水安全保障與水資源可持續(xù)利用

Bouhabila, E; Ben, Aim R; Buisson, H

Influence of the characteristics of natural organic matter on the fouling of microfiltration membranes

Fan, LH; Harris JL; Roddick FA; et al.

Fouling of microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes by natural waters

Howe, KJ; Clark, MM

Membrane fouling in pilot-scale membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) treating municipal wastewater

Kimura, K; Yamato, N; Yamamura, H; et al.

氣候變化視閾下的水安全現(xiàn)狀及應(yīng)對策略

侯立安，張林

（1. 第二炮兵工程大學(xué)3系，西安，710025；2. 浙江大學(xué)化學(xué)工程與生物工程學(xué)院，杭州，310027）

水與廢水處理中的膜生物反應(yīng)器技術(shù)

樊耀波，王菊思

熱點追蹤

水安全保障與水資源可持續(xù)利用

·編者按·

對于人類社會的發(fā)展而言，水既是必不可少的自然資源，也是重要的社會資源。中國的水資源總量約為2.8×1012m3，人均水資源量為2185 m3，僅為世界平均水平8800 m3的1/4，是世界上13個水資源貧乏的國家之一。由于過去工業(yè)的粗放發(fā)展模式，使得單位水資源產(chǎn)出水平較低，水環(huán)境污染較為嚴重；此外，中國自然的水資源還存在著時空分布不均、與生產(chǎn)力布局不相匹配，發(fā)展需求與水資源條件之間的矛盾突出等現(xiàn)象，中國水資源短缺形勢不容樂觀，水安全問題對社會發(fā)展的約束作用不斷增強。

目前，中國工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)和生活廢水的產(chǎn)生量大，而大部分的廢水則是經(jīng)過達標處理后排放到環(huán)境中，廢水的回用率相對較低。對工業(yè)廢水而言，其成分復(fù)雜，處理難度大，成本高，將多種處理技術(shù)相集成，提高廢水處理效率，降低處理成本，甚至實現(xiàn)有價值物質(zhì)的回收是近年來工業(yè)廢水回用的發(fā)展新趨勢。由于農(nóng)業(yè)廢水屬于面源式污染，雖然有很多新技術(shù)已經(jīng)被應(yīng)用到農(nóng)業(yè)廢水的處理中，但目前收效并不理想。城鎮(zhèn)生活污水在所有廢水中所占比例最大，要想徹底解決生活廢水問題，在發(fā)展新型的生化處理技術(shù)的同時，還需要提高民眾的環(huán)保和節(jié)水意識。海綿城市，是新一代城市雨洪管理概念，是指城市在適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化和應(yīng)對雨水帶來的自然災(zāi)害等方面具有良好的“彈性”，也可稱之為“水彈性城市”。近年來，強降雨導(dǎo)致的城市雨洪問題既給城市安全帶來困擾，又浪費了寶貴的水資源，加強雨洪儲存和處理技術(shù)研究，有助于推進海綿城市的建設(shè)。

根據(jù)中國《中國水資源公報》統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，目前中國萬元GDP用水量為109 m3，與世界平均水平相當，與發(fā)達國家相比仍有差距。而降低萬元GDP用水量，提高水利用率，則需要提高節(jié)水型社會建設(shè)水平，實現(xiàn)水資源優(yōu)化配置和建立高效利用的工程技術(shù)體系，近年來，隨著材料和工程等相關(guān)科學(xué)的不斷進步，以膜技術(shù)、吸附等為代表的水處理技術(shù)得到了快速發(fā)展，使其在非常規(guī)水源處理中得到了良好的應(yīng)用，并發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。因此，綠色生產(chǎn)工藝的設(shè)計，高性能的水處理材料的制備，集成工藝的開發(fā)等將有助于從源頭上解決水安全問題。

本專題得到了張林教授（浙江大學(xué)化學(xué)工程與生物工程學(xué)院）的大力支持。

·熱點數(shù)據(jù)排行·

截至2015年11月15日，中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）和Web of Science（WOS）的數(shù)據(jù)報告顯示，以“水處理（water treatment）、膜（membrane）”為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻分別為987條與16696條，本專題將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)按照：研究機構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進行排行，結(jié)果如下。

研究機構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

研究機構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

根據(jù)中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）數(shù)據(jù)報告，以“水處理（water treatment）、膜（membrane）”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

根據(jù)Web of Science統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，以“水處理（water treatment）、膜（membrane）”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國外數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

·經(jīng)典文獻推薦·

基于Web of Science檢索結(jié)果，利用Histcite軟件選取LCS（Local Citation Score，本地引用次數(shù)）TOP 30文獻作為節(jié)點進行分析，得到本領(lǐng)域推薦的經(jīng)典文獻如下。

來源出版物: Journal of Membrane Science 1997, 132 (2): 159-181

Fouling characterisation in membrane bioreactors

Bouhabila, E; Ben, Aim R; Buisson, H

Abstract:Compared with conventional wastewater treatment processes, membrane bioreactors offer several advantages, e.g. high biodegradation efficiency, smaller sludge production and compactness. However, membrane fouling is the main limitation to faster development of this process. An experimental study has been performed using hollow fibers (pore size 0.1 mum) immersed in an aerated tank for treating synthetic wastewater representative of dairy effluent. For the same organic load (5.7 kg COD/m3per day) the COD removal efficiency, the sludge production and fouling ability were compared in three reactors operated at different sludge ages (10, 20 and 30 days). COD removal was high: 95%-97.5%. The sludge production decreased from 0.31 to 0.16 kg MLSS/kg COD removed when the sludge age increased from 10 to 30 days. Concerning the fouling ability of the sludge, a specific experiment (measurement of the specific resistance and hydraulic resistance during filtration) was designed to determine the influence on membrane fouling of the three fractions of the sludge: suspended solids, colloids and solutes. All the experiments confirm the importance of the interstitial matter-colloids and solutesin membrane fouling. Consecluently, bubbling can be expected to be only partially efficient, as bubbles are efficient for limiting particle deposition and polarisation phenomena, but not for internal fouling. Increasing the air flow rate from 1.2 to 3.6 m3/m2membrane area) per hour, it was possible to decrease the total resistance-thus increasing the filtrate flux-by a ratio of 3. However, for given conditions of aeration, periodic backwashing rave an additional efficiency by decreasing internal fouling. In optimal conditions of backwashing (15 severy 5 min) the resistance could be decreased by 3.5-fold.

Keywords:submerged membrane bioreactor; aeration; membrane fouling; wastewater treatment; backwashing

來源出版物: Separation and Purification Technology, 2001, 22-23 (1-3): 123-132

Influence of the characteristics of natural organic matter on the fouling of microfiltration membranes

Fan, LH; Harris JL; Roddick FA; et al.

Abstract:Natural organic matter (NOM) plays a significant role in fouling microfiltration membranes in drinking water treatment processes even though the NOM is retained only to a small extent. The aim of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the interactions between the fractional components of NOM and microfiltration membranes. Filtration experiments were performed using 0.22 mum hydrophobic and hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes in a stirred-cell system on the NOM isolated from three Australian surface waters. As expected, the fouling rate for the hydrophobic membrane was considerably greater than for the hydrophilic membrane. Focusing on the hydrophobic membrane, it was shown that the high molecular weight fraction of NOM (＞30 kDa) was responsible for the major flux decline. Filtration tests on the four fractions of NOM isolated on the basis of hydrophobicity and charge using non-functionalised and anionic resins revealed that the fouling potential for the three waters was hydrophilic neutral ＞ hydrophobic acids ＞ transphilic acids ＞hydrophilic charged. The low-aromatic hydrophilic neutral compounds were the main determinant of the rate and extent of flux decline. This was linked to the colloidal size fraction (＞30 kDa) and to the selective concentration of calcium in the fraction leading to organics-Ca2+bridging. It was also shown that the higher the aromaticity of the NOM the greater the flux decline, and the aromatics mainly resided in the hydrophobic acids fraction. Overall, the fouling mechanism controlling the flux decline involved the combined effects of adsorptive and colloidal fouling by the hydrophilic neutral fraction in the internal pore structure of the membrane.

Keywords:drinking water treatment; fouling; microfiltration; natural organic matter

來源出版物: Water Research, 2001, 35 (18): 4455-4463

Fouling of microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes by natural waters

Howe, KJ; Clark, MM

Abstract:Membrane filtration (microfiltration and ultrafiltration) has become an accepted process for drinking water treatment, but membrane fouling remains a significant problem. The objective of this study was to systematically investigate the mechanisms and components in natural waters that contribute to fouling. Natural waters from five sources were filtered in a bench top filtration system: A sequential filtration process was used in most experiments. The first filtration steps removed specific components from the water, and the latter filtration steps investigated membrane fouling by the remaining components. Particulate matter (larger than 0.45 mum) was relatively unimportant in fouling as compared to dissolved matter. Very small colloids, ranging from about 3-20 nm in diameter, appeared to be important membrane foulants based on this experimental protocol. The colloidal foulants included both: inorganic and organic matter, but the greatest fraction of material was organic. When the colloidal fraction of material was removed, the remaining dissolved organic matter (DOM); which was smaller than about 3 nm band included about 85%-90% of the total DOM, caused very little fouling. Thus, although other studies have identified DOM, as a major foulant during filtration of natural waters, this work shows that a small fraction of DOM may be responsible for fouling. Adsorption was demonstrated to be an important-mechanism for fouling by colloids.

來源出版物: Environmental Science & Technology, 2002, 36 (16): 3571-3576

Membrane fouling in pilot-scale membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) treating municipal wastewater

Kimura, K; Yamato, N; Yamamura, H; et al.

