陳 晨, 柏友萍
(安徽師范大學(xué) 體育學(xué)院,安徽 蕪湖 2410003)
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脂肪因子Chemerin與運(yùn)動(dòng)
陳 晨, 柏友萍
(安徽師范大學(xué) 體育學(xué)院,安徽 蕪湖 2410003)
Chemerin是新近發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種由脂肪組織分泌的脂肪因子,可調(diào)節(jié)脂肪細(xì)胞的分化及代謝,并且在肥胖相關(guān)疾病中異常表達(dá),在炎癥和代謝性疾病之間具有雙重作用,可能為肥胖與肥胖相關(guān)疾病之間提供一個(gè)橋梁.運(yùn)動(dòng)對肥胖及肥胖相關(guān)疾病可產(chǎn)生良好作用,是否對Chemerin產(chǎn)生影響研究較少.本文就Chemerin的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)、對肥胖相關(guān)疾病調(diào)節(jié)作用以及運(yùn)動(dòng)對Chemerin的影響進(jìn)行論述.
Chemerin;脂肪因子;肥胖;代謝綜合征;運(yùn)動(dòng)
白色脂肪組織由大量的脂肪細(xì)胞組成,脂肪細(xì)胞是一種高度分化的細(xì)胞,可以貯存和釋放能量,而且是一個(gè)內(nèi)分泌器官,能分泌數(shù)十種脂肪因子、激素或其他調(diào)節(jié)物,包括腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、血漿纖維蛋白溶酶、瘦素、抵抗素、脂聯(lián)素等[1-3].Chemerin是近年發(fā)現(xiàn)的新的脂肪因子(Adipocytokines),主要由白色脂肪組織(White Adipose Tissue,WAT)分泌并在WAT中高表達(dá),另外在肝、胎盤、脾、小腸、胰腺等也有適量表達(dá),WAT既是Chemerin的來源,同時(shí)也是其作用靶點(diǎn)[4].此外,近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[5]Chemerin在肥胖相關(guān)疾病中異常表達(dá)、在炎癥和代謝性疾病之間具有雙重作用,可能為肥胖與肥胖相關(guān)疾病之間提供一個(gè)橋梁.Chemerin作為一個(gè)新的研究領(lǐng)域已為大多學(xué)者認(rèn)可,并且它的研究報(bào)道逐漸增多,但目前關(guān)于運(yùn)動(dòng)對Chemerin產(chǎn)生的影響報(bào)道較少.本文就Chemerin結(jié)構(gòu)特征、對肥胖及肥胖相關(guān)疾病調(diào)節(jié)作用以及運(yùn)動(dòng)對Chemerin的影響進(jìn)行綜述.
1.1 Chemerin的發(fā)現(xiàn)
Chemerin也被稱為他扎羅汀誘導(dǎo)基因-2(Tazarotene Induced Gene 2,TIG2) 或視黃酸受體反應(yīng)蛋白-2(Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 2,RARRES2).據(jù)報(bào)道Chemerin是一個(gè)分泌的孤兒G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體趨化因子[6-7].最早發(fā)現(xiàn)Chemerin的是在1997年,Nagpal等[6]用削減雜交法在治療銀屑病患者皮膚時(shí)首次用維甲酸類藥他扎羅汀,鑒別出TIG2.2003年,Wittamer等從卵巢癌患者炎性腹水中分化出TIG2,命名為Chemerin,并證實(shí)其具有蛋白質(zhì)的生物學(xué)功能[7].直到2007年,Bozaoglu等[8]用信號序列捕獲技術(shù)首次確定Chemerin是一種脂肪因子.研究表明,Chemerin至少有兩個(gè)受體分別為孤兒蛋白趨化因子受體2和趨化因子樣受體1(或者ChemR23)[9].
