遠(yuǎn)古的失落之城

Lost Cities of the Ancients

Pompeii：The Buried City 龐貝：被掩埋的城市

In the blink[眨眼] of an eye， the once busy city of Pompeii， Italy， was turned into ash-covered ruins， forever frozen in time. It was a normal day in the year 79 A.D. for the residents[居民] of Pompeii. Suddenly， Mount Vesuvius erupted[爆發(fā)]， covering the city in ashes and other debris[碎片，殘骸]. Many residents were able to escape before the volcanic[火山的] waste landed. However， those 2，000 people who didn’t escape in time were trapped under the ashes.

The ruins of Pompeii weren’t disturbed until they were discovered in 1748 and archaeologists[考古學(xué)家] began the excavation[挖掘] process[過程]. Archaeologists never expected the near-perfect preservation of the buildings and objects that had been buried for more than 1，500 years. They were even able to create molds[模子] of the people trapped underneath the debris. Though their bodies had long since turned to dust， the spaces where they were trapped still remained. Once filled with plaster[石膏]， the molds allowed one to see the exact position the person was in when he or she died.

一眨眼的工夫，龐貝這座曾經(jīng)繁華的意大利城市，就化為廢墟，被灰燼覆蓋，永遠(yuǎn)定格在時(shí)間深處。對(duì)于龐貝居民而言，那只是公元79年普普通通的一天。突然，維蘇威火山爆發(fā)，火山灰和其他碎屑覆蓋了整座城市。許多居民都在火山噴發(fā)出來(lái)的廢物降落之前成功逃離，但還有2000人未能及時(shí)逃生，被困在火山灰下。

此后龐貝古城的遺址一直未受打擾，直到1748年才被人重新發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨后考古學(xué)家開始對(duì)其進(jìn)行挖掘。他們沒有料到，這些已被掩埋了一千五百多年的建筑和物品，竟然保存得近乎完美。他們甚至還能制作出被困廢墟下遇難者的模型。雖然遇難者的遺體早已化為塵土，但他們被困在那里時(shí)留下的空穴卻保存了下來(lái)。給這些空穴注入石膏而制作出來(lái)的模型，可以讓我們清楚看到這個(gè)人在遇難那一刻的姿態(tài)。

El Dorado：The lmaginary City 埃爾多拉多（黃金城）：想象中的城市

The pursuit[尋求] of wealth has long encouraged treasure-seekers to play the lottery[彩票] and search for pots of gold at the end of the rainbow. However， few legends make people go as crazy as that of El Dorado， the famed （and almost definitely imaginary[想象的]） city of riches that has been hunted by explorers for centuries.

The origin[起源] of El Dorado， which is Spanish for“The Gilded[鍍金的] One，” dates back to the 16th or 17th century， when European explorers in South America first heard tales about a wealthy American Indian chief who was covered in gold dust. The city was said to be full of precious[寶貴的] gems[寶石] and gold. Thousands of explorers have tried to locate[找到位置] this city of riches， but many of them have died in the process.

One of the most famous cases involves[涉及] Percy Harrison Fawcett， a British explorer who set out in 1925 to find El Dorado， which he named the City of Z. Fawcett and his team entered the jungles of the Amazon， never to be heard from again. Still more explorers have tried to find Fawcett’s group but have repeatedly turned up dead or empty-handed. Given this track record[記錄]， even Indiana Jones注 might encourage El Dorado seekers to buy a lottery ticket instead of risking their lives.

