·綜述·
心房顫動發(fā)作的長程監(jiān)測
張圣潔 李廣平
心房顫動; 心電描記術(shù), 便攜式
心房顫動是臨床上一種常見的心律失常類型。近年來,由于人口老齡化和人均壽命延長等因素使得高血壓、冠心病等老年病的患病率逐年升高。這些疾病可以促進心房顫動的發(fā)生,因而心房顫動的發(fā)生率在全球范圍內(nèi)呈逐漸上升的趨勢。歐洲的心房顫動患者現(xiàn)已多達600萬人,預(yù)計在未來50年間,這個數(shù)字至少還會增加一倍[1]。而據(jù)統(tǒng)計,我國心房顫動的總患病率為0.77%,根據(jù)中國標準人口構(gòu)成校正后為0.61%,略高于國際上相關(guān)研究結(jié)果。心房顫動可誘發(fā)并加重心力衰竭,引發(fā)腦卒中,極大地降低患者的生活質(zhì)量,甚至可以導(dǎo)致死亡[2]。因此,如何提高心房顫動檢出率、評估心房顫動風(fēng)險、控制病情進展、改善疾病預(yù)后已成為臨床亟待解決的問題。然而,由于部分陣發(fā)心房顫動患者心房顫動發(fā)作不頻繁,且部分心房顫動患者房顫發(fā)作時并無臨床癥狀,因此難以通過短程心電圖檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)。而長程動態(tài)心電監(jiān)測可通過延長監(jiān)測時間提高心房顫動的檢出率,這對延緩并發(fā)癥的出現(xiàn)和進展,改善患者的生活質(zhì)量,提高生存率有重要的意義。本文將從心房顫動的心電監(jiān)測手段、指標以及時程與頻率等三方面對此領(lǐng)域的最新進展做一綜述。
目前常用的動態(tài)心電記錄器共有兩種類型。第一類是持續(xù)記錄器,臨床上常用的Holter心電圖就是此種記錄器。這種儀器的佩戴時間通常在24~48 h之間,可以記錄出現(xiàn)在這一時間段內(nèi)的全部心電圖變化以及相應(yīng)的癥狀。由于記錄時間較長,24 h Holter對心房顫動的檢出率相對高于靜息短程心電圖。然而,由于Holter僅能對有限時間內(nèi)的心電圖進行持續(xù)記錄,因此這類記錄器更適用于檢出發(fā)作頻繁的心電事件。對于發(fā)作不規(guī)律的陣發(fā)心房顫動而言,短時程Holter檢查并不是十分理想的監(jiān)測手段。目前關(guān)于心房顫動的專家共識也都不再將24 h短程Holter推薦為陣發(fā)心房顫動的首選檢測手段[3-4]。近來,一些學(xué)者通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),增加Holter的檢查頻率和記錄時間可以提高其對心房顫動,特別是無癥狀心房顫動的檢出率,從而提高了Holter對心房顫動發(fā)作的監(jiān)測價值[5-6]。
另一類則稱為間斷記錄器(intermittent recorders)。此類記錄器的佩戴時間長達數(shù)周到數(shù)月,可以通過對佩戴者的心電圖變化進行長期監(jiān)測,從中發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)作不頻繁的心電事件,并對其進行短暫記錄,可進一步分為植入式心電記錄器和體外心電記錄器兩類。植入式心電記錄器需行皮下置入,通過電極持續(xù)記錄單一導(dǎo)聯(lián)的心電圖,但僅儲存其中的一小部分。它的體積和重量均小于傳統(tǒng)起搏器,電池電量可以持續(xù)使用約18~24個月,總記錄時間上限為42 min。記錄器可通過患者手動觸發(fā)或程序控制自動觸發(fā)兩種方式進行心電資料的凍結(jié)與儲存,其所記錄的心電圖數(shù)據(jù)可遠程傳輸至程控儀以進行分析。新一代起搏器、埋藏式心臟復(fù)律除顫器以及實時心電監(jiān)護器也具有植入式心電記錄器的功能[7-9],但非起搏適應(yīng)證者不宜作為心房顫動的評估檢測手段。
