劉玲艷,張學(xué)勤
·綜述·
血紅素加氧酶1與子癇前期發(fā)病機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展
劉玲艷,張學(xué)勤△
子癇前期是妊娠期最常見的疾病之一,其不僅能導(dǎo)致胎盤早剝、妊娠婦女肝腎功能受損、早產(chǎn)、胎兒生長受限等,也是孕產(chǎn)婦及圍生兒死亡的常見原因,由于其嚴(yán)重危害母兒健康,其發(fā)病機(jī)制一直是產(chǎn)科領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn)。子宮螺旋動脈重塑障礙、血管內(nèi)皮受損、遺傳、免疫失衡及炎癥反應(yīng)等與子癇前期關(guān)系密切,其中廣泛的血管內(nèi)皮受損是該病發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),氧化應(yīng)激及可溶性血管內(nèi)皮因子(sEng)、可溶性血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體1(sFlt-1)升高是導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮受損的主要原因,而血紅素加氧酶1(HO-1)是一種可誘導(dǎo)的抗氧化酶,HO-1及其催化代謝產(chǎn)物一氧化碳(CO)、膽紅素不僅對正常妊娠的胎盤形成、胎盤功能的維持及胎兒的生長發(fā)育具有重要保護(hù)作用,還能通過激活胎盤保護(hù)型信號通路、合成還原型煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)還原酶來抑制子癇前期婦女體內(nèi)的氧化應(yīng)激以及通過降低血管內(nèi)皮損傷因子如sEng、sFlt-1對血管內(nèi)皮的損害、促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮保護(hù)因子如血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)對血管的保護(hù)作用來抑制子癇前期的發(fā)生,推測HO-1及其催化代謝產(chǎn)物能夠?yàn)樽影B前期預(yù)防及治療帶來新的突破。
先兆子癇;血紅素氧化酶(脫環(huán));內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞;氧化性應(yīng)激Corresponding author:ZHANG Xue-qin,E-mail:zxqyqsl@163.com
【Abstract】Pre-eclampsia is one of the most common complication in pregnancy,it can not only lead to placental abruption,maternal liver and kidney damage,premature delivery,fetal growth restriction,etc.,but also is the most common cause of maternal and perinatal mortality.Because of its serious harm to mother and child health,its pathogenesis has long been a hot issue of obstetrical research.Uterine spiral artery remodeling disorders,vascular endothelial damage,genetic,immune imbalance and inflammatory responses are related to the pre-eclampsia.Among these factors,a wide range damage of vascular endothelial cells is regarded as the key pathological mechanisms in the development of pre-eclampsia.Recent studies have proved that vascular endothelial damage is mainly caused by oxidative stress and the increased level of soluble endoglin(sEng),soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1(sFlt-1).However,we found that heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),an inducible antioxidant enzyme,along with its metabolites such as carbon monoxide(CO),bilirubin can not only play an important role in normal pregnancy by maintaining placental function,promoting the development of placenta and fetal growth,but also has significant function in suppressing the occurrence of preeclampsia by reducing oxidative stress through activating the protective signaling pathways,increasing NADPH level and by protecting endothelial vascular function through reducing endothelial injury factors such as sEng,sFlt-1,promoting endothelial protective factor such as VEGF.Therefore,we expected that HO-1 and its metabolites can bring new breakthroughs in the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia.
