中國風(fēng)景園林未來的關(guān)鍵詞

撰文：王向榮

中國風(fēng)景園林未來的關(guān)鍵詞

撰文：王向榮

2011年我曾受邀請，在法國肖蒙花園節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)建造一個(gè)展覽花園，那一年肖蒙花園節(jié)展覽的主題是“未來花園”。

未來是什么？在我的眼里，未來天地之間的一切——藍(lán)天白云、江河湖海、溪流池塘、山巒原野、森林農(nóng)田、荒漠灘涂、城鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)村以及萬物生靈，應(yīng)該共同組成了一個(gè)大花園，我在肖蒙花園節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)的展園就叫“天地之間”，當(dāng)然在250 m2的場地上，我能做的只是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)花園的理想。

我指的花園并不是歷史上人們用假山花木、亭臺廊榭構(gòu)筑的如畫的世外桃源，也不是由樹籬花壇、雕像噴泉構(gòu)筑的伊甸園，而是一個(gè)理想環(huán)境，這里無論是由純天然形成、還是人工建造與天然相互融合、或是以人工建造為主，都在一定的區(qū)域和尺度下，具有完整的生態(tài)功能，并在變化中保持著動態(tài)的生態(tài)平衡。

天地之間一切都是花園，未經(jīng)人類干擾的區(qū)域能依自然固有的規(guī)律演變，任何人類建造和活動影響的區(qū)域都在一定的范圍內(nèi)沒有打破自然界的生態(tài)平衡。在這樣的環(huán)境中，人類享受著健康安逸的生活，各種生物也有相應(yīng)的安全棲息地區(qū)。

這并非只能是一種理想，世界上的確有一些區(qū)域，那里的萬物和諧共生；也有人口聚集的城市，那里充滿了自然的情趣；還有另外一些區(qū)域，生活在那里的民眾正通過努力，嘗試把自己的家園逐步變成這樣的環(huán)境。只要人類有自覺，有行動，這一理想并非遙不可及。

說到底，實(shí)現(xiàn)理想的途徑就是要使得人工建造與自然界之間保持平衡與和諧。人類今天面臨的幾乎一切生存問題和環(huán)境問題，都來自于自身。自然本是按自己的規(guī)律繁衍生息，只是人類的出現(xiàn)打破了自然演進(jìn)的過程，人類的貪婪造成了生態(tài)的失衡。

中國實(shí)現(xiàn)這樣理想環(huán)境的前提必須是恢復(fù)和完善整個(gè)國土的生態(tài)功能，并重新建立起人與自然之間的平衡。在這一過程中，風(fēng)景園林必將扮演著關(guān)鍵角色，并承擔(dān)起下述幾方面的重要責(zé)任。

1　生態(tài)保護(hù)

中國人口眾多，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展、技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的改善、人類的影響范圍不斷增大，人工干預(yù)幾乎蔓延到國土的每一個(gè)角落。許多生態(tài)極為敏感和脆弱的區(qū)域、幾乎所有的水源地、天然濕地、草原、海岸、物種棲息地和影響環(huán)境的關(guān)鍵地帶都受到人類活動的干擾，有些后果甚至是致命的和不可逆的，保護(hù)這些區(qū)域是確保國家生態(tài)安全的基礎(chǔ)。盡管國家有關(guān)于自然保護(hù)的法規(guī)條例和保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)，也在編制全國生態(tài)功能區(qū)劃，劃定生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線，但是從現(xiàn)實(shí)來看，很多這樣的自然區(qū)域仍然得不到有效的保護(hù)，甚至不斷遭到破壞。生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)域如何劃定、如何嚴(yán)守保護(hù)紅線、如何保護(hù)是中國生態(tài)環(huán)境面臨的挑戰(zhàn)之一，也是未來風(fēng)景園林重要的研究和實(shí)踐領(lǐng)域。

2　環(huán)境修復(fù)

全球市場很少有什么產(chǎn)品不是在中國生產(chǎn)，中國早已成為世界的工廠。一個(gè)國家承擔(dān)起生產(chǎn)世界產(chǎn)品的角色，成績令人驕傲，但代價(jià)同樣沉重，最直接的后果就是資源過度開發(fā)消耗導(dǎo)致國土滿目蒼夷，廢物的過量排放又使得環(huán)境飽受污染，霧霾、土壤污染、水污染、地下水下降、濕地退化、生物多樣性減弱、水土流失，荒漠化、工業(yè)廢棄地蔓延都是這些后果的體現(xiàn)。但從另一個(gè)角度看，風(fēng)景園林師也獲得了難得的機(jī)會，去修復(fù)每一塊被人類活動破壞的土地，修復(fù)它們特有的生態(tài)功能，重新建立起健康的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。環(huán)境修復(fù)的范圍如此廣，可以說中國的21世紀(jì)必將是一個(gè)環(huán)境修復(fù)的世紀(jì)。