植入式心電記錄器的優(yōu)勢在于監(jiān)測時程較長,使其更易檢出發(fā)作不頻繁或無癥狀心律失常事件[8-11],因此被認為是心房顫動尤其是無癥狀房顫檢出的金標準[12]。其缺點則是價格昂貴且為有創(chuàng)檢查,一定程度上限制了它的應(yīng)用。而體外心電記錄器的記錄觸發(fā)機制與植入式心電記錄器相同,可用于心房顫動患者進行長程心電監(jiān)測及心律失常事件記錄[13],且無需有創(chuàng)植入,攜帶方便,可將所記錄的數(shù)據(jù)存儲在記錄器中,再通過直接提交或經(jīng)電話線傳輸兩種方式提交心電信息[14],因此更具臨床實用性。其中,電話傳輸心電圖由于有效監(jiān)測時間長、無需粘貼電極、心電信息可實時傳輸至醫(yī)院監(jiān)測中心等特點使此類記錄器便于長周期使用。對于陣發(fā)心房顫動而言,電話傳輸心電圖較標準心電圖和24 h Holter更適用于心房顫動發(fā)作的心電監(jiān)測。
心電監(jiān)測的技術(shù)進步為心房顫動的心律評價提供了技術(shù)依托,使得心房顫動發(fā)作的評價完成了從“質(zhì)”到“量”的飛躍。目前人們常用的心房顫動發(fā)作評價指標主要是心房顫動負荷(atrial fibrillation burden),即患者心房顫動發(fā)作時間占總監(jiān)測時間的百分比,多用于評價心房顫動患者的血栓栓塞風(fēng)險[15-16]和射頻消融手術(shù)效果[17]。心電監(jiān)測檢出心房顫動的敏感性除了受到心房顫動負荷的影響之外,還與心房顫動發(fā)作在時間上的分布趨勢相關(guān)。為了更精準地對心房顫動發(fā)作進行評價,Charitos等[5]將心房顫動發(fā)作在時間上的集中趨勢定義為房顫密度(atrial fibrillation burden density)。心房顫動負荷與心房顫動密度在心房顫動心電監(jiān)測的時程和設(shè)備的選擇上起著十分重要的作用。
盡管患者A與患者B的心房顫動負荷相似,但由于心房顫動密度的不同使得其心房顫動的檢出率也不相同(圖1)。患者B每天的心房顫動發(fā)作時間相對平均,因此30 d Holter與24 h Holter的心房顫動檢出率相同,敏感度均高達100%。而患者A則不同,其較高的心房顫動密度使得隨機30 d Holter發(fā)現(xiàn)心房顫動發(fā)作的幾率高于隨機24 h Holter。對于整個心房顫動患者群體而言,心房顫動密度是影響Holter檢出敏感性的主要指標。當心房顫動負荷水平相當時,心房顫動密度高的患者檢出心房顫動的敏感性低于心房顫動密度低的患者,而延長心電監(jiān)測時間可以提高其對心房顫動的檢出率。當我們?yōu)榛颊哌x擇合理的心電監(jiān)測手段時,心房顫動負荷和心房顫動密度也是重要的選擇依據(jù)之一?;颊叩男姆款潉迂摵稍降汀⒚芏仍礁?,植入式心電記錄器的心房顫動檢出率相對Holter而言就越高。因此低心房顫動負荷、高心房顫動密度的心房顫動患者更適合選用植入式心電記錄器進行心電監(jiān)測。
圖1 Charitos等[5]的研究中所示的患者A與患者B的心電信息記錄結(jié)果比較 二者心房顫動負荷相似,分別為A=0.22,B=0.21。但由于二者的心房顫動類型不同,其心房顫動發(fā)作在時間上的分布趨勢差別很大?;颊逜發(fā)作時間相對集中,心房顫動密度較高,而患者B的發(fā)作時間分散,心房顫動密度較低