對(duì)財(cái)富的追求一直鼓舞著尋寶者們孜孜不倦地賭運(yùn)氣、尋找藏在彩虹盡頭的一桶桶黃金。但很少有哪個(gè)傳說(shuō)像埃爾多拉多那樣讓人們?nèi)绱睡偪瘛獢?shù)百年來(lái)，無(wú)數(shù)探險(xiǎn)家們一直在尋找這座據(jù)說(shuō)（幾乎可以肯定是虛構(gòu)的）埋藏著巨額財(cái)富的城市。

“埃爾多拉多”在西班牙語(yǔ)中意為“鍍過金的”，其歷史可以追溯到16或17世紀(jì)。當(dāng)時(shí)，歐洲的探險(xiǎn)家在南美洲第一次聽到關(guān)于一個(gè)渾身覆蓋著金粉的富有美洲印第安酋長(zhǎng)的故事。據(jù)說(shuō)這座城市到處都是珍貴的黃金寶石。成千上萬(wàn)的探險(xiǎn)家都試圖找到這座財(cái)富之城，但很多人都在尋找的過程中喪命。

其中一個(gè)最著名的例子是珀西·哈里森·福西特。1925年，這位英國(guó)探險(xiǎn)家出發(fā)尋找黃金城，他把這座城市叫做Z城。福西特和他的探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)進(jìn)入亞馬遜河叢林后就音訊全無(wú)。其他探險(xiǎn)家試圖尋找福西特那隊(duì)人，但每次不是丟掉性命就是空手而回。鑒于這種歷史記錄，可能連印第安納·瓊斯都會(huì)勸那些想尋找黃金城的人還是去買彩票算了，不要拿生命去冒險(xiǎn)。

Troy：the Legendary City 特洛伊：傳說(shuō)中的城市

Few epic[史詩(shī)] tales are studied more than The Odyssey or The Iliad， which was written by Homer around 800 B.C. and described the Trojan War. The city of Troy was located in what is now modern-day Turkey. Homer’s epic poems describe how Helen， the beautiful wife of Sparta’s King Menelaus， was said to have run off with a Trojan prince named Paris. This affair[風(fēng)流韻事]， according to legend， caused the Trojan War. Menelaus launched a huge attack against Troy， resulting in the war that may have involved the Trojan Horse， Achilles and a number of other famous tales.

With a history so rooted[（使）扎根] in legend， it’s no wonder that historians were unsure whether Troy actually existed. It’s evident[顯然的] that Troy was abandoned[遺棄] following the Trojan War， from 1100 to 700 B.C. It was then resettled[重新定居] before it was taken by the Romans in 85 B.C. Soon after， the civilization died out and was left in ruins until its discovery in 1822. Archaeologists have since found many layers of cities built on top of each other. The stone walls and fortresses in the sixth and seventh oldest layers are now believed to be the Troy described in Homer’s epics， and the legend of the Trojan War is now widely accepted， although its cause is still uncertain.

由荷馬在大約公元前800年創(chuàng)作的《奧德賽》和《伊利亞特》是少數(shù)被研究最多的史詩(shī)，這兩部作品講述了特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的故事。特洛伊城位于今天的土耳其。荷馬在史詩(shī)里描述了斯巴達(dá)國(guó)王墨涅拉俄斯美麗的妻子海倫與特洛伊王子帕里斯私奔的故事。根據(jù)傳說(shuō)，就是這件事引發(fā)了特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。墨涅拉俄斯發(fā)動(dòng)了對(duì)特洛伊的猛攻。特洛伊木馬、阿喀琉斯和其他一些有名的故事都與這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)有關(guān)。

這段歷史與傳說(shuō)的關(guān)系如此密切，也難怪歷史學(xué)家們難以確定特洛伊是否真的存在。但顯而易見的是，在特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后，從公元前1100年至公元前700年間，特洛伊城都處于被遺棄的狀態(tài)。該城重建之后，于公元前85年又落入羅馬人之手。不久，這個(gè)文明覆滅，只留下一片廢墟，直到1822年才重見天日。此后，考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)遺址包含了許多層彼此層疊的城市。人們相信，目前所發(fā)現(xiàn)的最古老的第六和第七層石墻和堡壘，就是荷馬史詩(shī)中所描述的特洛伊城。而特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的傳說(shuō)如今已被廣泛接受，雖然其起因仍是未解之謎。

Atlantis：The Utopian City 亞特蘭蒂斯：烏托邦的城市

According to the Greek philosopher[哲學(xué)家] Plato， Atlantis was a healthy society， filled with wealthy and happy people. While Plato’s colorful descriptions of Atlantis are widely believed to be fictional[虛構(gòu)的]， some historians think the city really existed. Plato noted that the island of Atlantis disappeared 9，000 years before he wrote about it， but some scholars think this number was incorrect[錯(cuò)誤的] because 900 seems more possible. Some archaeologists believe that Atlantis was located in the Greek Islands and was sunk by a volcanic eruption. Still others think its location is underwater near the Caribbean， Ireland， South America or even Antarctica.