3　綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

城市是環(huán)境問題最集中和最尖銳的地方，我們必需尋找一種新的更為有效途徑，在城市中重新建立起人工與自然之間的平衡，最直接的方式就是讓城市的灰色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施綠色化并構(gòu)筑綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。中國的城市的迅速發(fā)展為我們提供了機(jī)遇，在城市中建立一張貫穿城市內(nèi)部并延伸至郊區(qū)和周圍自然環(huán)境中的綠色網(wǎng)絡(luò)。作為城市綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)不僅能滿足人的活動、休閑、接受教育和審美的需要，還可管理城市的雨洪，為動物提供適宜的食物，安全的棲息環(huán)境和遷徙的通道。中國迫切需要通過綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建立，將由工程設(shè)施系統(tǒng)構(gòu)筑的城市轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛缮鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)筑的城市，使密集建造的城市同樣具有完整的自然生態(tài)功能。

4　整合

中國現(xiàn)代城市問題產(chǎn)生的另一個(gè)重要原因在于，許多城市都以工程手段解決具體的問題，這些單一的工程，如道路、橋梁、水利、綠化、管網(wǎng)等的實(shí)施都解決或緩解了一些矛盾，但隨后不久，更多更嚴(yán)重的問題又產(chǎn)生了，不少工程還造成了城市地塊的破碎化，使得城市失去了整體性、系統(tǒng)性和關(guān)聯(lián)性。城市并不像拼接積木那么簡單，世界上沒有任何一座理想的城市是由一項(xiàng)項(xiàng)單一的工程組合起來的。風(fēng)景園林師在自然生態(tài)領(lǐng)域和人工建造領(lǐng)域的教育背景和知識儲備使他們更有能力，將城市的自然系統(tǒng)和人工系統(tǒng)融合在一起，整合城市中各種復(fù)雜的單一的構(gòu)筑物和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，完善城市的景觀系統(tǒng)，構(gòu)建人性化的有活力的城市空間。在國土的尺度上，整合還意味著將被人類活動造成的破碎化的景觀、生境和棲息地通過風(fēng)景園林的途徑重新聯(lián)系起來，并建立起完整和連續(xù)的系統(tǒng)。

以上4個(gè)方面，保護(hù)是為了維護(hù)具有完整的自然系統(tǒng)、完善的生態(tài)功能與結(jié)構(gòu)，并對更大范圍的生態(tài)環(huán)境有關(guān)鍵性影響的區(qū)域；修復(fù)、綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和整合的目的都是使得人類建造活動與自然系統(tǒng)之間重新建立起新的平衡。當(dāng)然，要實(shí)現(xiàn)中國的天地之間都成為一個(gè)花園的理想絕不僅僅只是這幾方面的工作，但無疑生態(tài)保護(hù)、環(huán)境修復(fù)、綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和整合是未來中國風(fēng)景園林事業(yè)最重要的關(guān)鍵詞。

In 2011， I was invited to design an exhibition garden for International Garden Festival at Chaumont-sur-Loire， with the theme “Gardens of the future” in that year.

What the future will look like？ In my eyes， in the future， everything between sky and earth- sky，clouds， rivers， lakes and seas， mountains and fields，forests and farmlands， deserts and mudflat， cities，countryside and all creatures- should make up a big garden together. The garden I designed for the Garden Festival at Chaumont-sur-Loire is named as “Between Sky and Earth”. Of course， I can just create an ideal garden in its area of 250m2.

The garden I am referring to is not a picturesque paradise built with rocks， trees， flowers，pavilions and galleries in the history， or the Garden of Eden with hedges and flowerbeds， statues and fountains， but an ideal environment， which， in a certain area and scale， has a complete ecological functions and maintains the ecological balance in the changing dynamics. This kind of ideal environment could be formed by nature， by interaction between nature and human， or just by human.

Everything between sky and earth is garden. Areas without disturbance by human can evolve naturally according to the inherent laws， and areas influenced by human activities does not break the ecological balance of nature within a certain range. In such environment， human enjoy healthy and comfortable life， and all creatures have their safe habitats.

