安 剛(新疆水利水電勘測設(shè)計研究院,新疆 烏魯木齊 830000)
調(diào)壓閥技術(shù)在大河沿渠首水電站的應(yīng)用
安剛
(新疆水利水電勘測設(shè)計研究院,新疆 烏魯木齊 830000)
摘要:以新疆大河沿渠首水電站為例,通過對引水發(fā)電系統(tǒng)水力過渡過程計算分析,采用調(diào)壓閥技術(shù)解決長距離引水管道水錘壓力上升與機組轉(zhuǎn)速上升相互制約的問題,希望對國內(nèi)中、小型水電站設(shè)計提供一定的借鑒參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:水電站;調(diào)壓閥;長距離引水管道;水力過渡過程計算
大河沿渠首水電站位于新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)吐魯番地區(qū)大河沿鎮(zhèn)境內(nèi),設(shè)計引用流量為4.17m3/s,額定水頭183.0m,配置2臺3.125MW混流臥式水輪發(fā)電機組,電站引水管道總長約6.8km。電站主要建筑物由引水渠首、“圓中環(huán)”沉砂池、引水渠道、壓力前池、壓力管道(一管兩機布置)、廠房及尾水渠等組成。
(1)水流慣性時間常數(shù)與機組加速時間常數(shù)計算
根據(jù)渠首電站引水系統(tǒng)布置及其特征參數(shù),計算得出:2臺機組中較長一臺機組的壓力管總長Σ=6722.56m,水流慣性時間常數(shù)w=6.624s,機組加速時間常數(shù)a=4.164s。
(2)數(shù)值計算分析
數(shù)值計算結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)機組關(guān)閉時間為5s時,機組最大轉(zhuǎn)速上升率為47.7%,在轉(zhuǎn)速控制標(biāo)準55%以內(nèi);此時的壓力已遠遠大于壓力控制值252.94m;相關(guān)計算表明,若壓力控制在允許值內(nèi),導(dǎo)葉關(guān)閉時間則要大于25s。
(3)結(jié)論
根據(jù)《水電站調(diào)壓室設(shè)計規(guī)范》(DL/T5058-1996)可知,當(dāng)水流慣性時間常數(shù)時,可不設(shè)調(diào)壓室,而渠首水電站的,理論上應(yīng)設(shè)置調(diào)保措施。在此基礎(chǔ)上,無調(diào)保措施下的過渡過程數(shù)值計算結(jié)果進一步論證了設(shè)置調(diào)保措施的必要性。設(shè)置相應(yīng)的調(diào)保措施可以解決引水系統(tǒng)壓力與轉(zhuǎn)速上升的矛盾,以保證引水系統(tǒng)的安全和電站穩(wěn)定安全運行。
(1)調(diào)壓井(塔、室)
常規(guī)的電站多采用設(shè)置調(diào)壓井來解決電站調(diào)保的問題,調(diào)壓井具有安全可靠等優(yōu)點。大河沿渠首電站受地形條件限制,引水系統(tǒng)沒有深覆蓋的山體,管道采用淺埋布置。如設(shè)置調(diào)壓井,技術(shù)難度大、工程造價高、工期長。
(2)調(diào)壓閥
調(diào)壓閥多應(yīng)用在中、小型中、高水頭電站,具有技術(shù)成熟、應(yīng)用廣泛、工程造價低、節(jié)省工期等多項優(yōu)點。
(3)水阻抗器
當(dāng)機組甩負荷時,有功功率消失的同時,由啟動元件投入水阻抗作為機組的假負荷,將多余的電能經(jīng)水阻抗消耗。當(dāng)機組帶上水阻抗負荷穩(wěn)定后,逐步切除水阻抗的功率而正常停機,從而保證壓力上升和轉(zhuǎn)速上升均在允許范圍內(nèi)。
該技術(shù)穩(wěn)定可靠性差、安全保證要求高。
(4)安全閥-爆破膜裝置
當(dāng)機組急速關(guān)閉,壓力鋼管產(chǎn)生水錘,壓力上升超過爆破膜的整定值時,安全閥開啟,泄放管道中的水流,消減水錘壓力,并允許機組在較短時間內(nèi)關(guān)機,進而限制機組轉(zhuǎn)速上升。
該技術(shù)對爆破膜的性能要求高,爆破膜需常更換,水工布置要設(shè)置消能和泄水措施。
通過對調(diào)壓井(塔、室)、調(diào)壓閥、水阻抗器、安全閥-爆破膜裝置調(diào)保措施的對比(從技術(shù)、安全可靠、經(jīng)濟等方面),大河沿渠首電站選擇了調(diào)壓閥做為調(diào)保措施。
(1)設(shè)置調(diào)壓閥情況下水力過渡過程數(shù)值理論計算結(jié)論
調(diào)壓閥推薦采用的閥徑0.3m,建議機組-調(diào)壓閥9s一段直線聯(lián)動啟閉,調(diào)壓閥保持最大開度10s后再以180s一段直線關(guān)閉。
(2)調(diào)壓閥結(jié)構(gòu)
旋流消能調(diào)壓閥由閥蓋、閥桿、閥體、導(dǎo)流筒、閥瓣、進水偏心導(dǎo)流體以及出水旋流消能體、出水錐管和液壓缸組成(見圖1)。采用進水分流、出水旋流消能的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。該閥結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、外形尺寸大大減小,節(jié)省了安裝空間,消能性能得到有效提高。