Whether or not Atlantis actually existed， the mere idea of this utopian city has led to the creation of numerous[無(wú)數(shù)的] books， movies and documentaries[紀(jì)錄片]， hoping to solve the mystery[神秘的事物] of its disappearance.

據(jù)希臘哲學(xué)家柏拉圖所說(shuō)，亞特蘭蒂斯是一個(gè)運(yùn)作良好的社會(huì)，到處是富裕和幸福的人。雖然人們普遍認(rèn)為柏拉圖對(duì)亞特蘭蒂斯豐富多彩的描繪只是虛構(gòu)，但一些歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為這座城市確實(shí)存在。柏拉圖說(shuō)，亞特蘭蒂斯島在他寫它前的九千年前就已經(jīng)消失，但也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為這個(gè)數(shù)字并不準(zhǔn)確，九百年似乎比較有可能。有些考古學(xué)家認(rèn)為亞特蘭蒂斯位于希臘群島，因火山噴發(fā)而沉入水底。還有些人認(rèn)為它位于加勒比海、愛爾蘭、南美洲甚至南極洲的水下。

不管亞特蘭蒂斯是否真實(shí)存在，單是關(guān)于這座烏托邦城市的概念，就已經(jīng)激發(fā)人們創(chuàng)作了無(wú)數(shù)相關(guān)的書籍、電影和紀(jì)錄片，以期解開它的消失之謎。

Rnow More

荷馬（約前9世紀(jì)—前8世紀(jì)），相傳為古希臘的游吟詩(shī)人，生于小亞細(xì)亞，失明，創(chuàng)作了史詩(shī)《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》，兩者統(tǒng)稱《荷馬史詩(shī)》。歷史上究竟有無(wú)荷馬這個(gè)人？這兩部史詩(shī)真是他寫的嗎？這些問題在西方學(xué)術(shù)界爭(zhēng)論已久。所以也有人認(rèn)為他是傳說(shuō)中被構(gòu)造出來(lái)的人物。而關(guān)于《荷馬史詩(shī)》，大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為是當(dāng)時(shí)經(jīng)過幾個(gè)世紀(jì)口頭流傳的詩(shī)作的結(jié)晶。

《伊利亞特》的故事背景設(shè)在特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，這是一場(chǎng)希臘城邦之間的沖突，軍隊(duì)對(duì)特洛伊城圍困了十年之久，故事講述了國(guó)王阿伽門農(nóng)與英雄阿喀琉斯之間的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)。

《奧德賽》延續(xù)了《伊利亞特》的故事情節(jié)，主要講述了希臘英雄奧德修斯在特洛伊陷落后返鄉(xiāng)的故事。十年特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后，奧德修斯又漂泊了十年才回到了故鄉(xiāng)伊薩卡。人們認(rèn)為他已經(jīng)死去，而他的妻子珀涅羅珀和兒子忒勒瑪科斯必須面對(duì)一群放肆的求婚者，這些人相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，以求與珀涅羅珀成婚。

柏拉圖（約公元前427—前347）是著名的古希臘哲學(xué)家，雅典人，創(chuàng)辦了著名的雅典學(xué)院，他的著作大多以對(duì)話錄形式記錄。柏拉圖是蘇格拉底的學(xué)生，也是亞里士多德的老師，他們?nèi)吮徽J(rèn)為是西方哲學(xué)的奠基者，史稱“西方三圣賢”。

注：印第安納·瓊斯是《奪寶奇兵》系列電影的主角，其典型形象特征為哈里森·福特所扮演的頭戴牛仔帽、腰掛長(zhǎng)鞭的探險(xiǎn)家裝扮。