【Keywords】Pre-eclampsia;Heme oxygenase(Decyclizing);Endothelial cells;Oxidative stress
(J Int Obstet Gynecol,2015,42:65-68)
子癇前期(pre-eclampsia)是孕產(chǎn)婦及圍生兒病死率升高的主要原因,每年導(dǎo)致76 000例妊娠婦女及50萬例新生兒死亡,其發(fā)病率約占全部妊娠的6%~8%[1],在中國其發(fā)病率約為9.4%~10.4%。其發(fā)病機(jī)制仍不清楚,尚無有效的預(yù)防方法。近年有學(xué)者認(rèn)為胎盤缺血缺氧發(fā)生氧化應(yīng)激及釋放血管內(nèi)皮損傷因子導(dǎo)致廣泛的血管內(nèi)皮受損是該病發(fā)生發(fā)展的中心環(huán)節(jié)[2]。血紅素加氧酶1也稱血紅素氧合酶1(heme oxygenase,HO-1),是一種廣泛參與體內(nèi)抗氧化的應(yīng)激酶,近年研究表明HO-1及其催化代謝產(chǎn)物一氧化碳(CO)、膽紅素通過多種機(jī)制發(fā)揮對子癇前期血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的保護(hù)作用,有望成為子癇前期的靶向治療分子。綜述HO-1與子癇前期發(fā)病的研究進(jìn)展。
HO為血紅素降解的起始酶和限速酶,在還原型煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)和細(xì)胞色素P450的作用下,其能將血紅素催化分解產(chǎn)生CO、膽綠素和Fe2+,隨后膽綠素在其還原酶的作用下轉(zhuǎn)化生成膽紅素。自20世紀(jì)80年代Maines等從動物及人體組織中分離純化獲得HO-1結(jié)構(gòu)以來,至今共發(fā)現(xiàn)HO-1、HO-2及HO-3三種同工酶,分別由不同基因所編碼,具有抗損傷作用,HO-2主要在生理?xiàng)l件下發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用[3],3種酶中以HO-1在病理妊娠中的研究最為深入。HO-1是一種微粒體催化酶,又稱為熱休克蛋白32(HSP32),分子質(zhì)量約為32 ku,人的HO-1染色體定位于22q12,在細(xì)胞中定位于微粒體。HO-1有抗氧化應(yīng)激、抗炎癥、抗細(xì)胞增殖、抗細(xì)胞凋亡、調(diào)節(jié)免疫及維持微循環(huán)等生物學(xué)功能[4]。HO-1在分解血紅素過程中不僅減少血紅素對組織的損傷,同時(shí)消耗O2,減少氧自由基對組織細(xì)胞的損傷;此外膽綠素在膽綠素還原酶催化下生成具有強(qiáng)大的抗氧化功能的膽紅素,從而在體內(nèi)發(fā)揮抗自由基等細(xì)胞保護(hù)作用;CO不僅具有抗凋亡、抗炎及舒張血管的功能,還可通過影響染色質(zhì)的重塑,發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)血栓、促進(jìn)血管生成的作用[5]。Fe2+可以促進(jìn)鐵蛋白的表達(dá),提高鐵儲存的數(shù)量,減少具有親氧化劑功能的游離鐵含量,從而抑制氧化應(yīng)激[6]??梢姡琀O-1及其催化代謝的產(chǎn)物在抵抗因氧化應(yīng)激對細(xì)胞或組織損傷、促進(jìn)血管生成、擴(kuò)張血管調(diào)節(jié)血壓中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。
近年研究表明,HO-1對妊娠過程中胎盤生長及其功能的維持具有重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用。對于妊娠婦女,Appleton等[7]用免疫組化實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),HO-1除表達(dá)于肝、脾臟、肺、腦等組織外,還大量表達(dá)于胎盤絨毛合體滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞及血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞。Watanabe等[8]對小鼠模型進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),正常孕鼠胎盤組織中HO-1 mRNA水平與孕期胎盤功能變化一致,HO-1 mRNA于孕早期出現(xiàn),孕中期穩(wěn)定增加,孕晚期下降,其含量明顯比子宮組織含量高,由此推斷HO-1是胎盤組織發(fā)育的必備物質(zhì)。此外,Zhao等[9]利用HO-1基因敲除小鼠模型進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與野生型小鼠的后代相比,HO-1基因敲除的雜合子小鼠(HO-1+/-)雜交后得到HO-1基因缺陷的純合子小鼠(HO-1-/-)體質(zhì)量與身長均明顯降低;同時(shí)基因敲除組孕鼠胎盤中HO-1 mRNA及HO-1蛋白水平均比野生型小鼠低,而孕鼠血壓及血清可溶性血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體1(sFlt-1)水平均比對照組明顯升高;Zenclussen等[10]對HO-1基因敲除的孕鼠,給予低劑量的外源性CO后能夠改善子鼠的體質(zhì)量、身長和存活率。Zhao等[11]對基因型為(HO-1+/-)的雜合子即HO-1部分基因缺陷孕鼠胎盤組織進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)孕鼠胎盤組織中出現(xiàn)母胎界面形成不良,子宮螺旋動脈的重塑障礙,子宮自然殺傷(uNK)細(xì)胞的分化和成熟障礙,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)孕鼠血清中HO-1水平降低,這表明胎盤血管的形成需要一定量的HO-1。由于孕鼠體內(nèi)HO-1不足會導(dǎo)致孕鼠血壓升高,并影響胎盤功能及抑制子鼠在宮內(nèi)的生長發(fā)育,推測HO-1是胎兒生長發(fā)育、胎盤功能維持及血壓調(diào)節(jié)必不可少的成分。