(3)工作原理
旋流消能調(diào)壓閥主油缸用于操作閥瓣的開關(guān),其筒體為鑄鋼件,內(nèi)有活塞,從機組調(diào)速器來的油源分別接入主油缸活塞的前、后兩腔。當(dāng)機組正常工作時,壓力油通在關(guān)閉腔,使調(diào)壓閥處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài);當(dāng)機組緊急停機或瞬間甩負荷超過3%時,壓力油則自動通到開啟腔,拉動閥桿連接的導(dǎo)流筒和閥瓣作軸向運動,使調(diào)壓閥打開,泄出設(shè)定大小的水流以確保機組及壓力管道的安全。
在調(diào)壓閥入口處設(shè)置偏心導(dǎo)流體,出口處設(shè)置旋流消能體。偏心導(dǎo)流體主要功能為引導(dǎo)大多數(shù)介質(zhì)往閥體上方流動,借助流體對閥體內(nèi)腔沖擊進行消能。旋流消能體是由多片導(dǎo)流葉片組成的螺旋結(jié)構(gòu),作用是將閥門進口噴入的高速不規(guī)則水流鎮(zhèn)流、改變成旋轉(zhuǎn)流態(tài),并在過程中消能,然后通過出水錐管進一部消能,使進人尾水池的介質(zhì)沖擊力大大降低,保證電站安全。
(4)系統(tǒng)控制原理
本閥為全油壓控制水輪機調(diào)壓閥:當(dāng)機組轉(zhuǎn)速變化低于3%時,主配閥活塞的行程位移小于2mm,此時導(dǎo)葉接力器的開度作微動調(diào)節(jié),調(diào)壓閥處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài),僅導(dǎo)葉動作;當(dāng)機組轉(zhuǎn)速變化高于3%時,特殊主配壓閥的活塞動作超過2mm,讓調(diào)壓閥接力器的開啟腔進壓力油快速開啟,同時,調(diào)壓閥接力器關(guān)閉腔排出的油進入到導(dǎo)葉接力器的關(guān)閉腔,使導(dǎo)葉接力器快速關(guān)閉,調(diào)壓閥與導(dǎo)葉聯(lián)動,當(dāng)機組轉(zhuǎn)速上升時,達到控制水壓上升值的目的。
現(xiàn)場按照理論計算值機組-調(diào)壓閥9s一段直線聯(lián)動啟閉,調(diào)壓閥保持最大開度10s后再以180s一段直線關(guān)閉進行調(diào)試。發(fā)現(xiàn)調(diào)速器控制存在缺陷,不能保持調(diào)壓閥在最大開度持續(xù)10s。經(jīng)多方討論研究后,將調(diào)壓閥180s一段直線關(guān)閉時間調(diào)整為220s。
大河沿渠首電站經(jīng)過一年多的運行,機組和發(fā)電引水系統(tǒng)運行穩(wěn)定,達到了設(shè)計預(yù)期效果。
“以閥代井”技術(shù)在大河沿渠首水電站成功應(yīng)用,為中、小型水電站長距離引水管道建設(shè)提供了一種可靠、經(jīng)濟的解決方案,為今后國內(nèi)外中、小型電站的設(shè)計提供一定的借鑒參考。
參考文獻:
[1]周泰經(jīng),吳應(yīng)文,等.水輪機調(diào)速器實用技術(shù)[M].北京:中國水利水電出版社,2010.
Abstract: The experiment, CFD analysis, optimization design and simulation are conducted to overcome the defects of noise and cavitation when the ZJY46H high pressure reducing valve works at Sinkiang hydropower station. The investigation results show that the noise and cavitation characteristics of the high pressure reducing valve at hydropower station water system are reduced; the performance of the hydropower station water system is improved.
Key words: high pressure reducing valve; noise; cavitation; experiment; simulation
中圖分類號:TV734
文獻標(biāo)識碼:B
文章編號:1672-5387(2015)03-0069-02
DOI:10.13599/j.cnki.11-5130.2015.03.020
收稿日期:2014-12-22
作者簡介:安剛(1975-),男,高級工程師,從事水電站水力機械設(shè)計工作。
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