廖永紅
(重慶市合川區(qū)中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院內(nèi)一科,重慶 401520)
低水平膽固醇患者心血管相關(guān)因素變化研究
廖永紅
(重慶市合川區(qū)中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院內(nèi)一科,重慶 401520)
目前有關(guān)血脂干預(yù)試驗(yàn)證實(shí),降低血清低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)與總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)水平可顯著降低動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性疾病的發(fā)生率和病死率[1]。LDL-C水平上升是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生的主要危險(xiǎn)因素,動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化屬于慢性疾病,而LDL-C可能是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的誘發(fā)因素[2]。然而,有流行病學(xué)調(diào)查與人群干預(yù)試驗(yàn)顯示,不管是自身的LDL-C、TC低下還是經(jīng)干預(yù)使LDL-C與TC水平下降的患者,其非心血管病的發(fā)生率和病死率均呈上升趨勢(shì)。故LDL-C與TC水平下降患者的非心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)性是否增高是當(dāng)前爭論的焦點(diǎn)[3]。有文獻(xiàn)提出,將血漿中TC<4.14 mmoL/L者定義為低膽固醇血癥,即LDL-C<2.59 mmol/L[4]。本研究旨在評(píng)價(jià)低水平膽固醇患者心血管相關(guān)因素的變化情況。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料將2012年8月至2013年8月重慶市合川區(qū)中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院收治的210例來院體檢并確診為低水平膽固醇者作為觀察組,男69例、女141例,年齡21~68歲,平均(41±9)歲?;颊咧饕憩F(xiàn)為LDL-C水平降低(LDL-C水平均<2 mmol/L),高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)降低或升高,伴或不伴TC與三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)降低,但均無升高。另選擇同期210例膽固醇正常者作為對(duì)照組,男99例、女111例,年齡20~67歲,平均(41±8)歲,TG、TC、LDL-C及HDL-C水平均在正常范圍內(nèi)。
1.2方法
1.2.1血液檢測(cè)全部受檢者禁食12 h,于次日晨8:00~9:00時(shí)抽取外周靜脈血6 mL,取血清后用美國雷杜Rayto RT 200C全自動(dòng)生化分析儀檢測(cè)代謝產(chǎn)物:血糖、TC、TG、丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT),天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)、LDL-C、HDL-C、血清尿酸、肌酐及尿素氮。血脂異常診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下[5]。①高膽固醇血癥:血清TC>5.72 mmol/L;②高三酰甘油血癥:TG>1.7 mmol/L;③血脂異常:LDL-C>4.0 mmol/L及HDL-C<0.91 mmol/L。④其他異常情況:血糖>6.11 mmol/L、尿素氮>7.14 mmol/L、尿酸>139 μmol/L、ALT>46 U/L、AST>46 U/L、肌酐>133 μmol/L。
1.2.2脂肪肝診斷采取影像學(xué)與病理學(xué)檢查,主要包括CT、B超、磁共振成像以及肝動(dòng)脈血管造影。體質(zhì)指數(shù)以我國人口的正常體質(zhì)指數(shù)為參考:19~24 kg/m2[6]。
1.2.3心電圖診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將普通十二導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖機(jī)診斷作為診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組間心電圖異常及中、輕度脂肪肝情況對(duì)比觀察組以女性居多,兩組性別比例差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。觀察組心電圖異常99例(47.1%),其中47例為竇性心律不齊,13例為心動(dòng)過緩,12例為心動(dòng)過緩伴心律不齊,10例為T波異常變化,4例為左心室高電壓,4例為Q-T間期延長,4例為P-R間期縮短,4例為心動(dòng)過速,1例為不完全右束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯;對(duì)照組中心電圖異常76例(36.2%),兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。觀察組在11例輕度脂肪肝人群中,男5例、女6例,觀察組輕度脂肪肝和脂肪肝總和率均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2兩組血清及其他各指標(biāo)對(duì)比結(jié)果觀察組GLU、TC、TG、LDL-C、尿酸、尿素氮、肌酐、體質(zhì)量、收縮壓、舒張壓、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、ALT、AST水平均低于對(duì)照組,HDL-C水平高于對(duì)照組,
差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05或P<0.01),見表2。
表1 兩組間心電圖異常及中、輕度
觀察組:低水平膽固醇者;對(duì)照組:膽固醇水平正常者
表2 兩組血清指標(biāo)及其他各指標(biāo)對(duì)比比較 ±s)
觀察組:低水平膽固醇者;對(duì)照組:膽固醇水平正常者;TC:總膽固醇;TG:三酰甘油;LDL-C:低密度脂蛋白膽固醇;HDL-C:高密度脂蛋白膽固醇;ALT:丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶;AST:天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶; 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa
3討論
與膽固醇水平高低有關(guān)的因素主要有以下幾方面:①人體攝取食物中膽固醇水平高低。植物性食品不含膽固醇,而動(dòng)物性食品膽固醇含量高,因此以素食為主者一般情況下TC與LDL-C水平低下。②繼發(fā)于甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)、肝臟疾病以及癌腫等疾病的低膽固醇血癥。③降血脂藥物引發(fā)的TC水平低下。④遺傳因素導(dǎo)致TC水平降低的較少,如β脂蛋白缺乏血癥以及家族性β脂蛋白血癥等[7]。通常人類對(duì)LDL-C低下可耐受,LDL-C為0.6~1.6 mmoL/L仍可滿足機(jī)體的正常生理需要[8]。采取增加單藥劑量或聯(lián)用多種調(diào)脂藥物的方法,通常在4~6周時(shí)可達(dá)到最理想的調(diào)脂療效,但均不能使LDL-C水平下降。調(diào)脂干預(yù)方法下調(diào)LDL-C與TC水平能降低心血管疾病的發(fā)病率和病死率,進(jìn)而有學(xué)者提出降脂治療的重要性,認(rèn)為LDL-C水平越低,發(fā)生心血管事件的概率就越低[9]。但LDL-C水平過低是否會(huì)對(duì)身體造成傷害的研究不多。大部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為膽固醇是引發(fā)心腦血管病的危險(xiǎn)因素,但忽視了膽固醇水平過低也會(huì)對(duì)身體帶來危害[10]。目前認(rèn)為膽固醇水平低下與一些非心血管病的發(fā)病具有一定的相關(guān)性,如與呼吸道疾病、癌癥、創(chuàng)傷事件以及消化道疾病等的發(fā)生率有關(guān)[11]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與膽固醇水平正常者比較,低水平膽固醇者大多為中青年人,且女性偏多(67.1%),女性所占比例顯著高于男性。