肖美芳,王昌富,周義正,邱小燕
(華中科技大學(xué)附屬荊州醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科,湖北荊州 434020)
?
·論 著·
惡性腫瘤患者鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌感染的現(xiàn)患率調(diào)查及耐藥性分析*
肖美芳,王昌富△,周義正,邱小燕
(華中科技大學(xué)附屬荊州醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科,湖北荊州 434020)
目的 探討惡性腫瘤患者鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌感染的現(xiàn)患率及細(xì)菌耐藥性,為臨床預(yù)防和診治提供參考。方法 選取惡性腫瘤患者691例,取痰液、咽拭子、穿刺液及尿液作為標(biāo)本檢測(cè)鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌,并通過紙片擴(kuò)散法行耐藥性分析。結(jié)果 691例患者取不同部位標(biāo)本1 355份,分離得到52株鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌,檢出率為3.84%,感染率為7.53%。其中男性和女性患者現(xiàn)患率分別為7.80%和7.21%,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。≥60歲惡性腫瘤患者現(xiàn)患率為9.09%,<60歲患者為4.13%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。肺癌、大腸癌患者鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌現(xiàn)患率分別為10.06%和9.12%,明顯多于其他部位腫瘤患者。痰液標(biāo)本鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌檢出率為5.93%,明顯多于其他類型標(biāo)本(P<0.05)。52株鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌對(duì)頭孢唑林耐藥率達(dá)到100.00%,對(duì)頭孢呋辛、頭孢曲松和慶大霉素的耐藥率也較高,分別為88.46%、82.69%和78.85%;對(duì)多黏菌素耐藥率最低,僅1.92%,此外對(duì)美羅培南和亞胺培南的耐藥性較低,分別為11.54%和17.31%。結(jié)論 不同年齡、不同原發(fā)腫瘤的患者其鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌感染現(xiàn)患率存在差異。在臨床工作中應(yīng)減少患者的侵入性操作,并規(guī)范使用抗菌藥物,根據(jù)藥敏試驗(yàn)結(jié)果選擇敏感藥物,控制耐藥菌株產(chǎn)生。
惡性腫瘤; 鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌; 耐藥性
鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌在自然界和人體皮膚表面廣泛分布,是重要的條件致病菌,也是醫(yī)院感染的重要病原菌之一[1]。近年來,隨著抗菌藥物不合理應(yīng)用的增加,鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的耐藥菌株越來越多,給治療增加了難度。特別是惡性腫瘤患者,由于機(jī)體免疫力下降,更容易發(fā)生感染[2]。本研究回顧分析了2013年9月至2014年9月期間本院收治的惡性腫瘤,對(duì)鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌感染的現(xiàn)患率進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),并進(jìn)行了耐藥性分析,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料 2013年1月至2014年12月本院收治的惡性腫瘤患者691例,所有患者均經(jīng)影像學(xué)檢查及病理學(xué)檢查確診為惡性腫瘤。年齡38~77歲,平均(61.84±4.82)歲。所有患者入院時(shí)均排除感染,且排除原發(fā)腫瘤臟器外其他臟器嚴(yán)重疾病。其中男372例(53.84%),女319例(46.16%);60歲以下者218例(31.55%),60歲及60歲以上者473例(68.48%);肺癌318例(46.02%),大腸癌147例(21.27%),胃癌93例(13.46%),肝癌85例(12.30%),其他惡性腫瘤48例(6.95%)。
1.2 方法 采用法國(guó)生物梅里埃公司生產(chǎn)的VITEK-32全自動(dòng)細(xì)菌鑒定系統(tǒng)對(duì)菌株鑒定,并采用紙片擴(kuò)散法對(duì)鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的耐藥性進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。剔除同一患者不同時(shí)間或不同部位培養(yǎng)出的同一重復(fù)菌株。所有藥敏紙片均為英國(guó)Oxoid公司產(chǎn)品;MH瓊脂培養(yǎng)基為法國(guó)生物梅里埃公司產(chǎn)品;采用衛(wèi)生部臨檢中心提供的銅綠假單胞菌ATCC27853和大腸埃希菌ATCC25922作為質(zhì)控菌株。定期對(duì)培養(yǎng)基、染液、藥物敏感試劑等進(jìn)行質(zhì)控。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS13.0軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌檢出情況 691例患者取不同部位標(biāo)本共1 355份,分離得到52株鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌,檢出率為3.84%,感染率為7.53%。其中男性和女性患者現(xiàn)患率分別為7.80%和7.21%,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)?!?0歲的惡性腫瘤患者現(xiàn)患率為9.09%,<60歲患者的現(xiàn)患率為4.13%,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。肺癌、大腸癌患者鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌現(xiàn)患率分別為10.06%和9.12%,明顯高于肝癌、胃癌和其他惡性腫瘤患者(P<0.05)。痰液標(biāo)本中鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌檢出率為5.93%,明顯多于其他類型的標(biāo)本(P<0.05)。見表1。