Abstract:The main obstacle for wider use of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for wastewater treatment is membrane fouling (i.e., deterioration of membrane permeability), which increases operating costs. For more efficient control of membrane fouling in MBRs, an understanding of the mechanisms of membrane fouling is important. However, there is a lack of information on membrane fouling in MBRs, especially information on features of components that are responsible for the fouling. We conducted a pilot-scale experiment using real municipal wastewater with three identical MBRs under different operating conditions. The results obtained in this study suggested that the food-microorganisms ratio (F/M) and membrane filtration flux were the important operating parameters that significantly influenced membrane fouling in MBRs. Neither concentrations of dissolved organic matter in the reactors nor viscosity of mixed liquor, which have been thought to have influences on fouling in MBRs, showed clear relationships with membrane fouling in this study. Organic substances that had caused the membrane fouling were desorbed from fouled membranes of the MBRs at the termination of the operation and were subjected to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. These analyses revealed that the nature of the membrane foulant changes depending on F/M. It was shown that high F/M would make the foulant more proteinaceous. Carbohydrates were dominant in membrane foulants in this study, while features of humic substances were not apparent.

來源出版物: Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39 (16): 6293-6299

·推薦綜述·

氣候變化視閾下的水安全現(xiàn)狀及應(yīng)對策略

侯立安，張林

（1. 第二炮兵工程大學(xué)3系，西安，710025；2. 浙江大學(xué)化學(xué)工程與生物工程學(xué)院，杭州，310027）

近年來，全球氣候變化越來越顯著，引起全社會的普遍關(guān)注。氣候變化指氣候系統(tǒng)隨時間發(fā)生的變化，是自然變化和人類社會活動共同作用的結(jié)果。導(dǎo)致氣候變化的直接原因是大氣中溫室氣體和氣溶膠的濃度及太陽輻射和地表性質(zhì)的改變，這些因素綜合影響了地球氣候系統(tǒng)的能量平衡，從而導(dǎo)致了全球范圍的氣候變化。

全球變暖是氣候變化的主要特征，它由人為排放的超量溫室氣體所致。溫室氣體包括化石燃料大量燃燒所釋放的二氧化碳及甲烷、氧化亞氮和一些消耗臭氧的物質(zhì)等。溫室氣體通過吸收大地反射回來的能量并重新輻射這部分熱量來影響地球的氣候。氣候變化將會改變?nèi)蛩难h(huán)，引起水資源在時空上的重新分配，并對降水、蒸發(fā)等氣候因素造成直接影響，引發(fā)一系列的水安全問題。

水安全，指一個國家或地區(qū)可以保質(zhì)保量、及時持續(xù)、穩(wěn)定可靠、經(jīng)濟合理地獲取所需的水資源、水資源性產(chǎn)品及維護良好生態(tài)環(huán)境的狀態(tài)或能力。

水安全問題不僅是一個資源問題，也是一個生態(tài)環(huán)境問題、經(jīng)濟問題、社會問題和政治問題，直接關(guān)系到國家的安全。水安全的內(nèi)涵包括5個方面：1）水資源安全，包括水量充裕和結(jié)構(gòu)均衡；2）水環(huán)境安全，包括飲用水安全、環(huán)境容量內(nèi)的納污能力和良好的環(huán)境服務(wù)功能；3）水生態(tài)安全，即擁有良性水循環(huán)和水生生物多樣性，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)自我修復(fù)和維持整個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的保育；4）水工程安全，即在江河、湖泊和地下水源開發(fā)、利用、控制、調(diào)配和保護水資源各類工程的安全，包括防洪、灌溉、供水、發(fā)電、防洪、發(fā)電、水土保持、水資源保護等工程的合理建設(shè)與良性運行等；5）供水安全，包括結(jié)構(gòu)供水安全和城鄉(xiāng)供水安全，結(jié)構(gòu)供水安全包括生產(chǎn)、生活和生態(tài)供水安全。

根據(jù)聯(lián)合國政府間氣候變化專業(yè)委員會（IPCC）最近兩次的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，氣候變化在近幾十年來對全球范圍內(nèi)自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和人類社會都產(chǎn)生了深遠影響，對于氣候變化可能引發(fā)的水安全問題必須引起足夠重視。因此，本文闡述全球氣候變化背景下水安全所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)并初步探討應(yīng)對策略。

1 氣候變化的現(xiàn)狀

氣候變化對水安全的影響，主要來自于全球變暖及降雨量和降雨時空分布發(fā)生的變化。IPCC 2014年發(fā)布的氣候變化評估報告給出了關(guān)于全球變暖的最新統(tǒng)計和預(yù)測數(shù)據(jù)。

由圖1可知，除去少部分數(shù)據(jù)不足和氣溫變化不明顯的區(qū)域外，全球絕大部分區(qū)域的氣溫均呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢。由圖2可見，全球的平均氣溫雖然在短期內(nèi)有所波動，但長期來看平均氣溫上升明顯；并且兩種不同氣候模型的模擬結(jié)果表明，在將來很長一段時間內(nèi)，全球的平均氣溫仍呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢。這些數(shù)據(jù)充分說明全球變暖已是不爭的事實。

全球變暖會直接導(dǎo)致高緯度、高海拔地區(qū)永凍土層和冰川升溫融化、海平面上升，氣旋、熱浪等自然災(zāi)害發(fā)生的可能性增加，從而引發(fā)次生的水生態(tài)問題，如水體富營養(yǎng)化污染等。

根據(jù)IPCC報道，由于北極凍土層頂部溫度上升，自20世紀初以來北半球季節(jié)凍土覆蓋面積已減少了約7%；從1978年以來，北極海冰面積以2.7%/10年的平均速率退縮。冰川對氣候變化則表現(xiàn)得更為敏感，自20世紀80年代以來，高原冰川末端在近幾十年間出現(xiàn)了快速退縮，且在邊緣山區(qū)比中腹地區(qū)更為明顯。中國擁有46377座冰川，覆蓋面積達59425 km2。有研究指出，由于全球氣候變暖，中國的西部有超過80%的冰川處于衰退中。有學(xué)者通過氣溫重建技術(shù)證實，過去的50年是青藏高原近500年以來最熱的半個世紀，直接導(dǎo)致了過去40年中，青藏高原的冰川衰退了7%（3790 km2），并且厚度每年以200 mm的速度衰退。

全球變暖引起的海平面上升，主要是由海水吸熱膨脹、陸地冰川融化、格陵蘭冰蓋融化及南極冰蓋融化等的綜合作用所致。IPCC 2007年的氣候評估報告顯示，海洋吸收了80%全球變暖的熱量，這部分熱量會引起上層海水的受熱膨脹。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，近20年來格陵蘭冰蓋融化量翻了兩番，從1992—2001年的（51±65）Gt/年到2002—2011年的（221±37）Gt/年，這部分冰川的融化使海平面上升了（7.5±1.8）mm。這些現(xiàn)象的綜合作用使得在過去的1個世紀里全球海平面平均上升速度為1.7～1.8 mm/年。對于中國而言，近百年來，海平面總上升量為14 cm，其中渤海海面上升5 cm，東海上升19 cm，南海上升20 cm。上升量超過20 cm的省市有江蘇、上海和廣東。如果海平面升高與全球氣溫上升之間的關(guān)系不變，未來100年海平面可能上升20～90 cm。

全球變暖還會導(dǎo)致上層海水水溫上升，從而產(chǎn)生高強度的熱帶氣旋。已有研究表明，從20世紀70年代以來，全球熱帶氣旋的強度和頻次都呈現(xiàn)出上升的趨勢，其中在北太平洋、印度洋與西南太平洋增加最為顯著。

另外，氣溫變暖將提升大氣中平流層攜水能力——氣溫每升高1℃大氣中的水含量提高7%，大氣中水含量的提高增加了暴雨天氣發(fā)生的頻次和強度。

IPCC 2014年發(fā)布的第5次氣候變化評估報告中還指出：氣候變化引起了一些地區(qū)降雨量和時空分布的變化，改變了當?shù)氐乃难h(huán)，影響水資源的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量。許多地區(qū)均觀測到降水量存在著明顯的變化趨勢：北美和南美東部、歐洲北部、亞洲北部和中部降水量顯著增加，而薩赫勒、地中海、非洲南部、亞洲南部部分地區(qū)降水量減少。這種降雨量和時空分布的變化導(dǎo)致了降水多而集中的地區(qū)發(fā)生洪澇災(zāi)害的可能性提高，降水少而分散的地區(qū)發(fā)生旱災(zāi)的可能性上升。

綜上所述，氣候變化對水安全問題的影響是多方面和綜合性的，二者間總體邏輯關(guān)系如圖3所示。

2 氣候變化對水安全的影響

2.1 氣候變化對水資源安全的影響

目前面臨的水資源安全問題主要包括水資源短缺和水污染。有研究表明，氣候變化會加重這種全球性和地域性的水資源危機，并建立了多個模型預(yù)測氣候變化對水資源的影響，結(jié)果表明：如果全球氣溫再升高2℃（即比工業(yè)革命前高2.7℃），全球處于極度缺水環(huán)境（＜500 m3·人-1·年-1）的人口將會增加15%。

據(jù)中國水利部《2013年中國水資源公報》，中國總的水資源量為29528.8億m3，其中包括地表水量27957.9億m3，地下水量8081.1億m3。中國總的水資源量看似充足，但人均水資源量卻不足全球的1/4。水資源總量的分配中，松花江、遼河、海河、黃河、淮河、西北諸河6個北方的水資源一級區(qū)（簡稱北方6區(qū)）占5639億m3，而長江（含太湖）、東南諸河、珠江、西南諸河4個南方的水資源一級區(qū)（簡稱南方4區(qū)）占23889.8億m3?？梢?，在中國南方和北方水資源分配極不平衡：北方地區(qū)擁有全國65%的耕地面積卻僅僅占有全國19%的水資源量。

