李 強(qiáng),卓其斌,陳 良,黃玉仙
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬公共衛(wèi)生臨床中心肝炎一科,上海201508
近年來,非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的發(fā)病率逐年上升,已成為發(fā)達(dá)國家慢性肝病的首要病因。最新數(shù)據(jù)表明發(fā)達(dá)國家1/3 的人口患有NAFLD,其中10% ~30%表現(xiàn)為非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH),而10% ~15%的NASH 最終進(jìn)展為肝硬化或肝癌[1];有數(shù)據(jù)顯示近年來NAFLD 及NASH 在中東、遠(yuǎn)東、非洲、加勒比及拉丁美洲的流行情況也與西方發(fā)達(dá)國家相似[2]。改革開放以來,我國人民生活水平得到很大提高,人群中NAFLD 的發(fā)病率也逐年上升,隨著慢性乙型肝炎防治措施的有效執(zhí)行,在不久的將來,NAFLD 極有可能成為我國慢性肝病的首要病因。因此,臨床醫(yī)師有必要了解更多NAFLD 治療方面的研究進(jìn)展。
胰高血糖素樣肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)是由胰高血糖素原基因編碼,并由腸黏膜朗格漢斯細(xì)胞(Langerhans cells,L 細(xì)胞)分泌的一種肽類激素,可通過刺激胰島素分泌、抑制胰高血糖素分泌來降低血糖。胰高血糖素樣肽-1 受體激動劑(glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists,GLP-1RAs)是GLP-1 的類似物,具有GLP-1 同樣的生物學(xué)活性,且半衰期較GLP-1長,僅需每日一次給藥。研究[3]發(fā)現(xiàn)胰高血糖素樣肽-1 受體(GLP-1 receptor,GLP-1R)除了在胰島細(xì)胞表達(dá)外,在肝臟細(xì)胞也有表達(dá),這就為GLP-1RAs 用于治療NAFLD 提供了可行性。近年來,一系列研究表明GLP-1RAs 可通過改善肝酶水平、減少肝臟脂肪含量、減輕肝臟脂肪變性、減輕肝纖維化程度及治療代謝綜合征等方面最終達(dá)到治療NAFLD 的目的。本文就上述幾個方面進(jìn)行概述,以便臨床醫(yī)師對GLP-1RAs 治療NAFLD 的研究進(jìn)展有一個全面的了解。
1.1 GLP-1RAs 改善肝酶水平 利拉魯肽和艾塞那肽均為GLP-1 的類似物,即GLP-1RAs。NAFLD 患者往往伴有輕到中度的ALT 升高,且ALT 水平與NAFLD 患者肝臟炎癥程度有一定的相關(guān)性。Vilsbφll等[4]進(jìn)行的一項納入12 個臨床試驗的Meta 分析表明利拉魯肽治療20 周即可有效降低T2DM 患者ALT 水平。Armstrong 等[5]研究表明基線ALT 水平異常的患者在采用利拉魯肽治療26 周后ALT 水平改善較安慰劑對照組更明顯(-8.20 IU/L vs -5.01 IU/L,P =0.003)。Ohki 等[6]研究也表明利拉魯肽可明顯降低T2DM 伴NAFLD 患者的ALT 水平。Buse 等[7]的研究表明基線ALT 異常的T2DM 患者在采用艾塞那肽治療2 年后ALT 水平較治療前明顯改善(平均較治療前減少11 IU/L,P <0.05),其中39%的患者可出現(xiàn)ALT復(fù)常。Bergenstal 等[8]的研究也表明艾塞那肽治療可顯著降低NAFLD 患者ALT 水平。
1.2 GLP-1RAs 減少肝臟脂肪含量 Cuthbertson等[9]研究表明GLP-1RAs 可以顯著減少肥胖患者肝內(nèi)脂肪含量(intrahepatic lipids,IHL)。Hopkins 等[10]研究進(jìn)一步表明GLP-1RAs 治療6 個月可以使T2DM 患者肝內(nèi)脂肪含量減少12. 7% ~21. 3%。Samson 和Sathyanarayana 等[11-12]研究均表明與吡格列酮單藥治療組相比,吡格列酮+艾塞那肽治療組肝內(nèi)脂肪含量減少更為明顯(P <0.05)。Vendrell 和Gupta 等[13-14]從分子水平闡明了GLP-1RAs 降低肝內(nèi)脂肪含量的機(jī)制:NAFLD 患者肝內(nèi)成熟脂肪細(xì)胞表面表達(dá)GLP-1R,GLP-1RAs 與GLP-1R 結(jié)合后通過促進(jìn)激素敏感脂肪酶(hormone sensitive lipase,HSL)在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的聚集及增加HSL 的活性來加速細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂肪的降解。