觀察組血糖、TC、TG、LDL-C、尿酸、尿素氮、肌酐、體質(zhì)量、收縮壓、舒張壓、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、ALT、AST水平均低于對(duì)照組,HDL-C水平高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05或P<0.01)。HDL-C是目前唯一具有抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化功能的保護(hù)性因素,流行病學(xué)調(diào)查表明,低水平的HDL-C是冠心病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因子,而升高HDL-C水平也成為調(diào)脂療法與冠心病防治的策略之一。這些措施均可促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性疾病的防治,但文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,HDL-C水平高低并非療效替代的有效指標(biāo),通過提高HDL-C水平來實(shí)現(xiàn)降低動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病的發(fā)病率的目的是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的[12]。研究顯示,針對(duì)冠心病患者來說,HDL-C功能改變要比HDL-C水平與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的關(guān)系更為密切[13]。本研究中的低水平膽固醇者的心電圖異常率顯著高于膽固醇水平正常者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。心電圖發(fā)生變化,不是功能性變化,就是病理性變化,低水平的膽固醇并非對(duì)心臟有利[14]。對(duì)低水平膽固醇患者而言,其心電圖變化屬于哪類變化,目前尚無確切答案,有待于深入探究。
總之,對(duì)于因環(huán)境因素造成TC水平低下者,如長期素食者,需調(diào)整飲食結(jié)構(gòu);對(duì)于家族性高α脂蛋白血癥和家族性低β脂蛋白血癥與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性疾病發(fā)病呈負(fù)相關(guān),此種情況不需治療;對(duì)于人為因素造成TC水平低者,如使用調(diào)脂藥物治療血脂異?;颊咴斐蒚C水平低下。故而在調(diào)節(jié)異常血脂時(shí)應(yīng)把握好度,合理的血脂范圍既能預(yù)防并降低心血管病事件的發(fā)生率,亦可確保身體健康。
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摘要:目的分析并評(píng)價(jià)低水平膽固醇患者心血管相關(guān)因素的變化規(guī)律。方法將2012年8月至2013年8月重慶市合川區(qū)中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院收治的210例來院體檢并確診為低水平膽固醇患者作為觀察組,另將210例膽固醇正常者作為對(duì)照組,分別測(cè)量兩組受試者的血壓、體質(zhì)量及體質(zhì)指數(shù),抽血檢測(cè)其血脂代謝水平,并進(jìn)行脂肪肝程度檢測(cè)以及心電圖檢查。結(jié)果觀察組心電圖異常率高于對(duì)照組(47.1%比36.2%),輕度脂肪肝和脂肪肝總檢出率低于對(duì)照組(5.2%比32.4%;5.7%比33.3%),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。觀察組血糖、總膽固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、血尿酸、尿素氮、肌酐、體質(zhì)量、收縮壓、舒張壓、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶水平均低于對(duì)照組,高密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05或P<0.01)。結(jié)論低水平膽固醇患者除了高密度脂蛋白膽固醇和心電圖異常率顯著高于膽固醇正常者外,其他各指標(biāo)均顯著低于膽固醇正常者。
關(guān)鍵詞:低水平膽固醇;血脂代謝;脂肪肝;心電圖異常
Study on the Changes of Cardiovascular Related Factors in Patients with Low Levels of CholesterolLIAOYong-hong.(DepartmentOneofInternalMedicine,HechuanHospitalofTraditionalChineseandWesternMedicine,Chongqing401520,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo analyze and evaluate the variation pattern of the cardiovascular related factors in patients with low levels of cholesterol.MethodsA total of 210 patients with low levels of cholesterol diagnosed in Hechuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western from Auguest 2012 to Auguest 2013 Medicine were selected as the observation group,another 210 patients with normal cholesterol level were selected as the control group.The blood pressure,body weight and body mass index,as well as the lipid metabolism level of the patients in both groups were detected,and the degree of fatty liver detection and electrocardiogram(ECG) examination were also conducted in the two groups.ResultsThe abnormal ECG rate of the observation group was higher than the control group(47.1% vs 36.2%),ratio of mild fatty liver and total detection rate of fatty liver were lower than the control group (5.2% vs 32.4%; 5.7% vs 33.3%),the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).In the observation group,levels of glucose,total cholesterol,triglyceride,low density lipoprotein cholesterol,uric acid,blood urea nitrogen,creatinine,body weight,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,body mass index,alanine transaminase,aspartate transaminase were all lower than the control group,while level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) was higher than the control group,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05 orP<0.01).ConclusionPatients with low level of cholesterol have higher level of HDL-C and abnormal ECG rate than patients with normal cholesterol level,besides,all the other indexes were significantly lower than patients with normal cholesterol level.
Key words:Low level of cholesterol; Lipid metabolism; Fatty liver; Abnormal electrocardiogram
收稿日期:2014-01-13修回日期:2014-06-26編輯:伊姍
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.06.057
中圖分類號(hào):R54
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)06-1104-03