表1 鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌現(xiàn)患率及分布構(gòu)成比
2.2 耐藥性分析 52株鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌對(duì)頭孢唑林耐藥率達(dá)到100.00%,對(duì)頭孢呋辛、頭孢曲松和慶大霉素的耐藥率也較高,分別為88.46%、82.69%和78.85%;對(duì)多黏菌素耐藥性最低,僅1.92%,此外對(duì)美羅培南和亞胺培南的耐藥率較低,分別為11.54%和17.31%。見表2。
表2 52株鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌對(duì)抗菌藥物的耐藥率
鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌是一種不發(fā)酵糖類、無動(dòng)力革蘭陰性菌,廣泛分布于自然界中,在潮濕和干燥環(huán)境下容易生存,是臨床常見的條件致病菌[3]。惡性腫瘤患者由于機(jī)體免疫力下降,給鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的感染提供了有利條件,可導(dǎo)致呼吸道、泌尿道等系統(tǒng)感染,甚至引起菌血癥和腦膜炎等,而危及患者生命[4]。隨著抗菌藥物不合理應(yīng)用的增加,鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的耐藥性也日益嚴(yán)重,給臨床治療帶來難度,也相應(yīng)地增加了患者的危險(xiǎn)[5]。
本研究對(duì)691例腫瘤患者感染鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌情況進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì)。取患者痰液、咽拭子、穿刺液及尿液作為標(biāo)本進(jìn)行檢測(cè),1 355份標(biāo)本共分離得到鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌52株,檢出率為3.84%,現(xiàn)患率為7.53%。而且不同性別的患者其鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的現(xiàn)患率差別不大,≥60歲的患者現(xiàn)患率為9.09%,明顯高于60歲以下的患者,這是因?yàn)殡S著年齡的增長(zhǎng),患者可合并多臟器功能減退,機(jī)體免疫力也相應(yīng)下降,更容易出現(xiàn)感染[6]。本研究中,不同原發(fā)癌癥患者鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的現(xiàn)患率存在較大差異,其中肺癌和大腸癌患者的現(xiàn)患率分別為10.06%和9.12%,而胃癌、肝癌及其他惡性腫瘤的現(xiàn)患率分別為5.38%、4.71%和4.17%,肺癌和大腸癌患者的現(xiàn)患率更高。這是因?yàn)榉尾凯h(huán)境具有良好的溫度和濕度,且富氧,最有利于鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生長(zhǎng),而肺癌患者肺部組織結(jié)構(gòu)被破壞,局部免疫力下降,更容易發(fā)生感染[7];此外,惡性腫瘤患者臥床時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),容易出現(xiàn)墜積性肺炎。不同部位的標(biāo)本中以痰液標(biāo)本的鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌檢出率最高,為5.93%,也說明該病原菌以呼吸道感染最為常見。惡性腫瘤患者常需要進(jìn)行氣管插管、人工呼吸等有創(chuàng)操作,進(jìn)一步破壞了呼吸道的防御屏障,給病原菌的入侵提供了條件[8]。因此對(duì)于惡性腫瘤,特別是肺癌患者,應(yīng)盡量減少侵入性操作,避免由此增加感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
在對(duì)52株鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌耐藥性進(jìn)行分析時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),這些病原菌對(duì)頭孢唑林耐藥性達(dá)到100.00%,此外對(duì)頭孢呋辛、頭孢曲松和慶大霉素的耐藥性也較高,分別為88.46%、82.69%和78.85%。鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌對(duì)頭孢菌素類藥物的耐藥性較高,與其可以產(chǎn)生多種滅活酶,導(dǎo)致外膜蛋白缺失有關(guān)[9],在治療時(shí)應(yīng)盡量予以避免這些藥物的應(yīng)用。本研究中52株鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌中僅有1株對(duì)多黏菌素耐藥,耐藥率僅1.92%,但是多黏菌素具有較大的腎毒性,在臨床應(yīng)用時(shí)會(huì)受到一定的限制,尤其是惡性腫瘤患者,可合并多臟器功能障礙,對(duì)于腎功能不良者應(yīng)禁用[10]。鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌對(duì)美羅培南和亞胺培南的耐藥性也較低,分別為11.54%和17.31%,因此這2種藥物可以作為治療鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的常規(guī)藥物。
總之,惡性腫瘤患者感染鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的現(xiàn)患率為7.53%,不同年齡、不同原發(fā)腫瘤的患者其現(xiàn)患率存在差異。在臨床工作中應(yīng)減少患者的侵入性操作,并規(guī)范使用抗菌藥物,根據(jù)藥敏試驗(yàn)結(jié)果選擇敏感藥物,控制耐藥菌株產(chǎn)生。
[1]Xin F,Cai D,Sun Y,et al.Exploring the diversity of Acinetobacter populations in river water with genus-specific primers and probes[J].J Gen Appl Microbiol,2014,60(2):51-58.