This is not just an ideal. Actually， in the world，there are some regions where all creatures coexists harmoniously； some are populated cities full of natural atmosphere； and there are some other regions where people are making efforts to change their home gradually into such kind of environment. As long as humans are aware of this and take responsivity for their activities， this ideal is not out of reach.

After all， the way to realize the ideal is to keep the balance and harmony between nature and the artificial. All the environmental issues today are caused by human activities. Nature has its own laws，but the appearance of human changed the evolution process and human’s greed caused ecological imbalance.

The premise and base in China to realize this kind of ideal environment is to restore and improvethe ecological function of the entire territory， and re-establish the balance between man and nature. In this process， landscape architecture is bound to play a key role， and assume important responsibilities in the following areas.

1　Ecological Protection

In China， with large population， economic development， technological progress and infrastructure improvements， human impact is expanding and human intervention has already spread to almost every corner of the territory. Many ecologically sensitive and vulnerable areas， nearly all the water sources area， natural wetlands， grasslands，coastlines and habitats have been disturbed by human activities， which might even lead to fatal and irreversible consequence. Therefore， protecting these areas is the foundation of the national ecological security. Our country has laws and regulations on conservation and protection agencies， and also is compiling the national ecological functional zones and demarcating ecological protection red line， but from a practical point of view， many of these natural areas are still not protected effectively， even being destructed constantly. How to demarcate ecological protection areas， how to protect the red line strictly and how to protect are the great challenges， and are also the important field of landscape architecture research in the future.

2　Environmental Restoration

China has already become the world's factory and made nearly all products in the global market. It is a proud achievement that one nation assume the role of producing world products， but we also paid a heavy price， directly leading to excessive exploitation of our homeland resources and excessive discharge of waste. As a result， we have to face heavy environment problems such as pollution， haze，soil contamination， water pollution， groundwater lowering， wetland degradation， biodiversity decline，soil erosion， desertification and the industrial wasteland. But from another perspective， landscape architects also get a rare chance to restore every piece of land which has been destroyed by human activities， restore its unique ecological function， and re-establish a healthy ecosystem. There is so wide a range of land to be restored in China that we can say 21st century will be the century of environmental restoration.

3　Green Infrastructure

Urban environmental problems are the most intense， and we have to find a more effective way to re-establish balance between the artificial and nature in the city. One of the most direct ways is to turn the gray infrastructure into green and build green infrastructure. The rapid urbanization has provided us with the opportunity to build a green network which runs through the inner city and links the suburbs and surrounding natural environment. As urban green infrastructures， this network can not only satisfy the residents’ needs of activities，entertainment， education and aesthetic， but also manage urban flooding， provide foods， safe habitats and migration corridors for animals. It is imperative for China to turn the cities with engineering facility system into cities with ecological system by the means of green infrastructure， which will make the previous city with more complete and natural ecological function.

4　Integration

In China， another important cause of modern urban problems is that many cities use engineering method to solve specific problems. These individual projects， such as roads， bridges， irrigation，landscaping， pipe network and so on， solved or alleviated some problems at a certain extent， but shortly thereafter， more serious problems appeared. Some engineering projects has resulted in landscape fragmentation， making the city lose the character of integration， systematicness and connectivity. City is not as simple as building blocks， and no city in the world is an ideal combination of different individuals. Landscape architects have the complex knowledge on nature and the artificial， and are capable to combine the natural systems and artificial systems together， integrateall kinds of individual structures and infrastructures， improve landscape system and establish vibrant urban space. In a larger scale， integration means reconnecting fragmentized landscape caused by human activities with biotopes and habitats by landscape architecture approach and establishing an integrated and continuous system.

In these four aspects， the goal of protection is to maintain a complete natural systems， ecological function and structure， and those areas which have critical impact on surrounding ecological environment； the goal of restoration， green infrastructure and integration is to re-establish a new balance between human activities and natural system. Of course， to achieve the ideal of garden between sky and earth， these aspects mentioned are not enough， but no doubt， ecological protection，environmental restoration， green infrastructure and integration are the most important keywords for the future of Chinese landscape architecture.

Keywords for the Future of Chinese Landscape Architecture

Text by： WANG Xiang-rong

王向榮/1963年生/男/博士/北京林業(yè)大學(xué)園林學(xué)院教授、副院長/本刊主編/中國風(fēng)景園林學(xué)會副理事長（北京100083）

Biography：

WANG Xiang-rong was born in 1963， and he has received doctor degree.He is working as a Professor and the DeputyDean at Beijing Forestry University.He is also the Chief Editor of Landscape Architecture Journal and the Vice Director of Chinese Society of Landscape Architecture（Beijing 100083）.