1.2 Chemerin的結(jié)構(gòu)與特性
圖1 Chemerin蛋白水解處理(Matthew C.et al,2010) 圖2 調(diào)節(jié)人Chemerin生物活性的蛋白酶(Benjamin Bondue,et al.2011)
2.1 Chemerin與肥胖及代謝綜合征
大量實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)支持Chemerin在肥胖和代謝綜合征(Metabolic Syndrome,MS)的發(fā)生和發(fā)展中發(fā)揮作用,從而導(dǎo)致代謝紊亂,增加糖尿病和心血管疾病發(fā)病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4].機(jī)體脂肪的分布是MS的重要影響因素,內(nèi)臟脂肪組織較皮下脂肪組織更容易分泌炎性因子和脂肪因子,內(nèi)臟脂肪組織大量積聚是肥胖導(dǎo)致代謝紊亂及肥胖相關(guān)性疾病的重要原因[16,17].研究報(bào)道Chemerin及其受體ChemR23的mRNA在脂肪組織中高表達(dá),并調(diào)節(jié)脂肪細(xì)胞分化[4,18].有趣的是Chemerin或其受體ChemR23基因缺失導(dǎo)致脂肪前體細(xì)胞分化為成熟脂肪細(xì)胞的能力顯著下降,說明Chemerin可能對脂肪細(xì)胞的成熟與分化發(fā)揮重要作用[5,8].內(nèi)臟脂肪組織是Chemerin分布的重要區(qū)域,Chemerin在MS的大鼠脂肪組織中mRNA表達(dá)升高,在肥胖者血清Chemerin水平升高,Chemerin可能為肥胖與肥胖相關(guān)疾病之間提供一個(gè)橋梁[19-20].Chemerin可通過激活受體后增加細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+濃度,增加細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶-1和激酶-2的磷酸化水平,并通過結(jié)合G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體抑制環(huán)腺苷酸的聚集而發(fā)揮作用,這可能是Chemerin在肥胖及MS中具有調(diào)節(jié)脂肪細(xì)胞分化和細(xì)胞代謝的重要原因[4,7,21-22].雖然研究提供關(guān)于Chemerin在肥胖和MS中的機(jī)制,以及是否升高的Chemerin水平可增加肥胖,擾亂代謝功能并伴隨肥胖及其合并征的發(fā)生而發(fā)展還不確定.因此,Chemerin在肥胖及MS中的作用,孰“因”孰“果”還有待進(jìn)一步研究.
2.2 Chemerin與2型糖尿病
糖尿病發(fā)病率逐年增加,其中2型糖尿病(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,T2DM)占糖尿病發(fā)病率的90%以上[1],T2DM是一種以胰島素抵抗(Insulin Resistance,IR)和/或胰島素分泌相對不足為特征的代謝性疾病.目前,關(guān)于Chemerin與T2DM的研究證明[8],肥胖癥的Chemerin水平和肥胖的T2DM血清水平相似,但明顯高于正??刂企w重.在3T3-L1前脂肪細(xì)胞中,Chemerin能顯著增強(qiáng)胰島素刺激信號及葡萄糖的攝取[23],而在體外研究中使用3T3-L1脂肪細(xì)胞時(shí)又得出了相互矛盾的結(jié)果.有一項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告Chemerin降低胰島素刺激[21],而另一項(xiàng)研究是Chemerin可增強(qiáng)胰島素刺激信號和胰島素受體底物酪氨酸-1(Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 ,IRS-1)磷酸化,從而改善脂肪組織的IR[24].在骨骼肌細(xì)胞中,Chemerin可抑制葡萄糖攝取,降低胰島素敏感性,誘導(dǎo)骨骼肌細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IR;而在肥胖/糖尿病小鼠中,Chemerin降低肝葡萄糖攝取,但對脂肪或骨骼肌無影響;出現(xiàn)上述結(jié)果可能是Chemerin通過調(diào)節(jié)不同的葡萄糖運(yùn)載體如葡萄糖運(yùn)載體2(Glucose Transporter2,GLUT2)和GLUT4的表達(dá)和活性引起的[25-27].因此,這些矛盾的結(jié)果說明了Chemerin在葡萄糖代謝中的作用需要有待證明.
Chemerin與瘦素、抵抗素和C反應(yīng)蛋白(C Reactive Protein,CRP)相關(guān),經(jīng)調(diào)整體重指數(shù)(Body Mass Index,BMI)、腰臀比值(Waist to Hip Ratio,WHR)對血液中的瘦素、抵抗素與Chemerin濃度的變化有重要的意義[28].可能是因?yàn)檠褐蠧hemerin的濃度與BMI、WHR和CRP呈正相關(guān)[25].在T2DM患者中,血清Chemerin濃度在男性和女性患者相似,隨著患者CRP的升高而增加.據(jù)以往的研究表明:通過ELISA測定T2DM患者的血清Chemerin濃度,超重(BMI>25kg/m2)和正常控制體重的(BMI≤25kg/m2)情況下,只有男性列入其中[29].此外,血清Chemerin濃度與高密度脂蛋白有負(fù)相關(guān)[30].肥胖在IR和T2DM以及脂肪因子分泌的變化中是一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素,并認(rèn)為在這些代謝紊亂的發(fā)生中發(fā)揮重要的作用[31].然而,需要注意的是,肥胖的糖尿病患者大都伴有高胰島素血癥并增加血清Chemerin水平[17].