全球性的氣候變化進一步加劇了中國的水資源安全問題，一方面氣候變化改變了降雨量和時空的分布，導(dǎo)致雨水的分布更加不平衡：一些原本“水多”的地區(qū)雨水更多，而一些原本就“水少”的地區(qū)雨水更少。統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示，中國較為缺水的東北、華北地區(qū)夏季和秋季的降水量越來越少。相反，多雨的華南地區(qū)夏天和冬天的降雨量則越來越多。降雨量和時空分布不平衡加劇了中國水資源安全問題。

另一方面，氣溫變暖導(dǎo)致地表蒸發(fā)作用更為顯著，河流徑流量及土壤含水量下降，使可用的水資源減少；引起的高緯度和高海拔冰川融化，將使冰川衰退，導(dǎo)致下游以冰川融水為主要水資源的地區(qū)水資源量銳減。

2.2 氣候變化對水環(huán)境安全的影響

水是污染物最主要的運輸載體和溶劑，氣候變化通過影響水文循環(huán)的各個要素和循環(huán)方式，改變了水環(huán)境中污染物的來源和遷移轉(zhuǎn)化行為，最終破壞水環(huán)境安全。例如，氣候變化導(dǎo)致的降水量和時空分布的改變會引起干旱、洪澇等極端水文事件發(fā)生的頻率增加。發(fā)生干旱災(zāi)害時，水體中部分離子濃度顯著升高，影響水體水質(zhì)安全；同時，水體表面溫度也會升高，導(dǎo)致水中溶解氧濃度下降，復(fù)氧能力降低，最終使水體的稀釋和自凈能力同時降低，水環(huán)境質(zhì)量下降。

洪澇災(zāi)害發(fā)生時，一方面大量地表污染物進入水體，影響水質(zhì)；另一方面，也會使大量的泥沙進入水體或造成沉積物的再懸浮作用，改變水體泥沙含量，進一步影響污染物的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化作用，并最終影響水體的水質(zhì)。另外，全球氣候變化引起的氣溫升高和降水變化將對地表水環(huán)境中的主要離子濃度產(chǎn)生影響，可能導(dǎo)致湖泊的鹽化和礦化作用。

2.3 氣候變化對水生態(tài)安全的影響

全球氣候變化最直接的反映是氣溫升高，隨著氣溫的上升，河流湖泊等水體的水溫也會升高。通常水體溫度升高可以影響水體的密度、表面張力、黏性和存在形態(tài)，也會改變水溫層分布和加速水體中化學(xué)反應(yīng)和生物降解速率等。有研究表明，溫度是水體富營養(yǎng)化的決定性影響因素之一，在強降雨沖刷地表給水體帶入大量的氮、磷等營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和水體溫度升高的綜合作用下，會促進水體富營養(yǎng)化污染的發(fā)生。一旦水體發(fā)生富營養(yǎng)化污染，水體中的藻類及其他浮游生物大量繁殖，水體中溶解氧濃度迅速下降，水質(zhì)惡化，水體中的魚類和其他生物大量死亡，嚴重威脅水生態(tài)安全。

另外，氣溫升高引發(fā)的海平面上升將導(dǎo)致海水入侵沿海地區(qū)地下含水層，使沿海區(qū)域地表土壤鹽漬化、地表水含鹽量上升，水體中的動植物因無法耐受高鹽滲透壓而大量死亡，從而破壞沿海地區(qū)的水生態(tài)安全。

2.4 氣候變化對水工程安全的影響

氣候變化對水工程安全的影響主要有：1）氣候變化導(dǎo)致的強降雨天氣會在短時間內(nèi)帶來大量雨水，這部分雨水使得下游的防洪設(shè)施水位長時間居高不下，對下游的水工程安全產(chǎn)生嚴重的威脅，而全球變暖導(dǎo)致的高海拔地區(qū)的冰川融化，也會引起下游河流短期內(nèi)徑流量迅速升高，對下游冰湖的堤壩產(chǎn)生巨大威脅；2）氣候變化會導(dǎo)致寒流和熱浪天氣發(fā)生頻率升高，而這種極端的高溫和低溫天氣對水利工程也十分不利。例如，當寒流天氣發(fā)生時，水利工程表面的混凝土?xí)杆俳禍?，而?nèi)部的混凝土由于降溫較慢仍保持較高的溫度，內(nèi)外的溫度差會產(chǎn)生剪切力，而當剪切力過大時，會使水利工程的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生裂縫，同時降低混凝土的脆度。同樣，長時間的高溫干旱天氣會使得混凝土內(nèi)部的水分快速消失，產(chǎn)生收縮和裂縫，威脅水工程的安全；3）海平面上升引起海水侵蝕海岸線、入侵沿海地下淡水層、沿海土地鹽漬化。沿海土地的鹽漬化會對沿海相關(guān)的水利工程特別是鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生嚴重的腐蝕。

2.5 氣候變化對供水安全的影響

氣候變化會加劇供水安全問題：1）洪澇災(zāi)害發(fā)生時，洪水會攜帶大量的污染物進入水源地，破壞水源地的水質(zhì)安全，引發(fā)城鄉(xiāng)供水水質(zhì)安全；2）干旱災(zāi)害會加劇區(qū)域水源短缺現(xiàn)象，使可用的水資源減少，造成城鄉(xiāng)的供水困難；3）對于中國西北干旱地區(qū)，冰川和積雪融水對河川徑流的補給占該地區(qū)內(nèi)陸河流的徑流補給的30%左右，因此，氣候變化引起的冰川衰退雖然在短時間內(nèi)可以提高下流河道的徑流量，但長此以往，一旦冰川完全衰退，會導(dǎo)致下游地區(qū)的供水困難。

3 氣候變化下的中國水安全對策

據(jù)IPCC 2007年氣候變化評估報告可知，人類活動對近50年的氣候變化負主要責任，而且根據(jù)預(yù)測，人類活動對氣候變化的影響還在不斷增強。因此，為應(yīng)對氣候變化背景下的水安全問題，主要可從以下兩方面入手：一是阻止或延緩氣候變化；二是提高人類自身應(yīng)對水安全問題的能力。主要措施為：

1）提高能源利用效率，發(fā)展新能源，減少溫室氣體排放。根據(jù)IPCC對于氣候變化的歸因分析，溫室氣體的大量排放是氣候變化的直接原因。因此，必須堅持節(jié)約能源和開發(fā)替代能源并重，減少溫室氣體的排放，這是緩解氣候變化的根本途徑。一方面，提高可再生能源在水處理方面的應(yīng)用，如發(fā)展太陽能驅(qū)動海水淡化過程、風能驅(qū)動海水淡化過程；另一方面，通過改變傳統(tǒng)工藝減少溫室氣體的排放。

2）開源節(jié)流，提高水資源利用效率，加速節(jié)水型社會的建設(shè)。根據(jù)中國水資源不足和空間分布不均的實際狀況，必須“開源”與“節(jié)流”并重，同時提高水資源的利用率。在“開源”方面，可以通過推廣新型的膜法水處理技術(shù)，如海水淡化、雨水回用及非常規(guī)水源的開發(fā)；在“節(jié)流”方面，必須做到節(jié)約用水，除加強相關(guān)宣傳外，可以通過制定相關(guān)政策、法規(guī)加以保證和推動，在全社會形成節(jié)約用水的良好社會風氣，建立節(jié)水型社會。

3）加強水資源的管理與監(jiān)控。水資源管理是一個涉及社會、經(jīng)濟與環(huán)境的綜合管理。針對中國目前水質(zhì)情況復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)狀，應(yīng)當對江河湖泊的水文、水質(zhì)等情況進行實時監(jiān)控。并在此基礎(chǔ)上，應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)分析的理論和方法，通過對水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)環(huán)境、功能、結(jié)構(gòu)特征及各組分間相互作用的研究實施中國水安全實時預(yù)警預(yù)報，以確保中國水資源的開發(fā)利用沿著健康軌道發(fā)展。

4）建立城市應(yīng)急供水系統(tǒng)。在阻止或延緩氣候變化的同時還應(yīng)當提高人類自身應(yīng)對水安全問題的能力。城市應(yīng)急供水系統(tǒng)在應(yīng)對大規(guī)模城市嚴重缺水、重大水污染等突發(fā)事件時起著不可替代的作用。因此，應(yīng)把應(yīng)急供水系統(tǒng)納入城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和水資源開發(fā)規(guī)劃中，以當?shù)厮Y源與水安全現(xiàn)狀為背景，全面落實城市水安全應(yīng)急供水系統(tǒng)建設(shè)，做到未雨綢繆。

4 結(jié)論

水資源是社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展重要的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)之一。中國目前的水安全狀況不容樂觀，水安全問題已成為中國可持續(xù)發(fā)展急需解決的關(guān)鍵問題之一。分析表明，在全球氣候變化的背景下，中國水資源總量將有所減少，時空分布更趨不均。同時，氣候變化也將對水生態(tài)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生不利影響。在人口增長、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和城市化水平不斷提高的壓力下，中國水安全狀況將面臨著前所未有的嚴峻考驗。因此，需要采取一系列的行動來應(yīng)對全球氣候變化背景下的水安全問題。