1.3 GLP-1RAs 減輕肝臟脂肪變性 Gupta 等[15]通過體外試驗證實GLP-1RAs 可直接作用于肝細(xì)胞表面的GLP-1R,通過調(diào)節(jié)胰島素信號通路來改善胰島素抵抗,促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂質(zhì)的降解,減輕肝細(xì)胞脂肪變性。Dhanesha 等[16]的動物實驗也表明GLP-1RAs 可通過改善胰島素抵抗來逆轉(zhuǎn)肝細(xì)胞脂肪變性。Ben-Shlomo等[17]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)GLP-1RAs 還可以通過活化AMP 蛋白激酶(AMPK)發(fā)揮作用,并在體外試驗中證實GLP-1RAs 可以增強(qiáng)肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)AMPK 磷酸化,加速肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂質(zhì)的代謝,進(jìn)而減輕肝細(xì)胞脂肪變性。Samson等[11]通過動物實驗證實GLP-1RAs 的確可以通過增強(qiáng)小鼠肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)AMPK 磷酸化達(dá)到減輕肝細(xì)胞脂肪變性的目的。Sharma 等[18]的臨床試驗表明GLP-1RAs可延緩或阻斷NAFLD 患者由隱源性肝脂肪變性向NASH 的進(jìn)展過程。雖然體外試驗及動物實驗均表明GLP-1RAs 有減輕甚至逆轉(zhuǎn)肝細(xì)胞脂肪變性的作用,但相關(guān)臨床試驗較少,尚需進(jìn)一步研究。
1.4 GLP-1RAs 減輕肝纖維化程度 纖維母細(xì)胞生長因子21(fibroblast growth factor 21,F(xiàn)GF21)可能在NASH 向肝纖維化及肝硬化進(jìn)展過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[19]。Samson 等[11]研究表明與吡格列酮單藥治療相比,吡格列酮+ 艾塞那肽組FGF21 水平降低更加明顯。Ohki 等[6]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)利拉魯肽治療可有效改善NASH 患者血漿中肝纖維化指標(biāo)。Kenny 等[20]報道了8 例肝穿刺確診為NASH 的患者,艾塞那肽治療28 周后再次行肝穿刺復(fù)查肝臟組織學(xué),其中3 例患者肝纖維化評分較治療前減輕(纖維化評分下降>1 分)。
血脂異常、肥胖及T2DM 是NAFLD 最常見的危險因素,同時也是NAFLD 最常伴隨的代謝綜合征。
2.1 GLP-1RAs 對血脂異常的治療作用 Samson等[11]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)艾塞那肽可降低肥胖小鼠模型肝臟內(nèi)甘油三酯水平。Kelly 等[21]的臨床試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)與二甲雙胍相比,艾塞那肽在降低肝臟內(nèi)甘油三酯水平方面更具優(yōu)勢(-25.5 mg/dl vs -2.9 mg/dl,P =0.032)。Bello 等[22]認(rèn)為GLP-1RAs 改善脂類代謝的機(jī)制可能與激活肝細(xì)胞表面過氧化物酶體增生物激活受體(PPAR-α)導(dǎo)致載脂蛋白C 的合成減少、促進(jìn)血脂降解及肝臟甘油三酯清除有關(guān)。此外也有研究[23-24]表明GLP-1RAs 可以通過增加飽腹感、增強(qiáng)機(jī)體胰島素敏感性、促進(jìn)胰島素分泌來間接發(fā)揮改善脂類代謝的功能。