Chemerin的免疫功能主要是通過其受體ChemR23對未成熟樹突狀細(xì)胞(Dendritic Cells,DCs)和巨噬細(xì)胞發(fā)揮趨化作用[7].通過先天免疫系統(tǒng)的效應(yīng)細(xì)胞影響Chemerin在銀屑病皮損中表達(dá),這些效應(yīng)細(xì)胞包括DCs、單核細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)胞,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)Chemerin和ChemR23參與各種免疫細(xì)胞的補(bǔ)充,以及可能影響不同類型的效應(yīng)細(xì)胞,負(fù)責(zé)控制銀屑病炎癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展,因此Chemerin與銀屑病的發(fā)病機(jī)制可能有牽連[6,32-34].Chemerin的表達(dá)被認(rèn)為是早期階段的一個(gè)發(fā)展性病變的標(biāo)志,也被認(rèn)為是促進(jìn)了DCs的補(bǔ)充和激活[35-36].
研究證明[37]Chemerin在肥胖癥伴隨慢性炎癥中有一定作用.Chemerin可調(diào)節(jié)炎性反應(yīng),在炎性反應(yīng)早期,可趨化巨噬細(xì)胞等免疫活性細(xì)胞,并使之活化釋放TNF-α、IL-6等炎性反應(yīng)因子,起促炎作用[38].而Chemerin與相同的受體結(jié)合,對炎癥調(diào)節(jié)卻有著相反的作用,推測可能是因?yàn)樗鈖rochemerin的酶不同從而產(chǎn)生的作用方式不同[39].Chemerin經(jīng)半胱氨酸蛋白酶酶解而產(chǎn)生的Chemerin同源肽具有很強(qiáng)的抗炎活性,不過其抗炎活性完全依賴于蛋白酶解而產(chǎn)生的Chemerin同源肽,這里的蛋白酶可能涉及半胱氨酸蛋白酶[40].這種截然相反的作用來源于蛋白酶的切割位點(diǎn)不同[38].產(chǎn)生抗炎肽的半胱氨酸蛋白酶主要來自于激活的巨噬細(xì)胞,而產(chǎn)生的促炎性Chemerin的絲氨酸蛋白酶主要從中性粒細(xì)胞中釋放[7],而中性粒細(xì)胞最早在炎性反應(yīng)位點(diǎn)聚集,因此很可能促炎肽的產(chǎn)生要早于抗炎肽的產(chǎn)生,可以理解為抗炎肽作為一種負(fù)反饋機(jī)制調(diào)節(jié)炎性反應(yīng)[4].
圖3 Chemerin與肥胖及炎癥(Matthew C,et al,2010)
Chemerin在肥胖/糖尿病患者中升高,而血清Chemerin水平的主要來源是脂肪組織(見圖3).慢性炎癥反應(yīng)在肥胖和T2DM 的發(fā)生中起關(guān)鍵作用,脂肪組織是炎癥反應(yīng)的始動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié)[41],脂肪組織中除了脂肪細(xì)胞外,在基質(zhì)血管處含有豐富的淋巴細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞等[42].Bauer等[43]發(fā)現(xiàn)過多的游離脂肪酸會增加Chemerin在脂肪細(xì)胞中的合成,高脂喂養(yǎng)小鼠促使脂肪組織Chemerin及其受體ChemR23表達(dá)上調(diào)和系統(tǒng)Chemerin水平升高,這可能與肥胖患者的白色脂肪組織中巨噬細(xì)胞的浸潤有關(guān)[44].這些滲透巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生促炎細(xì)胞因子可以通過干擾IR加重胰島素信號[45].與血清Chemerin水平密切相關(guān)的炎癥標(biāo)志物包括TNF-α,IL-6和CRP在肥胖中均有所增加,脂肪組織似乎是這些細(xì)胞因子一個(gè)巨大的來源[42].最近,Kralisch等[31]報(bào)道IL-1B能誘導(dǎo)3T3-L1前脂肪細(xì)胞中Chemerin的基因表達(dá)和蛋白合成,說明Chemerin可能通過正反饋,擴(kuò)大炎性反應(yīng).