還需指出的是，目前對于氣候變化與水安全問題之間的關(guān)聯(lián)以及對將來氣候變化的預(yù)測仍然有一些不確定性。不同氣候模式對云反饋、海洋熱吸收、碳循環(huán)反饋等機制的描述差別很大，這也增加了對未來氣候預(yù)估的不確定性，氣溶膠等因素對氣候系統(tǒng)和水循環(huán)的影響也仍然不確定。與氣候平均值的變化研究相比，對極端氣候事件變化的認識還有待深入，特別是一些小尺度的極端氣候事件。未來氣候變化的預(yù)估結(jié)果很大程度上依賴于模式和情景，提高未來氣候變化對水安全問題影響預(yù)估的可靠性和信度，需要進一步完善氣候系統(tǒng)模式、加強氣候系統(tǒng)觀測、提高對地球氣候系統(tǒng)的科學(xué)認識。

·高被引論文摘要·

被引頻次：233

水與廢水處理中的膜生物反應(yīng)器技術(shù)

樊耀波，王菊思

介紹了膜生物反應(yīng)器的概念及其用于給水和廢水處理的研究發(fā)展過程。膜生物反應(yīng)器包括一體式系統(tǒng)、分離式系統(tǒng)和隔離式系統(tǒng)，并給出8例用于給水和廢水處理的膜生物反應(yīng)器的技術(shù)參數(shù)及水處理效果數(shù)據(jù)等。生物反應(yīng)器其膜單元有超濾膜、微濾膜和萃取膜，用于脫氮、去除有機物及重點有毒物質(zhì)的降解等。膜生物反應(yīng)器的去除效率較高，有些COD去除效率達80%～90%，NH3-N去除效率達98%，膜生物反應(yīng)器的出水濁度低，處理出水宜于回用。

生物反應(yīng)器；膜技術(shù)；水處理

來源出版物：環(huán)境科學(xué), 1995, 16(5): 79-82

被引頻次：200

我國水資源污染與飲用水安全性研究

肖羽堂，張晶晶，吳鳴，等

摘要：對我國水資源狀況和飲用水安全性進行了分析研究，結(jié)果表明：我國水資源貧乏，水資源環(huán)境污染日益嚴重。許多水廠不得不面臨著使用更多的水質(zhì)不符合要求的受污染水源原水作為生活飲用水水源。水污染主要是有機物和氨氮污染，常規(guī)凈水工藝系統(tǒng)難以將這些污染物有效除去，降低了飲用水水質(zhì)，對人體健康構(gòu)成潛在威脅。隨著人們生活水平的提高和健康安全意識的不斷增強，對飲用水水質(zhì)標準提出了更高要求。為從受污染的水源原水中除去對人體健康有害的污染物，提高飲用水的安全可靠性，強化傳統(tǒng)工藝、替換傳統(tǒng)的消毒劑、吸附、膜過濾和生物預(yù)處理等凈水技術(shù)得到了國內(nèi)外廣泛重視和關(guān)注，尤其是經(jīng)濟、高效的生物除污染技術(shù)。

關(guān)鍵詞：水資源；水污染；飲用水；安全；水處理

來源出版物：長江流域資源與環(huán)境, 2001, 10(1): 51-59

被引頻次：178

膜技術(shù)應(yīng)用于凈水處理的研究和現(xiàn)狀

董秉直，曹達文，范瑾初

摘要：膜技術(shù)被稱為“二十一世紀的水處理技術(shù)”，現(xiàn)已受到越來越多的水處理工作者的關(guān)注。在綜合大量國內(nèi)外文獻資料的基礎(chǔ)上，主要介紹了國外膜分離技術(shù)在凈水處理中的研究和應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀。

關(guān)鍵詞：膜分離；凈水處理；截留分子量；膜污染

來源出版物：給水排水, 1999, 21(1): 28-32

被引頻次：105

膜生物反應(yīng)器在水處理中的研究及應(yīng)用

鄭祥，朱小龍，張紹園，等

摘要：膜生物反應(yīng)器（MBR）是通過膜強化生化反應(yīng)的水處理新技術(shù)。本文對MBR的特點、應(yīng)用類型、水處理機理進行了闡述；綜述了該技術(shù)在國內(nèi)外的研究進展以及應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀；并對MBR存在的問題與應(yīng)用前景作了討論，MBR有望在新世紀成為傳統(tǒng)水處理方法的一種替代工藝。

關(guān)鍵詞：膜生物反應(yīng)器；廢水處理；生化技術(shù)；膜技術(shù)

來源出版物：環(huán)境污染治理技術(shù)與設(shè)備, 2000, 1(5): 12-20

被引頻次：87

膜生物反應(yīng)器內(nèi)泥水混合液可過濾性的研究

羅虹，顧平，楊造燕

摘要：膜生物反應(yīng)器（MBR）是一種新興的水處理技術(shù)，但目前膜造價較高，導(dǎo)致運行費用較高，因此研究提高膜通量的各種技術(shù)措施具有重要的意義。文中引入靜態(tài)泥水混合液過濾試驗，通過對取自運轉(zhuǎn)中MBR的活性污泥混合液的過濾實驗結(jié)果分析，著重闡述了影響活性污泥可過濾性的影響因素，并指出在維持MBR的運行中，改善活性污泥性狀是一個不可忽略的方面。

關(guān)鍵詞：膜生物反應(yīng)器；活性污泥；可過濾性；膜阻力；膜通量

來源出版物：城市環(huán)境與城市生態(tài), 2000, 13(1): 51-54

被引頻次：75

減壓膜蒸餾技術(shù)處理丙烯腈廢水研究

沈志松，錢國芬，遲玉霞，等

摘要：用減壓膜蒸餾（VMD）技術(shù)進行的處理廢水中丙烯腈的實驗室研究和中間試驗，均取得了良好的結(jié)果。丙烯腈的去除率在98%以上，出水濃度低于5 mg/L，達到了排放控制的要求。理論分析和實驗數(shù)據(jù)都說明，液相溫度和流量對VMD的傳質(zhì)和丙烯腈的脫除效果有很大的影響。而中間試驗的結(jié)果又表明，真空度、氣液比、流程走向和纖維裝填密度等工藝和設(shè)備參數(shù)在一定條件下對丙烯腈的脫除效果也有較大的影響。所有試驗結(jié)果顯示，作為一種新穎的水處理技術(shù)，VMD將在揮發(fā)性有機污染物的處理方面發(fā)揮重要的作用。

關(guān)鍵詞：膜蒸餾；廢水處理；丙烯腈

來源出版物：膜科學(xué)與技術(shù), 2000, 20(2): 55-60

被引頻次：71

膜技術(shù)在工業(yè)廢水處理中的應(yīng)用研究進展

曹陽，李遵龍

摘要：膜過濾技術(shù)是一種高效、低能耗和易操作的液體分離技術(shù)，同傳統(tǒng)的水處理方法相比具有處理效果好，可實現(xiàn)廢水的循環(huán)利用和對有用物質(zhì)回收等優(yōu)點。簡要介紹了微濾、電滲析、反滲透、超濾、納濾等膜分離技術(shù)的基本原理及特點，重點介紹了膜技術(shù)在含油廢水、染料廢水、造紙廢水、含重金屬廢水和高濃度有機廢水處理中的應(yīng)用研究進展狀況。并討論了膜過濾技術(shù)的研究方向和發(fā)展前景。

關(guān)鍵詞：膜技術(shù)；廢水處理；膜研究進展

來源出版物：工業(yè)水處理, 2006, 26(4): 1-4

被引頻次：69

我國膜分離技術(shù)研究生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)狀及在水處理中的應(yīng)用

續(xù)曙光，李鎖定，劉忠洲

摘要：本文介紹了我國液體分離膜技術(shù)，主要是超濾、反滲透、微濾和電滲析的研究和開發(fā)現(xiàn)狀及在水處理中的應(yīng)用。

關(guān)鍵詞：膜分離技術(shù)；水處理；應(yīng)用

來源出版物：環(huán)境科學(xué)進展, 1997, 5(6): 72-76

被引頻次：64

膜技術(shù)處理飲用水的研究

張捍民，張威，王寶貞

摘要：21世紀的今天，飲用水水質(zhì)標準愈加嚴格，而水源污染日趨惡化，常規(guī)飲用水處理工藝出水安全性難以保證，已無法與現(xiàn)有的水質(zhì)標準相適應(yīng)，必須開發(fā)新的水處理技術(shù)。膜技術(shù)作為飲用水處理的一個獨立工藝，是水處理領(lǐng)域最重要的技術(shù)突破，現(xiàn)已得到愈來愈多水處理工作者的關(guān)注。在綜合研究國外文獻資料的基礎(chǔ)上，主要介紹了膜技術(shù)在國外飲用水處理中的應(yīng)用。

來源出版物：給水排水, 2002, 28(3): 21-24

被引頻次：58

膜技術(shù)在水處理中的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展

張慧，朱淑飛，魯學(xué)仁

摘要：膜技術(shù)方法很多，應(yīng)用面也很廣。本文對反滲透電滲杯超過濾、納濾和微孔過濾等膜技術(shù)在國內(nèi)水處理方面的應(yīng)用概況作一綜合介紹。

關(guān)鍵詞：膜技術(shù)；膜技術(shù)應(yīng)用；膜法水處理

來源出版物：水處理技術(shù), 2002, 28(5): 256-259

被引頻次：993

Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents-A critical review

Mohan, Dinesh; Pittman, Charles U

Abstract:Arsenic’s history in science, medicine and technology has been overshadowed by its notoriety as a poison in homicides. Arsenic is viewed as being synonymous with toxicity. Dangerous arsenic concentrations in natural waters is now a worldwide problem and often referred to as a 20th-21st century calamity. High arsenic concentrations have been reported recently from the USA, China, Chile, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Mexico, Argentina, Poland, Canada, Hungary, Japan and India. Among 21 countries in different parts of the world affected by groundwater arsenic contamination, the largest population at risk is in Bangladesh followed by West Bengal in India. Existing overviews of arsenic removal include technologies that have traditionally been used (oxidation, precipitation/coagulation/membrane separation) with far less attention paid to adsorption. No previous review is available where readers can get an overview of the sorption capacities of both available and developed sorbents used for arsenic remediation together with the traditional remediation methods. We have incorporated most of the valuable available literature on arsenic rernediation by adsorption (similar to 600 references). Existing purification methods for drinking water; wastewater; industrial effluents, and technological solutions for arsenic have been listed. Arsenic sorption by commercially available carbons and other low-cost adsorbents are surveyed and critically reviewed and their sorption efficiencies are compared. Arsenic adsorption behavior in presence of other impurities has been discussed. Some commercially available adsorbents are also surveyed. An extensive table summarizes the sorption capacities of various adsorbents. Some low-cost adsorbents are superior including treated slags, carbons developed from agricultural waste (char carbons and coconut husk carbons), biosorbents (immobilized biomass, orange juice residue), goethite and some commercial adsorbents, which include resins, gels, silica, treated silica tested for arsenic removal come out to be superior. Immobilized biomass adsorbents offered outstanding performances. Desorption of arsenic followed by regeneration of sorbents has been discussed. Strong acids and bases seem to be the best desorbing agents to produce arsenic concentrates. Arsenic concentrate treatment and disposal obtained is briefly addressed. This issue is very important but much less discussed.