正常妊娠時(shí),子宮螺旋小動脈平滑肌細(xì)胞、血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡,代之以絨毛外滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞,深達(dá)子宮壁淺肌層,滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞的充分侵入能使螺旋動脈管徑增大,降低子宮胎盤循環(huán)的阻力,從而滿足胎兒不斷生長發(fā)育的需要;對于有子癇前期的妊娠婦女,由于滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞浸潤過淺,子宮螺旋動脈重塑障礙,導(dǎo)致胎盤血液供應(yīng)不足,胎盤組織缺血缺氧,發(fā)生氧化應(yīng)激,釋放一些胎盤因子進(jìn)入母體血液,導(dǎo)致母體血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受損,從而出現(xiàn)子癇前期一系列的病理變化[12]。
3.1HO-1及其催化代謝產(chǎn)物能夠降低血管內(nèi)皮損傷因子可溶性內(nèi)皮因子(soluble endothelin,sEng)及sFlt-1是子癇前期主要的致病因子,在子癇前期婦女體內(nèi)sEng、sFlt-1含量明顯升高;sEng、sFlt-1由缺血缺氧的胎盤組織釋放后進(jìn)入母體血液循環(huán),并導(dǎo)致母體血管內(nèi)皮受到損傷;HO-1/CO通路能夠抑制胎盤絨毛及血管內(nèi)皮對sEng、sFlt-1的釋放,從而保護(hù)母體血管內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)免受子癇前期的發(fā)生[13]。
3.2HO-1及其催化代謝產(chǎn)物能夠抑制氧化應(yīng)激缺血缺氧及氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)是多種疾病中組織器官受損的主要機(jī)制,而HO-1能夠抑制氧化應(yīng)激,并對子癇前期缺血缺氧的胎盤發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用。George等[14]研究表明,HO-1及其代謝產(chǎn)物CO及膽紅素不僅能夠降低子癇前期低氧導(dǎo)致的胎盤對sFlt-1的釋放,還能抑制母體內(nèi)的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。子宮低灌注壓(reduced uterine perfusion pressure,RUPP)模型是近年研究子癇前期發(fā)病機(jī)制中最常用的一個模型,該模型利用機(jī)械性收縮孕鼠子宮動脈而導(dǎo)致孕鼠發(fā)生子癇前期樣癥狀,研究表明RUPP模型小鼠體內(nèi)存在氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[15]。George等[16]用HO-1治療RUPP模型小鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)胎盤中出現(xiàn)促損傷型信號通路向促保護(hù)型信號通路轉(zhuǎn)換,即通過增加有保護(hù)性磷酸化介質(zhì)如細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(ERK)、信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(STAT3)和降低有損傷性磷酸化介質(zhì)STAT1,從而增加胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3活化和增加細(xì)胞內(nèi)三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量而降低氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài),發(fā)揮對胎盤的保護(hù)作用。此外,對孕晚期血壓正常的孕鼠給予HO-1抑制劑后,孕鼠出現(xiàn)血壓增高、胎盤血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)水平降低及胎盤NADPH氧化酶活性增高,而還原型NADPH氧化酶在生理狀態(tài)下處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài),被刺激后能活化細(xì)胞膜上的氧化酶復(fù)合體,從而釋放大量活性氧簇(ROS),參與氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),因此提示HO-1有抑制氧化應(yīng)激功能,其含量下降或功能失調(diào)時(shí)能夠?qū)е氯焉锲诟哐獕杭膊〖把趸瘧?yīng)激的發(fā)生[17]。膽紅素是HO-1催化代謝的體內(nèi)重要的抗氧化應(yīng)激分子,Breslin等[18]通過對50 712例妊娠婦女進(jìn)行前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),膽紅素水平與子癇前期病情的嚴(yán)重程度呈負(fù)相關(guān),膽紅素越低,病情越嚴(yán)重,說明子癇前期患者體內(nèi)低膽紅素水平導(dǎo)致抗氧化應(yīng)激能力降低。
