smaller 11)syllables out and slow them down, you start to hear the difference.
Rath: So let’s bring this down to a level that humans can 12)perceive. So first we’ll have the slowed-down normal zebra finch song.(Soundbite of zebra finch song) And then this is the slowed-down drunken song. (Soundbite of zebra finch song) It sounds a little bit 13)sloppier.
Olson: A little sloppier. Well, the main effects that we see are it’s a little bit quieter. And then, also, the ones that had been consuming alcohol are a bit less organized in their sound production.
Rath: Christopher Olson, very interesting stuff. Thank you.
Olson: Sure. Thank you for having me on.
(Soundbite of song, “Rockin’ Robin”)
阿倫·拉斯(主持人):這是一項(xiàng)關(guān)于酒精如何影響鳥類溝通交流的新研究。俄勒岡健康與科學(xué)大學(xué)的克里斯多夫·奧爾森與他的同事為了進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究,把一群斑胸草雀灌醉后讓它們唱歌。我問他,他們期待怎樣的結(jié)果,一開始為什么把鳥類作為酒精(測試的對(duì)象)?
克里斯多夫·奧爾森:好吧,我們想要研究酒精是如何影響鳥類唱歌的。因?yàn)槲覀円婚_始是用斑胸草雀作為模型來研究人類發(fā)聲的習(xí)得。這是人類學(xué)習(xí)如何運(yùn)用語言來交流的過程——這是我們非常獨(dú)特的一種特質(zhì)。因此,我們,作為人類——我們通過聽別人交談而學(xué)習(xí)說話,而鳥類(語言的學(xué)習(xí))跟我們有著非常相似的過程。我們都知道酒精影響人類的語言能力,因此……
(笑)
拉斯:那么你是怎樣灌醉那些鳥兒的?
奧爾森:好吧,我們只是在早上把一點(diǎn)果汁混入到濃度為6%的酒精里,然后把這種液體放入困有斑胸草雀的籠子內(nèi)的水瓶里。但是,你知道的,剛開始我們認(rèn)為它們自己不會(huì)去喝那些液體,因?yàn)?,你懂的,許多動(dòng)物都不會(huì)觸碰這類東西。但是它們看起來很愿意接受它,也很樂意品嘗。
拉斯:那么這些鳥兒喝得有多醉?你怎么……(笑)你怎么去測量?
奧爾森:好吧,我們可以采集一小部分血樣,我們還沒發(fā)明鳥類的呼氣測醉器,但是……(笑)……如果有的話就會(huì)方便得多。但是我們可以采集一小部分血樣,我們所看到的血液里的酒精濃度是在0.05%至0.08%。所以,你知道的,0.08%是駕車的法定限制,只是給你一個(gè)底線。而鳥兒們血液中的酒精濃度低于這一底線。
拉斯:那么,好吧,讓我們來說說酒精對(duì)鳥類唱歌的影響。那么我們首先將要聽到的是——斑胸草雀在正常情況下的歌聲。(斑胸草雀的歌聲)而這是喝醉后的歌聲。(斑胸草雀的歌聲)現(xiàn)在,克里斯,我知道鳥類能比我們聽到更多聲音里的細(xì)節(jié),這很好,因?yàn)槲曳植怀鲞@兩個(gè)聲音的區(qū)別。
奧爾森:嗯,這也許有難度。所以你真的很難辨別這些歌聲中結(jié)構(gòu)上有什么大的不同。但是如果你把較小的音節(jié)拿出來放慢它們的速度,你就開始能聽出差別。
拉斯:那么讓我們把聲音(的速度)調(diào)到人們能察覺的一個(gè)水平。因此首先我們來聽放慢速度后斑胸草雀正常的歌聲。(斑胸草雀的歌聲)然后這是放慢速度后斑胸草雀喝醉了的歌聲。(斑胸草雀的歌聲)這聽起來有點(diǎn)含糊不清。
奧爾森:有一點(diǎn)含糊不清。好吧,我們觀察到的主要影響是聲音變得更輕了,喝酒后斑胸草雀的歌聲沒有那么規(guī)律。
拉斯:克里斯多夫·奧爾森,這是一項(xiàng)非常有趣的研究。謝謝你。
奧爾森:是的。謝謝你邀請(qǐng)我。
(歌曲《搖滾知更鳥》的聲音)