Keywords:adsorption; arsenic; adsorbents; solid waste utilization; activated carbons; low-cost adsorbents; arsenic remediation; arsenic removal; arsenic adsorption

來源出版物：Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007, 142(1-2): 1-53

被引頻次：813

Recent developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: A review

Chong, Mengnan; Jin, Bo; Chow, Christopher WK

Abstract:In recent years, semiconductor photocatalytic process has shown a great potential as a low-cost, environmental friendly and sustainable treatment technology to align with the “zero” waste scheme in the water/wastewater industry. The ability of this advanced oxidation technology has been widely demonstrated to remove persistent organic compounds and microorganisms in water. At present, the main technical barriers that impede its commercialisation remained on the post-recovery of the catalyst particles after water treatment. This paper reviews the recent R&D progresses of engineered-photocatalysts, photoreactor systems, and the process optimizations and modellings of the photooxidation processes for water treatment. A number of potential and commercial photocatalytic reactor configurations are discussed, in particular the photocatalytic membrane reactors. The effects of key photoreactor operation parameters and water quality on the photo-process performances in terms of the mineralization and disinfection are assessed. For the first time, we describe how to utilize a multi-variables optimization approach to determine the optimum operation parameters so as to enhance process performance and photooxidation efficiency. Both photomineralization and photo-disinfection kinetics and their modellings associated with the photocatalytic water treatment process are detailed. A brief discussion on the life cycle assessment for retrofitting the photocatalytic technology as an alternative waste treatment process is presented. This paper will deliver a scientific and technical overview and useful information to scientists and engineers who work in this field.

Keywords:TiO2; photocatalysis; water treatment; photocatalytic reactors; kinetic modelling; water qualities; life cycle analysis; mineralization; disinfection

來源出版物：Water Research, 2010, 44(10): 2997-3027

被引頻次：665

Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review

Fu, Fenglian; Wang, Qi

Abstract:Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. The treatment of heavy metals is of special concern due to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. In recent years, various methods for heavy metal removal from wastewater have been extensively studied. This paper reviews the current methods that have been used to treat heavy metal wastewater and evaluates these techniques. These technologies include chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation-flocculation, flotation and electrochemical methods. About 185 published studies (1988-2010) are reviewed in this paper. It is evident from the literature survey articles that ion-exchange, adsorption and membrane filtration are the most frequently studied for the treatment of heavy metal wastewater.

Keywords:heavy metal wastewater; treatment technology; review

來源出版物：Journal of Environmental Management, 2011, 92(3): 407-418

被引頻次：501

Recent advances in membrane bioreactors (MBRs): Membrane fouling and membrane materialMeng, Fangang; Chae, So-Ryong; Drews, Anja; et al.

Abstract:Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been actively employed for municipal and industrial wastewater treatments. So far, membrane fouling and the high cost of membranes are main obstacles for wider application of MBRs. Over the past few years, considerable investigations have been performed to understand MBR fouling in detail and to develop high-flux or low-cost membranes. This review attempted to address the recent and current developments in MBRs on the basis of reported literature in order to provide more detailed information about MBRs. In this paper, the fouling behaviour, fouling factors and fouling control strategies were discussed. Recent developments in membrane materials including low-cost filters, membrane modification and dynamic membranes were also reviewed. Lastly, the future trends in membrane fouling research and membrane material development in the coming years were addressed.

Keywords:membrane bioreactor (MBR); membrane fouling; extracellular polymeric substances (EPS); soluble microbial products (SMP); membrane modification

來源出版物：Water Research, 2009, 43(6): 1489-1512

被引頻次：479

Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today’s challenges

Greenlee, Lauren F; Lawler, Desmond F; Freeman, Benny D; et al.

Abstract:Reverse osmosis membrane technology has developed over the past 40 years to a 44% share in world desalting production capacity, and an 80% share in the total number of desalination plants installed worldwide. The use of membrane desalination has increased as materials have improved and costs have decreased. Today, reverse osmosis membranes are the leading technology for new desalination installations, and they are applied to a variety of salt water resources using tailored pretreatment and membrane system design. Two distinct branches of reverse osmosis desalination have emerged: seawater reverse osmosis and brackish water reverse osmosis. Differences between the two water sources, including foulants, salinity, waste brine (concentrate) disposal options, and plant location, have created significant differences in process development, implementation, and key technical problems. Pretreatment options are similar for both types of reverse osmosis and depend on the specific components of the water source. Both brackish water and seawater reverse osmosis (RO) will continue to be used worldwide; new technology in energy recovery and renewable energy, as well as innovative plant design, will allow greater use of desalination for inland and rural communities, while providing more affordable water for large coastal cities. A wide variety of research and general information on RO desalination is available; however, a direct comparison of seawater and brackish water RO systems is necessary to highlight similarities and differences in process development. This article brings to light key parameters of an RO process and process modifications due to feed water characteristics.

Keywords:desalination; reverse osmosis; brackish water; seawater; drinking water; membranes

來源出版物：Water Research, 2009, 43(9): 2317-2348

被引頻次：409

Physico-chemical treatment techniques for wastewater laden with heavy metals

Kurniawan, TA; Chan, GYS; Lo, WH

Abstract:This article reviews the technical applicability of various physico-chemical treatments for the removal of heavy metals such asCd(II). Cr(III), Cr(VI), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) from contaminated wastewater. A particular focus is given to chemical precipitation, coagulation-flocculation, flotation, ion exchange and membrane filtration. Their advantages and limitations in application are evaluated. Their operating conditions such as pH, dose required, initial metal concentration and treatment performance are presented. About 124 published studies (1980-2006) are reviewed. It is evident from the survey that ion exchange and membrane filtration are the most frequently studied and widely applied for the treatment of metal-containinated wastewater. Ion exchange has achieved a complete removal of Cd(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L, respectively. The results are comparable to that of reverse osmosis (99% of Cd(II) rejection with an initial concentration of 200 mg/L). Lime precipitation has been found as one of the most effective means to treat inorganic effluent with a metal concentration of higher than 1000 mg/L. It is important to note that the overall treatment cost of metal-contaminated water varies, depending on the process employed and the local conditions. In general, the technical applicability, plant simplicity and cost-effectiveness are the key factors in selecting the most suitable treatment for inorganic effluent.

Keywords:electroplating industry; heavy metal uptake; inorganic effluent; metal-contaminated water; water pollution control

來源出版物：Chemical Engineering Journal, 2006, 118(1-2): 83-98

被引頻次：391

Removal of selected pharmaceuticals, fragrances and endocrine disrupting compounds in a membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment plants

Clara, M; Strenn, B; Gans, O; et al.

Abstract:Eight pharmaceuticals, two polycyclic musk fragrances and nine endocrine disrupting chemicals were analysed in several waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). A membrane bioreactor in pilot scale was operated at different solid retention times (SRTs) and the results obtained are compared to conventional activated sludge plants (CASP) operated at different SRTs. The SRT is an important design parameter and its impact on achievable treatment efficiencies was evaluated. Different behaviours were observed for the different investigated compounds. Some compounds as the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine were not removed in any of the sampled treatment facilities and effluent concentrations in the range of influent concentrations were measured. Other compounds as bisphenol-A. the analgesic ibuprofen or the lipid regulator bezafibrate were nearly completely removed (removal rates＞90%). The operation of WWTPs with SRTs suitable for nitrogen removal (SRT ＞ 10 days at 10 degrees C) also increases the removal potential regarding selected micropollutants. No differences in treatment efficiencies were detected between the two treatment techniques. As in conventional WWTP also the removal potential of MBRs depends on the SRT. Ultrafiltration membranes do not allow any additional detention of the investigated substances due to size exclusion. However, MBRs achieve a high SRT within a compact reactor. Nonylphenolpolyehtoxylates were removed in higher extend in very low-loaded conventional WWTPs, due to variations of redox conditions, necessary for the degradation of those compounds.

Keywords:wastewater treatment; endocrine disrupting chemicals; pharmaceuticals; musk fragrances; membrane bioreactor; removal efficiency

來源出版物：Water Research, 2005, 39(19): 4797-4807

被引頻次：390

Removal of pharmaceuticals and fragrances in biological wastewater treatment

Joss, A; Keller, E; Alder, AC; et al.