此外,對HO-1基因突變的小鼠給予低劑量HO-1催化代謝產(chǎn)物CO后,發(fā)現(xiàn)CO能調(diào)節(jié)uNK細(xì)胞的增殖及促進(jìn)子宮螺旋動脈的重塑[19]。可見,HO-1及其代謝產(chǎn)物膽紅素、CO通過抑制氧化應(yīng)激、促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮保護(hù)因子如VEGF的生成及抑制血管內(nèi)皮損害因子生成等多種途徑來發(fā)揮對血管內(nèi)皮的保護(hù)作用。
HO-1及其催化生成的生物代謝成分能通過抑制氧化應(yīng)激、增強(qiáng)子宮螺旋動脈重塑等機(jī)制發(fā)揮對血管內(nèi)皮的保護(hù)作用,因此很多學(xué)者對HO系統(tǒng)在子癇前期婦女早期診斷及防治中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行探索。Farina等[20]利用病例對照研究從妊娠11周婦女體內(nèi)取絨毛樣本進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示子癇前期組HO-1 mRNA水平明顯降低,推測HO-1可能成為早期預(yù)測子癇前期的生物標(biāo)記物。此外,將孕鼠長期暴露于CO環(huán)境中,與非暴露組相比,暴露組子宮動脈血流量增加,胎盤血管直徑增粗、分支增多[21]。El-Mousleh等[22]研究表明,給予孕鼠小劑量的CO后能夠改變宮內(nèi)生長遲緩子鼠的體質(zhì)量,同時(shí)能夠增加血管生成因子的含量;并且暴露于CO環(huán)境中如吸煙能夠降低子癇前期的發(fā)病率,因?yàn)闊煵萑紵軌虍a(chǎn)生CO,誘導(dǎo)HO-1在滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)增強(qiáng)從而降低胎盤絨毛釋放sFlt-1[23]。此外,實(shí)驗(yàn)表明他汀類降脂藥能夠通過刺激HO-1的產(chǎn)生同時(shí)降低sFlt而發(fā)揮對子癇前期的治療作用;由于他汀類藥物價(jià)格便宜,目前仍沒有合適的小分子HO-1誘導(dǎo)劑的情況下,CO及他汀類降脂藥可能用于治療子癇前期[24]。
子癇前期對母兒危害極大,其發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,至今尚不清楚,也無有效的預(yù)防及治療方法;而HO-1及其催化代謝產(chǎn)物不僅對正常妊娠具有重要調(diào)節(jié)作用,而且能夠通過多種機(jī)制抑制氧化應(yīng)激及血管內(nèi)皮損傷等子癇前期發(fā)生發(fā)展中的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。深入研究其與子癇前期的相互關(guān)系,有望為子癇前期的靶向治療開拓新的領(lǐng)域。
[1]Spencer-Jones J.Make every mother and child count[J].S Afr Med J,2005,95(6):382,384.
[2]RomeroR,ChaiworapongsaT.Preeclampsia:alinkbetween trophoblast dysregulation and an antiangiogenic state[J].J Clin Invest,2013,123(7):2775-2777.
[3]Liao YF,Zhu W,Li DP,et al.Heme oxygenase-1 and gut ischemia/ reperfusion injury:A short review[J].World J Gastroenterol,2013,19 (23):3555-3561.
[4]LundvigDM,ImmenschuhS,WagenerFA.Hemeoxygenase,inflammation,and fibrosis:the good,the bad,and the ugly?[J].Front Pharmacol,2012,3:81.
[5]Li M,Gallo D,Csizmadia E,et al.Carbon monoxide induces chromatin remodelling to facilitate endothelial cell migration[J].Thromb Haemost,2014,111(5):951-959.
[6]Eisenstein RS,Garcia-Mayol D,Pettingell W,et al.Regulation of ferritin and heme oxygenase synthesis in rat fibroblasts by different forms of iron[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,1991,88(3):688-692.