運(yùn)動(dòng)已成為減肥的主要手段.適量的運(yùn)動(dòng)能增加體內(nèi)能量消耗,減輕脂肪,有利于體內(nèi)過多的脂肪組織轉(zhuǎn)化為能量并釋放,進(jìn)而減輕體重.既往研究雖已證實(shí)在肥胖個(gè)體中血清Chemerin的濃度是上升的,而對于運(yùn)動(dòng)是否可以影響血清Chemerin水平以及有何影響卻沒有相關(guān)報(bào)道[9].劉燕等通過對肥胖大鼠游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)后發(fā)現(xiàn):大鼠體重減輕,空腹血糖、胰島素水平下降,IR降低;血脂代謝紊亂得以改善,主要表現(xiàn)為血清膽固醇、甘油三酯、極低密度脂蛋白降低;更重要的是,血清Chemerin水平也明顯下降[46].其中,體重降低可能起著至關(guān)重要的作用.Ress等人[47]通過比較肥胖患者手術(shù)治療前后Chemerin的水平發(fā)現(xiàn):手術(shù)治療后隨著體重的減輕,Chemerin的濃度降低.另外有研究表明[48],有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)可提高骨骼肌GLUT4的基因轉(zhuǎn)錄水平,使血胰島素水平下降,胰島素的敏感性增加,改善IR,這從另一方面也說明了運(yùn)動(dòng)可以引起Chemerin水平下降.Rima Chakaroun等人[49]在研究中對肥胖者進(jìn)行12周的體能訓(xùn)練,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):在糖耐量受損和T2DM中,盡管BMI變化不明顯,但是糖化血紅蛋白、循環(huán)的CRP及胰島素敏感性顯著提高,而經(jīng)過4周和12周的訓(xùn)練后血清Chemerin水平顯著下降7%-10%.而在正常體重中只有低血清Chemerin經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)后與前者結(jié)果相一致.這更進(jìn)一步揭示了體重減輕可能是Chemerin表達(dá)下調(diào)的重要機(jī)制之一.
綜上所述,Chemerin是新近發(fā)現(xiàn)的脂肪因子,近年來它的研究有了很多新的進(jìn)展,包括Chemerin在肥胖、代謝綜合征及炎癥中都有重要作用.運(yùn)動(dòng)對血清Chemerin產(chǎn)生影響,不同的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式和不同的運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間對血清Chemerin的影響不同.目前運(yùn)動(dòng)對Chemerin的影響研究剛剛起步,研究缺乏系統(tǒng)性.因此,用不同的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式和不同的運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度對Chemerin的作用機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究.
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Adipocytokines Chemerin and Exercise
CHEN Chen, BAI You-ping
(College of Physical Education,Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, China)
Chemerin is a recently discovered adipocytokines secreted by adipose tissue. It can regulate the differentiation and metabolism of the fat cells, has abnormal expression in obesity-related diseases and plays a dual role between inflammation and metabolic disease. Thus it may provide a bridge between obesity and obesity-related diseases. Exercises have good effect on obesity and obesity-related diseases. Whether it can influence Chemerin is less studied. In this paper,the structure characteristics of Chemerin, its regulation function to obesity-related diseases and the influence of exercises on Chemerin were discussed.
Chemerin; adipocytokines; obesity; metabolic syndrome; exercise
10.14182/J.cnki.1001-2443.2015.03.017
2014-11-18
安徽省高校自然科學(xué)基金重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(KJ2013A138);安徽師范大學(xué)研究生科研創(chuàng)新重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(2014yks007zd).
陳晨(1989-),女,安徽淮北人,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)生理學(xué).通訊作者:柏友萍(1964-),女,安徽舒城人,教授,博士,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向?yàn)榻∩磉\(yùn)動(dòng)處方的生理機(jī)理與運(yùn)動(dòng)對人體適應(yīng)的分子生物學(xué)機(jī)制.
陳晨,柏友萍.脂肪因子Chemerin與運(yùn)動(dòng)[J].安徽師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):自然科學(xué)版,2015,38(3):301-306.
G804.49
A
1001-2443(2015)03-0301-06