Abstract:The removal of seven pharmaceuticals and two fragrances in the biological units of various full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants was studied. The observed removal of pharmaceuticals was mainly due to biological transformation and varied from insignificant (＜ 10%, carbamazepine) to ＞ 90% (ibuprofen). However, no quantitative relationship between structure and activity can be set up for the biological transformation. Overall, it can be concluded that for compounds showing a sorption coefficient (K-d) of below 300 L kg-1, sorption onto secondary sludge is not relevant and their transformation can consequently be assessed simply by comparing influent and effluent concentrations. The two fragrances (HHCB, AHTN) studied were mainly removed by sorption onto sludge. For the compounds studied, comparable transformation and sorption was seen for different reactor types (conventional activated sludge, membrane bioreactor and fixed bed reactor) as well as for sludge ages between 10 and 60-80 days and temperatures between 12 degrees C and 21 degrees C. However, some significant variations in the observed removal currently lack an explanation. The observed incoming daily load of iopromide and roxithromycin in medium-sized municipal wastewater treatment plants (up to 80000 population equivalents) is generated by only a small number of patients: the consequences for representative 24 h composite sampling are discussed. Generally, the paper presents a method for setting up mass balances for micropollutants over entire wastewater treatment plants, including an estimation of the accuracy of the quantified fate (i.e. removal by sorption and biological transformation).

Keywords:degradation; sorption; municipal wastewater; membrane bioreactor; pharmaceuticals; musk fragrances

來源出版物：Water Research, 2005, 39(14): 3139-3152

被引頻次：369

Membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment

Chang, IS; Le Clech, P; Jefferson, B; et al.

Abstract:Membrane bioreactors (MBRs), in which membranes are applied to biological wastewater treatment for biomass separation, provide many advantages over conventional treatment. However, membrane fouling in MBRs restricts their widespread application because it reduces productivity and increases maintenance and operating costs. Recently much research and development has taken place to investigate, model, and control membrane fouling processes. However, unified and well-structured theories on membrane fouling are not currently available because of the complexity of the biomass matrix, which is highly heterogeneous and includes living microorganisms. Membrane fouling in MBR systems can be reversible (i.e., removable by physical washing) or irreversible (removable by chemical cleaning only), and can take place on the membrane surface or into the membrane pores. Although establishing a general model to describe membrane fouling in such a process is made extremely difficult by the inherent heterogeneity of the system, the nature and extent of fouling in MBRs is strongly influenced by three factors: biomass characteristics, operating conditions, and membrane characteristics. Fouling control techniques which have been investigated include low-flux operation, high-shear slug flow aeration in submerged configuration, periodical air or permeate back flushing, intermittent suction operation or addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC). Of these, only PAC addition is currently not used in existing large-scale installations.

Keywords:membrane; wastewater treatment; sewage; biomass; biological treatment

來源出版物：Journal of Environmental Engineering ASCE, 2002, 128(11): 1018-1029

被引頻次：254

Membrane separation bioreactors for wastewater treatment

Visvanathan, C; Ben Aim, R; Parameshwaran, K

Abstract:With continuing depletion of fresh water resources, focus has shifted more toward water recovery, reuse, and recycling, which require an extension of conventional wastewater treatment technologies. Downstream external factors like stricter compliance requirements for wastewater discharge, rising treatment costs, and spatial constraints necessitate renewed investigation of alternative technologies. Coupled with biological treatment processes, membrane technology has gained considerable attention due to its wide range of applicability and the performance characteristics of membrane systems that have been established by various investigations and innovations during the last decade. This article summarizes research efforts and presents a review of the how and why of their development and applications. The focus is on appraising and comparing technologies on the basis of their relative merits and demerits. Additional facts and figures, especially regarding process parameters and effluent quality, an used to evaluate primary findings on these technologies. Key factors such as loadings rates, retention time, cross-flow velocities, membrane types, membrane fouling, and backwashing, etc. are some of the aspects covered. Membrane applications in various aerobic and anaerobic schemes are discussed at length. However, the emphasis is on the use of membranes as a solid/liquid separator, a key in achieving desired effluent quality. Further, technology development directions and possibilities are also explored. The review concludes with an economic assessment of the technologies because one of the key technology selection criteria is financial viability.

Keywords:membrane bioreactor; membrane technology; solid/liquid separation; membrane air diffusers; membrane fouling; backwashing; micro-porous membranes

來源出版物：Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2000, 30(1): 1-48

·推薦論文摘要·

氧化石墨烯基水處理膜研究進展

蘆瑛，張林，李明，等

摘要：氧化石墨烯（GO）具有片層薄、親水性好、水分子在其片層間運動速度快等特點，通過調(diào)節(jié)GO膜片層間隙尺寸可實現(xiàn)對溶質(zhì)的截留，因而在水處理方面表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)異的分離性能。本文綜述了氧化石墨烯基膜的制備方法，包括真空抽濾法、噴涂法、旋涂法和浸涂法和層層自主裝法等。介紹了氧化石墨烯基膜在反滲透、納濾、滲透汽化等方面的研究進展，并對未來在水處理領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用進行了展望。

關(guān)鍵詞：氧化石墨烯；膜制備；膜分離；水處理

來源出版物：科技導(dǎo)報, 2015, 33(14): 32-35聯(lián)系郵箱：李明，lmroeket@163.com

反滲透膜生物污染的影響因素及控制方法的研究進展

李晨，楊禹，高鑫，等

摘要：由于人口的增長和淡水資源的短缺，各種水處理技術(shù)應(yīng)運而生，其中RO技術(shù)作為一項新興膜分離技術(shù)，在海水淡化、污水處理、再生水回用等方面都有著廣泛的應(yīng)用。但是膜污染問題的存在，成為膜技術(shù)在飲用水和污水處理中廣泛應(yīng)用的瓶頸。其中生物污染對膜的破壞性最為嚴重，其污染也最難控制。回顧了生物污染的形成過程，主要列舉了影響生物膜初始形成的幾種因素：菌體特性、膜表面特性、進水組分等。同時討論了生物污染的控制和預(yù)防方法，包括預(yù)處理、RO膜表面改性和微生物群體感應(yīng)抑制。最后根據(jù)目前國內(nèi)外的研究現(xiàn)狀，展望了生物污染未來的研究前景。

關(guān)鍵詞：反滲透膜；生物污染；初始階段；影響因素；控制與預(yù)防

來源出版物：水處理技術(shù)，2015, 41(2): 1-5聯(lián)系郵箱：李晨，shengkelichen1992@126.com

混凝技術(shù)去除水中新興污染物的研究進展

王東升，姜巍，肖峰，等

摘要：常規(guī)水處理工藝通常不能完全將水中新興污染物（ECs）去除，殘留的污染物仍然具有相當大的環(huán)境風險，如何有效地去除水中痕量新興污染物是一個函待解決的難題。本文概述了新興污染物的來源、種類和危害，并分析了混凝工藝去除新興污染物的可行性，重點介紹了新興污染物性質(zhì)、混凝劑種類和投加量、pH和水中溶解性物質(zhì)對混凝效果的影響機制，并介紹了混凝與氧化、膜過濾及吸附等工藝的組合集成技術(shù)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，對未來混凝技術(shù)去除新興污染物的研究方向和發(fā)展趨勢進行了展望。

關(guān)鍵詞：新興污染物；混凝；影響因素；組合工藝

來源出版物：環(huán)境工程學(xué)報，2015, 9(7): 3069-3076聯(lián)系郵箱：王東升，wgds@rcees.ac.cn

膜分離技術(shù)在垃圾滲濾液處理中的應(yīng)用

羅丹，晏云鵬，全學(xué)軍

摘要：垃圾滲濾液是一種重污染的有毒有機廢水，對生態(tài)環(huán)境造成了嚴重的威脅。本文綜述了垃圾滲濾液現(xiàn)有的膜處理技術(shù)，與傳統(tǒng)處理工藝相比，膜技術(shù)具有低能高效等優(yōu)點，是未來滲濾液處理技術(shù)的重要發(fā)展方向。由于垃圾滲濾液組成的復(fù)雜性，根據(jù)不同處理目的，微濾膜（ME）、超濾膜（UE）、納濾膜（NF）和反滲透膜（RO）4種膜在垃圾滲濾液處理中都得到了一定的應(yīng)用?？偨Y(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn)，其中MF和OF對滲濾液的處理效果較差，一般作為滲濾液的預(yù)處理技術(shù)；NF和RO對滲濾液的處理效果較好，主要作為其深度處理技術(shù)。然而，膜污染阻礙了膜技術(shù)在滲濾液處理方面的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用，為此可通過研究開發(fā)新型膜材料、有效的預(yù)處理技術(shù)和膜分離工藝優(yōu)化等方面來防止膜污染的發(fā)生，以便膜技術(shù)在滲濾液及其他水處理方面得到更加廣泛的應(yīng)用。

關(guān)鍵詞：廢水；膜；納濾；膜污染；污染防止

來源出版物：化工進展, 2015, 34(8): 3133-3141聯(lián)系郵箱：全學(xué)軍，hengjunq@cqut.edu.cn

多巴胺在污水處理中的應(yīng)用與展望

王新鵬，郭周義

摘要：主要探討了多巴胺在污水處理中的優(yōu)勢、自聚—附著機理及其在膜技術(shù)和吸附方面的應(yīng)用以及前景展望，并對目前的研究熱點—多巴胺與石墨烯復(fù)合材料在水處理中的優(yōu)缺點與應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀進行了比較，指出多巴胺在污水處理方面具有良好的應(yīng)用前景。