由于陣發(fā)心房顫動發(fā)作時間具有不定性,因此心電監(jiān)測的時程越長、頻率越高,Holter檢出心房顫動的可能性和準確性也就越高[18]。Mulder等[6]通過對96例陣發(fā)心房顫動患者進行7 d Holter監(jiān)測發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著時間的推移,Holter檢出心房顫動的敏感度及陰性預(yù)測值逐漸增高(表1)。延長監(jiān)測時間可以提高心房顫動的檢出率,但這并不是說Holter監(jiān)測的時程越長越好,過長的監(jiān)測時程對Holter的敏感性并沒有明顯的提高[19]。Charitos等[5]的研究顯示,一次30 d Holter檢出心房顫動的敏感度為0.65,而3次7 d Holter可以達到同樣的敏感度,同時縮短了總監(jiān)測時程(圖2)。而且,監(jiān)測時程越長,患者的耐受性和依從性就越差,反不利于心房顫動的檢出,因此Holter的監(jiān)測時程不宜過長[19]。
表1 不同監(jiān)測時間Holter檢查的敏感度>及陰性預(yù)測值的對比[6](%)
圖2 Charitos等[5]的研究中所示的不同監(jiān)測時程Holter探知心房顫動敏感度的對比 圖中圓點代表監(jiān)測次數(shù),一次30 d Holter檢出心房顫動的敏感度為0.65,而3次7 d Holter可以達到同樣的敏感度,同時縮短了總監(jiān)測時程,單次檢測時間越短,達到同樣的敏感度所需要的監(jiān)測頻率也相應(yīng)增多。7 d Holter所需的總監(jiān)測時間較短,監(jiān)測頻率較少,是較為理想的心房顫動監(jiān)測方式
7 d Holter以其適當?shù)谋O(jiān)測時程和較高的敏感度成為了可以媲美電話傳輸心電圖的心電監(jiān)測手段。但一次7 d Holter所記錄的心電信息長達168 h,不便于進行心電分析。為縮短分析時間,Roten等[4]希望用7 d間斷Holter來代替7 d連續(xù)Holter進行心電監(jiān)測。由于這種Holter僅在系統(tǒng)識別心律失常發(fā)生后才記錄一段心電圖,故與7 d連續(xù)Holter相比,其有效記錄時程較短,敏感性較低,且僅能進行定性分析,不適宜作為心房顫動負荷和密度評估和心房顫動檢出的分析方法。因此,盡管7 d連續(xù)Holter有漏檢無癥狀心房顫動可能[20],但目前仍多推薦用其進行心房顫動的心電監(jiān)測。
心房顫動是一種常見的心律失常類型,具有高的致死率和致殘率。由于近年來心房顫動的現(xiàn)患率的逐年升高,使得心房顫動發(fā)作的心電監(jiān)測變得愈加重要。根據(jù)心房顫動負荷和心房顫動密度選擇適合的動態(tài)心電記錄器進行長程心電監(jiān)測可以提高心房顫動的檢出率。7 d連續(xù)Holter監(jiān)測以其適當?shù)谋O(jiān)測時程和較高的敏感性成為目前首推的心房顫動心電監(jiān)測手段。
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(本文編輯:周白瑜)
Long-term electrocardiographic monitoring methods and assessing indices of atrial fibrillation occurence and burden
ZhangShengjie,LiGuangping.
DepartmentofCardiology,SecondHospitalofTianjinMedicalUniversity,TianjinInstituteofCardiology,Tianjin300211,China
LiGuangping,Email:tjcardiol@126.com
Atrial fibrillation; Electrocardiography, ambulatory
10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2015.03.016
300211天津心臟病學(xué)研究所,天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院心臟科
李廣平,電子信箱:tjcardiol@126.com
2014-12-11)