[7]Appleton SD,Lash GE,Marks GS,et al.Effect of glucose and oxygen deprivation on heme oxygenase expression in human chorionic villi explants and immortalized trophoblast cells[J].Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol,2003,285(6):R1453-R1460.
[8]Watanabe S,Akagi R,Mori M,et al.Marked developmental changes in heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)expression in the mouse placenta:correlation between HO-1 expression and placental development[J].Placenta,2004,25(5):387-395.
[9]Zhao H,Wong RJ,Kalish FS,et al.Effect of heme oxygenase-1 deficiency on placental development[J].Placenta,2009,30(10):861-868.
[10]Zenclussen ML,Casalis PA,El-Mousleh T,et al.Haem oxygenase-1 dictates intrauterine fetal survival in mice via carbon monoxide[J].J Pathol,2011,225(2):293-304.
[11]Zhao H,Azuma J,Kalish F,et al.Maternal heme oxygenase 1regulates placental vasculature development via angiogenic factors in mice[J].Biol Reprod,2011,85(5):1005-1012.
[12]Brosens I,Pijnenborg R,Vercruysse L,et al.The"Great Obstetrical Syndromes"are associated with disorders of deep placentation[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2011,204(3):193-201.
[13]Cudmore M,Ahmad S,Al-Ani B,et al.Negative regulation of soluble Flt-1 and soluble endoglin release by heme oxygenase-1[J].Circulation,2007,115(13):1789-1797.
[14]George EM,Colson D,Dixon J,et al.Heme oxygenase-1 attenuates hypoxia-induced sFlt-1 and oxidative stress in placental villi through its metabolic products CO and bilirubin[J].Int J Hypertens,2012,2012:486053.
[15]Sedeek M,Gilbert JS,LaMarca BB,et al.Role of reactive oxygen species in hypertension produced by reduced uterine perfusion in pregnant rats[J].Am J Hypertens,2008,21(10):1152-1156.
[16]George EM,Arany I.Induction of heme oxygenase-1 shifts the balance from proinjury to prosurvival in the placentas of pregnant rats with reduced uterine perfusion pressure[J].Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol,2012,302(5):R620-R626.
[17]George EM,Hosick PA,Stec DE,et al.Heme oxygenase inhibition increases blood pressure in pregnant rats[J].Am J Hypertens,2013,26(7):924-930.
[18]Breslin E,Kaufmann A,Quenby S.Bilirubin influences the clinical presentation of pre-eclampsia[J].Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2013,170(1):111-113.
[19]Linzke N,Schumacher A,Woidacki K,et al.Carbon monoxide promotes proliferation of uterine natural killer cells and remodeling of spiral arteries in pregnant hypertensive heme oxygenase-1 mutant mice[J].Hypertension,2013,63(3):580-588.
[20]Farina A,Sekizawa A,De Sanctis P,et al.Gene expression in chorionic villous samples at 11 weeks′gestation from women destined to develop preeclampsia[J].Prenat Diagn,2008,28(10):956-961.
[21]Venditti CC,Casselman R,Murphy MS,et al.Chronic carbon monoxide inhalation during pregnancy augments uterine artery blood flow and uteroplacental vascular growth in mice[J].Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol,2013,305(8):R939-R948.
[22]El-Mousleh T,Casalis PA,Wollenberg I,et al.Exploring the potential of low doses carbon monoxide as therapy in pregnancy complications[J].Med Gas Res,2012,2(1):4.
[23]Sidle EH,Casselman R,Smith GN.Effect of cigarette smoke on placental antioxidant enzyme expression[J].Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol,2007,293(2):R754-R758.
[24]Ramma W,Ahmed A.Therapeutic potential of statins and the induction of heme oxygenase-1 in preeclampsia[J].J Reprod Immunol,2014,101/102:153-160.
Relationship between HO-1 and the Pathogenesis of Pre-eclampsia
LIU Ling-yan,ZHANG Xue-qin.
Department of Obstetrics,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,Kunming 650101,China
2014-06-19)
[本文編輯秦娟]
650101昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院產(chǎn)科通信作者:張學(xué)勤,E-mail:zxqyqsl@163.com
△審校者