關(guān)鍵詞：水處理；多巴胺；自聚—附著；膜技術(shù)；吸附

來源出版物：工業(yè)水處理, 2015, 35(2): 19-22

光催化—膜分離棍合技術(shù)的水處理應(yīng)用研究進展

費錫智，楊晶晶，白仁碧

摘要：介紹光催化一膜分離藕合工藝，它是在傳統(tǒng)光催化技術(shù)中粉末催化劑難分離回收和廢水處理后水質(zhì)不夠理想的基礎(chǔ)上進行研發(fā)的?？偨Y(jié)了不同構(gòu)型的光催化膜反應(yīng)器的特點及其存在的局限性，并簡述了新型光催化膜反應(yīng)器工藝運行時需考慮的因素。分析表明懸浮型光催化膜反應(yīng)器的光催化效率明顯高于負載型光催化膜反應(yīng)器；針對懸浮式光催化膜反應(yīng)器面臨的由壓力驅(qū)動引起的高能量輸入和膜污染問題，指出光催化與滲透氣化或膜蒸餾聯(lián)用工藝所具有的獨特優(yōu)勢。認為光催化/膜分離藕合工藝在水處理領(lǐng)域具有重要前景，今后研究應(yīng)集中在高活性光催化劑的開發(fā)、高抗氧化性和耐污染的膜制備及光催化膜反應(yīng)器結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化上。

關(guān)鍵詞：光催化氧化技術(shù)；膜分離技術(shù)；光催化—膜反應(yīng)器

來源出版物：水處理技術(shù)，2014, 40(12): 11-18聯(lián)系郵箱：費錫智，feixizhi123@126.com

高藻和高有機物湖泊型原水處理技術(shù)集成與示范

高乃云，馬艷，楚文海，等

摘要：“十一五”期間，針對太湖水源高藻、高有機物、高氨氮、高臭味和藻毒素等污染特征，開展高效生物預(yù)處理、高效化學(xué)預(yù)處理及強化常規(guī)處理和深度處理以及超濾膜把關(guān)處理工藝等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究，并輔以安全消毒技術(shù)研究。通過技術(shù)研發(fā)、技術(shù)集成和綜合示范，形成預(yù)處理藕合技術(shù)→強化常規(guī)處理→臭氧—生物活性炭深度處理→超濾膜聯(lián)用的多級屏障處理工藝流程，依托于無錫自來水公司完成的中橋水廠高藻和高有機物原水膜深度處理集成技術(shù)工程示范，形成針對高藻型湖泊原水用水安全的技術(shù)保障體系，示范工程飲用水水質(zhì)達到《生活飲用水衛(wèi)生標準》（GB5749—2006），工藝流程受到長三角地區(qū)普遍的認可，正在大規(guī)模地推廣應(yīng)用。

關(guān)鍵詞：高藻；高有機物；臭氧—生物活性炭；超濾膜；多級屏障；水專項

來源出版物：給水排水, 2013, 39(3): 13-16

微波輔助水處理研究應(yīng)用進展

紀仲光，王軍，欒兆坤

摘要：從水處理功能材料制備與改性、催化氧化處理廢水、廢水消毒及膜分離處理廢水等方面綜述了微波在水處理中應(yīng)用及研究現(xiàn)狀，重點介紹了微波在膜蒸餾水處理中的研究進展，以期拓展微波在水處理中應(yīng)用的廣度與深度。

關(guān)鍵詞：微波；水處理；膜分離；膜蒸餾

來源出版物：給水排水, 2013, 39(S1): 400-404

超濾技術(shù)在給水處理中的應(yīng)用及發(fā)展狀況

鄭晨，馬曉力

摘要：超濾技術(shù)是一種膜分離技術(shù)，在給水處理領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用己趨于成熟。隨著環(huán)境污染問題日益嚴重化以及CB 5749—2006《生活飲用水衛(wèi)生標準》對飲用水水質(zhì)各項指標要求的嚴格化，傳統(tǒng)水處理技術(shù)己經(jīng)無法滿足人們的需求，發(fā)展與推廣以超濾技術(shù)為代表的新型水處理技術(shù)非常必要。通過對超濾技術(shù)概況及其工程應(yīng)用實例的介紹，分析了超濾技術(shù)的發(fā)展瓶頸以及市場技術(shù)前景。

關(guān)鍵詞：超濾技術(shù)；膜技術(shù)；給水處理

來源出版物：環(huán)境工程, 2013, 31（增刊）: 163-195

Polymer-matrix nanocomposite membranes for water treatment

Yin, Jun; Deng, Baolin

Abstract:One of the grand challenges to sustain the modern society is to secure adequate water resources of desirable quality for various designated uses. To address this challenge, membrane water treatment is expected to play an increasingly important role in areas such as drinking water treatment, brackish and seawater desalination, and wastewater treatment and reuse. Existing membranes for water treatment, typically polymeric in nature, are still restricted by several challenges including the trade-off relationship between permeability and selectivity (also called Robeson upper boundary in membrane gas separation), and low resistance to fouling. Nanocomposite membranes, anew class of membranes fabricated by combining polymeric materials with nanomaterials, are emerging as a promising solution to these challenges. The advanced nanocomposite membranes could be designed to meet specific water treatment applications by tuning theft structure and physicochemical properties (e.g. hydrophilicity, porosity, charge density, and thermal and mechanical stability) and introducing unique functionalities (e.g. antibacterial, photocatalytic or adsorptive capabilities). This review is to summarize the recent scientific and technological advances in the development of nanocomposite membranes for water treatment. The nanocomposite membranes were classified into (1) conventional nanocomposite, (2) thin-film nanocomposite (TEN), (3) thin-film composite (TFC) with nanocomposite substrate, and (4) surface located nanocomposite, based on the membrane structure and location of nanomaterial. Challenges and future research directions in developing high performance nanocomposite membranes were also discussed.

Keywords:nanocomposite; polymeric membrane; mixed-matrix; water treatment; antifouling

來源出版物：Journal of Membrane Science, 2015, 479: 256-275

Modification of membrane surfaces via microswelling for fouling control in drinking water treatment

Du, Jennifer Runhong; Peldszus, Sigrid; Huck, Peter M; et al.

Abstract:To increase membrane fouling resistance a new membrane post-treatment process, i.e solvent induced microswelling, was used to increase membrane surface hydrophilicity and smoothness. Driven by interfacial free energy minimization, the surface of microporous membranes will reassemble when exposed to a dilute aqueous solution of a suitable solvent. To prove this concept, three commercial membranes for water treatment were used: a polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane and poly(vinylidene fluoride) ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes. The membrane physiochemical properties were characterized by pure water permeation, contact angle, X-ray-photoelectron spectroscopy and roughness measurements. After the membranes were post-treated with dilute aqueous solutions of a suitable solvent, membrane surface hydrophilicity and smoothness were effectively increased while the permeance of pure water was maintained. After 18 h of permeation using surface water, the modified poly(vinylidene fluoride) ultrafiltration membrane exhibited a 50% higher flux and the same permeate water quality compared to the unmodified membrane. The microswelling conditions (including processing time and temperature, type and amount of solvents) affected the extent of the surface reassembly and thus the surface properties and anti-fouling behavior. These results show that microswelling treatment induced by dilute solvent solutions is a promising method for altering membrane surface properties for fouling control in drinking water treatment.

Keywords:surface modification; fouling control; microswelling; hydrophilicity; roughness

來源出版物：Journal of Membrane Science, 2015, 475: 488-495

Formation of micro-channels in ceramic membranes-spatial structure, simulation, and potential use in water treatment

Lee, Melanie; Wang, Bo; Wu, Zhentao; et al.

Abstract:In this study, alumina membranes with distinct types of micro-channels have been developed via a fingering induced phase inversion and sintering technique. The designed membrane morphologies were achieved by using five different solvents DMSO, NMP, DMAc, EWE and TEP, which led to unique changes in the macroand microstructures of the membranes. The micro-channel shapes vary from long, straight, cylindrical and densely packed (DMSO) to pear-shaped conical structures (NMP and DMAc). When DMF and TEP were used, symmetric membranes with sponge-like structure were formed. These micro-channels display a regular and periodic distribution and also have a hierarchical spatial structure with a distribution in number, length and width along the depth of the membranes. Dead end water permeation tests reveal that the micro-channels can greatly reduce the resistance to water permeation. Furthermore, the microstructures also vary with a change in solvent, and different membrane pore sizes were observed. The initialisation of the micro-channels was interpreted using the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, driven by acceleration on the interface and facilitated by a difference in density between the suspension and the coagulant. The spacing between the microchannels and their hierarchical structure was quantitatively mimicked using R-T Instability theory and the simulation results matched the experimental results reasonably well.

Keywords:asymmetric structure; alumina membranes; micro-channels; Rayleigh-Taylor instability; water treatment

來源出版物：Journal of Membrane Science, 2015, 483: 1-14

Fouling-tolerant nanofibrous polymer membranes for water treatment

Lee, Jang-Woo; Jung, Jiyoung; Cho, Young Hoon; et al.

Abstract:Nafion/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibrous membranes with electrostatically negative charges on the fiber surface were fabricated via electrospinning with superior water permeability and antifouling behaviors in comparison with the conventional microfiltration membranes. The fiber diameter and the resultant pore size in the nanofibrous membranes were easily controlled through tailoring the properties of the electrospinning solutions. The electrospun Nafion/PVDF nanofibrous membranes revealed high porosities (＞80%) and high densities of sulfonate groups on the membrane surface, leading to praiseworthy water permeability. Unexpectedly, thewater permeability was observed as proportional to the fiber diameter and pore size in the membrane. The presence of sulfonate groups on the membrane improved the antifouling performance against negatively charged oily foulants.

Keywords:electrospinning; nanofibrous membrane; charged membrane; antifouling Nafion; polyvinylidene fluoride; water treatment

來源出版物：ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6(16): 14600-14607

Fabrication of porous matrix membrane (PMM) using metal-organic framework as green template for water treatment

Lee, Jianyuan; Tang, Chuyang Y; Huo, Fengwei; et al.