[2]Manikandan M,Abdelhamid HN,Talib A,et al.Facile synthesis of gold nanohexagons on graphene templates in Raman spectroscopy for biosensing cancer and cancer stem cells[J].Biosens Bioelectron,2014,55(10):180-186.
[3]Pokorny B,Müller-Loennies S,Kosma P.Synthesis of α-d-glucosyl substituted methyl glycosides of 3-deoxy-α-d-manno-and d-glycero-α-d-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid(Kdo/Ko) corresponding to inner core fragments of Acinetobacter lipopolysaccharide[J].Carbohydr Res,2014,391:66-81.
[4]Smith AL,Hamilton KM,Hirschle L,et al.Characterization and molecular epidemiology of a fungal infection of edible crabs(Cancer pagurus) and interaction of the fungus with the dinoflagellate parasite Hematodinium[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2013,79(3):783-793.
[5]Chusri S,Na-Phatthalung P,Siriyong T,et al.Holarrhena antidysenterica as a resistance modifying agent against Acinetobacter baumannii:Its effects on bacterial outer membrane permeability and efflux pumps[J].Microbiol Res,2014,169(5):417-424.
[6]Marwick CA,Yu N,Lockhart MC,et al.Community-associated Clostridium difficile infection among older people in Tayside,Scotland,is associated with antibiotic exposure and care home residence:cohort study with nested case-control[J].J Antimicrob Chemother,2013,68(12):2927-2933.
[7]Monforte V,López-Sánchez A,Zurbano F,et al.Prophylaxis with nebulized liposomal amphotericin B for Aspergillus infection in lung transplant patients does not cause changes in the lipid content of pulmonary surfactant[J].J Heart Lung Transplant,2013,32(3):313-319.
[8]Gilkeson CA,Camargo-Valero MA,Pickin LE,et al.Measurement of ventilation and airborne infection risk in large naturally ventilated hospital wards[J].Build Environ,2013,65(7):35-48.
[9]Migliavacca R,Espinal P,Principe L,et al.Characterization of resistance mechanisms and genetic relatedness of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from blood,Italy[J].Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis,2013,75(2):180-186.
[10]Lesho E,Yoon EJ,McGann P,et al.Emergence of colistin-resistance in extremely drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii containing a novel pmrCAB operon during colistin therapy of wound infections[J].J Infect Dis,2013,208(7):1142-1151.
Survey on prevalence rate of Acinetobacter baumannii infection in malignant tumor patients and analysis of drug resistance*
XIAOMei-fang,WANGChang-fu△,ZHOUYi-zheng,QIUXiao-yan
(DepartmentofClinicalLaboratory,AffiliatedJingzhouHospital,HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Jingzhou,Hubei434020,China)
Objective To study the prevalence rate of Acinetobacter baumannii infection in the patients with malignant tumor and the drug resistance to provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment.Methods 691 cases of malignant tumor were selected.Sputum,pharynx swabs,puncture fluid and urine were collected as specimens for detecting Acinetobacter baumannii,and the drug resistance analysis was performed by using the disk diffusion method.Results 1 355 samples were taken from different parts in 691 patients,52 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii were isolated with the detection rate of 3.84% and the infection rate of 7.53%.The prevalence rates of males and females were 7.80% and 7.21% respectively,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The prevalence rate in malignant tumor patients aged ≥60 years old was 9.09%,which in the patients aged <60 years old was 4.13%,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The prevalence rates of Acinetobacter baumannii in lung cancer and colorectal cancer were 10.06% and 9.12% respectively,which were significantly higher than those in other parts of tumor.The detection rate of Acinetobacter baumannii was 5.93% in sputum specimens,which was significantly higher than that in the other specimens,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The resistant rate in 52 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii to cefazolin reached 100.00%,which to cefuroxime,ceftriaxone and gentamicin were higher and were 88.46%,82.69% and 78.85% respectively;the resistant rate to polymyxine was lowest,only 1.92%,in addition,the resistant rates to meropenem and imipenem were lower,which were 11.54% and 17.31% respectively.Conclusion The prevalence rates of Acinetobacter baumannii exists in different ages and different primary tumors.The the clinical work,the invasive operations in the patients should be reduced.The antibacterial drugs should be normally used,and the sensitive antibacterial drugs should be selected according to the drug susceptibility test for controlling the generation of drug-resistant strains.
malignant tumor; Acinetobacter baumannii; drug resistance
國(guó)家科技創(chuàng)新基金(國(guó)科發(fā)計(jì)[2013]583號(hào))。
肖美芳,女,碩士,檢驗(yàn)師,主要從事臨床微生物檢驗(yàn)研究。
△通訊作者,E-mail:jzyyjyk@163.com。
10.3969/j.issn.1672-9455.2015.19.004
A
1672-9455(2015)19-2820-03
2015-02-25
2015-06-25)