2.2 GLP-1RAs 對肥胖的治療作用
2.2.1 GLP-1RAs 可有效縮小腰圍:Aguilar[24]的研究表明腰圍可能是NAFLD 的危險因素,而且有研究[25]表明腰圍增加可能與NAFLD 病情進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)。Dushay 等[26]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)35 周艾塞那肽治療即可使肥胖患者腰圍明顯縮小。Davies 等[27]的研究顯示艾塞那肽在縮小患者腰圍方面較甘精胰島素更具優(yōu)勢(-4.8 cm vs +1.7 cm,P <0.001)。Li 等[28]的研究顯示在治療12 周時利拉魯肽+胰島素治療組較單純胰島素治療組腰圍平均縮小5.70 cm(P <0.01)。2.2.2 GLP-1RAs 可有效減少脂肪含量:Grotti 等[29]的研究表明體內(nèi)總體脂肪含量及內(nèi)臟脂肪含量均是NAFLD 的獨立預(yù)測因素;Khunti 等[30]的研究表明腹部脂肪含量與NAFLD 的病情進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)。有研究[31]表明利拉魯肽可以明顯降低患者體內(nèi)總體脂肪含量及內(nèi)臟脂肪組織。Astrup 等[32]的研究表明利拉魯肽治療20 d 可使患者總體脂肪含量減少15.4%。González-Ortiz 等[33]的研究表明艾塞那肽治療1 個月就可以使皮下脂肪減少4.4%。Inoue 等[34]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)利拉魯肽0.3 ~0.9 mg/d 治療20 d 即可明顯降低患者內(nèi)臟脂肪含量估計值(eVFA)。Kelly 等[35]的隨機(jī)對照雙盲試驗也表明GLP-1RAs 可以明顯降低嚴(yán)重肥胖青少年的eVFA。上述研究表明GLP-1RAs 可以通過減少患者總體脂肪含量及內(nèi)臟脂肪含量達(dá)到改善NAFLD 及其伴發(fā)代謝綜合征的目的。
2.3 GLP-1RAs 對T2DM 的治療作用 GLP-1RAs是一種新型降糖藥物,可通過促進(jìn)胰島素分泌、抑制胰高血糖素分泌、延緩胃排空、增加飽腹感、降低食欲等多種方式調(diào)節(jié)血糖穩(wěn)態(tài)[36]。Nauck 等[37]的研究表明利拉魯肽不僅可有效降低T2DM 患者血糖,還具有減輕體質(zhì)量及降低收縮壓的作用,且安全性良好。Cui等[38]的研究也表明艾塞那肽可以有效控制T2DM 患者血糖、減輕患者體質(zhì)量,且安全性與耐受性良好。目前,美國內(nèi)分泌醫(yī)師協(xié)會(AACE)、美國糖尿病協(xié)會(ADA)及歐洲糖尿病研究協(xié)會(EASD)已將利拉魯肽及艾塞那肽列為T2DM 治療的一線藥物[39]。
近十幾年來,隨著對NAFLD 及代謝綜合征的病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制認(rèn)識的不斷深入,臨床醫(yī)師不再將NAFLD作為一個單一的疾病看待,在關(guān)注NAFLD 的同時也越來越重視相伴發(fā)生的代謝綜合征的治療。GLP-1RAs不僅可通過改善肝酶水平、減少肝臟脂肪含量、減輕肝臟脂肪變性及減輕肝纖維化程度發(fā)揮改善NAFLD 病情的作用,還對NAFLD 最常伴發(fā)的血脂異常、肥胖癥及T2DM 等代謝綜合征有明顯療效,在NAFLD 患者中有很好的臨床應(yīng)用前景。然而目前仍存在許多有待進(jìn)一步研究的問題,如GLP-1RAs 治療NAFLD 的作用機(jī)制,特別是分子水平的機(jī)制研究目前結(jié)論不一;GLP-1RAs 用于治療NAFLD 的最佳治療劑量和療程尚不明確;長期使用的安全性有待進(jìn)一步觀察。
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