Abstract:Pressure-driven membranes with high porosity can potentially be fabricated by removing template, such as low water stability metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or other nanoparticles, in polymeric matrix. We report on the use of benign MOFs as green template to enhance porosity and interconnectivity of the water treatment membranes. Significantly enhanced separation performance was observed which might be attributed to the mass transfer coefficient of the substrate layer increased in ultrafiltration (UF) application.

來源出版物：Scientific Reports, 2014, 4: 3740

Recent progresses on fabrication of photocatalytic membranes for water treatment

Zhang, Xiwang; Wang, David K; da Costa, Joao C. Diniz

Abstract:Compared to conventional separation membranes, photocatalytic membranes possess a number of unique properties, such as anti-fouling, anti-microbial, superhydrophilicity, concurrent photocatalytic oxidation and separation, all of which make them an attractive technology in water treatment. Moreover, the problem of photocatalyst separation which is the main obstacle of photocatalysis processes can be resolved by the photocatalytic membranes thereby advancing their practical application. This article presents an overview of this new type of membrane, with a focus on recent progresses achieved on their fabrication methods. Based on membrane materials, they are broadly categorized into pure inorganic and inorganic-polymer hybrid membranes. The fabrication methods are separately reviewed and discussed for these two membrane categories. In addition, future perspectives on membrane development and feasibility are given. The paper would provide new insights into the development of photocatalytic membranes and their potential in water treatment.

Keywords:photocatalysis; membrane; photocatalytic degradation; TiO2

來源出版物：Catalysis Today, 2014, 230:47-54

Preparation and characterization of electro-spun nanofiber membranes and their possible applications in water treatment

Feng, C; Khulbe, K. C; Matsuura, T; et al.

Abstract:Nano-scale materials can be designed to exhibit novel and significantly improved physical and chemical properties. Polymer nanofibers, an important class of nano-materials, have attracted increasing attention in the last 10 years because of their high surface-to-mass (or volume) ratio and special characteristics attractive for advanced applications. In particular, electro-spun nanofiber membranes (ENMs) have high porosity, interconnected open pore structure and tailorable membrane thickness. Moreover, their high surface hydrophobicity makes them suitable for membrane distillation (MD). In this paper, recent progresses are reviewed on the preparation of different types of nanofibers with different secondary nanostructures, including hollow nanofibers. Applications of hollow nanofibers for membrane separation processes are then discussed based on an imaginary design of hollow nanofiber module. Application of ENMs in MD is, on the other hand, not a product of imagination but experiments have already been conducted in various laboratories, as reviewed in this paper. In particular, the experimental results obtained in our laboratory for desalination of saline water and gases stripping of VOCs are highlighted. By using an electrospun PVDF nanofiber membrane, saline water with NaCl content of 6% was successfully desalinated for more than 20 days with no indication of membrane wetting. The PVDF ENM could also be successfully used in gas-stripping of chloroform, representing VOCs, with mass transfer coefficients higher than hollow fiber membranes. It is expected that MD by ENMs can be applied for many other purposes such as waste water treatment, food processing, and treatment of pharmaceutical products.

Keywords:nanofiber membrane; electro-spinning; membrane application

來源出版物：Separation and Purification Technology, 2013, 102: 118-135

Polymer nanocomposites with graphene-based hierarchical fillers as materials for multifunctional water treatment membranes

Crock, Christopher A; Rogensues, Adam R; Shan, Wenqian; et al.

Abstract:Phase inversion of polymer casting mixtures filled with hierarchical functional nanostructures is proposed as a synthetic route for the design of multifunctional membranes. The study tested the hypothesis that by regulating the relative content of components representingdifferent levels in the nanofiller hierarchy, the structure and additional functions of such membranes could be controlled separately. Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnPs) decorated by Au nanoparticles (Au NPs), used as a model hierarchical nanofiller, were added to the casting mixture of polysulfone, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol prior to forming the membrane by phase inversion. The resulting porous asymmetric nanocomposites were shown to be permselective and catalytically active ultrafiltration membranes that were more resistant to compaction, more permeable than xGnP-free membranes and at least as selective. By designing membrane compositions with different relative amounts of Au-decorated xGnPs and Au-free xGnPs, the structure (controlled by the loading of xGnPs) and catalytic activity (controlled by the loading of Au NPs) could be controlled largely independently.

Keywords:graphene; polymer nanocomposites; mixed matrix membranes; multifunctional membranes; membrane catalysis; membrane reactors

來源出版物：Water Research, 2013, 47(12): 3984-3996

Granular iron oxide adsorbents to control natural organic matter and membrane fouling in ultrafiltration water treatment

Cui, Xiaojun; Choo, Kwang-Ho

Abstract:Fine iron oxide particles (IOPs) are effective in removing natural organic matter (NOM) that causes membrane fouling in water treatment, but the separation of used IOPs is problematic. This study focused on the fabrication and use of granular iron oxide adsorbents, in combination with ultrafiltration (UF) membranes while investigating the NOM removal efficiency and fouling control. Sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer beads were coated with two types of iron oxides (ferrihydrite and magnetite) and their performances were compared to that of fine IOPs. A significant amount of iron oxide coating (52-63 mg of Fe per g bead) was achieved by means of electrostatic binding and hydrolysis of iron ions. Iron oxide coated polymer (IOCP) beads were able to remove some amounts (similar to 20%) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) comparable to that achieved by IOPs within a. short period of time (＜15 min). Regenerated IOCPs exhibited the same sorption capacity as the fresh ones. The integrated IOCP/UF system operation with a 15-min empty bed contact time and 10-h cyclic regeneration maintained the 20% DOC removal with no sigh of significant membrane fouling. In contrast, a sharp transmembrane pressure buildup occurred in the UP system when no iron oxide pretreatment was applied, regardless of the types of membranes tested. Iron oxide adsorbed the NOM fraction with molecular weights of ＞1000 kDa which is believed to be responsible for severe UF fouling.

Keywords:natural organic matter; ultrafiltration; membrane fouling; iron oxide; polymer bead

來源出版物：Water Research, 2013, 47(13): 4227-4237

PAC membrane bioreactor as an alternative to biological activated carbon filters for drinking water treatment

Leveille, Simon; Carriere, Annie; Charest, Sebastien; et al.

Abstract:A high concentration powdered activated carbon (PAC) membrane bioreactor (MBR) was fed by clarified-ozonated surface water. As a control, a MBR without PAC was run in parallel. Water quality was also compared with a full-scale biological activated carbon (BAC) filter. Biological PAC inside the MBR caused a higher fouling rate as compared to the MBR without PAC, although it was still possible to maintain operation for about 3 months at 25 L m-2h-1before a chemical cleaning was needed. The fouling rate inside the MBR with PAC increased as the PAC age increased from 0 to 60 d. Full nitrification was achieved in the PAC-MBR down to 7 degrees C. Preozonation had no significant impact on dissolved organic carbon removal. Although the PAC-MBR globally provided superior removal of natural organic matter, haloacetic acid precursors and UV absorption at 254 nm (UVA254), its removal of trihalomethane (THM) precursors was inferior compared to the BAC filter. This effect was shown to be caused by the accumulation of suspended solids inside the bioreactor.

Keywords:activated carbon; biological treatment; drinking water; hybrid membrane process; THM; ultrafiltration

來源出版物：Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-AQUA, 2013, 62(1): 23-34

編輯：衛(wèi)夏雯

The role of chemical and physical interactions in natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes is systematically investigated, Results of fouling experiments with three humic acids demonstrate that membrane fouling increases with increasing electrolyte (NaCl) concentration, decreasing solution pH, and addition of divalent cations (Ca2+). At fixed solution ionic strength, the presence of calcium ions, at concentrations typical of those found in natural waters, has a marked effect on membrane fouling. Divalent cations interact specifically with humic carboxyl functional groups and, thus, substantially reduce humic charge and the electrostatic repulsion between humic macromolecules. Reduced NOM interchain repulsion results in increased NOM deposition on the membrane surface and formation of a densely packed fouling layer. In addition to the aforementioned chemical effects, results show that NOM fouling rate increases substantially with increasing initial permeation rate. It is demonstrated that the rate of fouling is controlled by an interplay between permeation drag and electrostatic double layer repulsion; that is, NOM fouling of NF membranes involves interrelationship (coupling) between physical and chemical interactions. The addition of a strong chelating agent (EDTA) to feed water reduces NOM fouling significantly by removing free and NOM-complexed calcium ions. EDTA treatment of NOM-fouled membranes also improves the cleaning efficiency dramatically by disrupting the fouling layer structure through a ligand exchange reaction between EDTA and NOM-calcium complexes.

natural organic matter; water treatment; nanofiltration membranes; humic substances; divalent cations; fouling control

典

文章題目第一作者來源出版物1 Chemical and physical aspects of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes Hong, SK Journal of Membrane Science 1997, 132 (2): 159-181 2 Fouling characterisation in membrane bioreactors Bouhabila, E Separation and Purification Technology, 2001, 22-23 (1-3): 123-132 3 Influence of the characteristics of natural organic matter on the fouling of microfiltration membranes Fan, LH Water Research, 2001, 35 (18): 4455-4463 4 Fouling of microfiltration and ultrafiltration Environmental Science & Technology, 2002, 36 membranes by natural waters Howe, KJ (16): 3571-3576 5 Membrane fouling in pilot-scale membrane Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39 Bioreactors (MBRs) treating municipal wastewater Kimura, K (16): 6293-6299

Chemical and physical aspects of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes

Hong, SK; Elimelech, M

*摘編自《科技導(dǎo)報》2015年33卷14期：13～17頁，圖、表、參考文獻已省略。