不沿邊不靠海重慶進出口額依然坐上全國第十

□ 文/龍韻

重慶上半年的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展整體較好。在國內(nèi)總體經(jīng)濟發(fā)展速度放緩的大環(huán)境下，重慶上半年GDP增速達11%，居全國首位。特別值得關注的是，在全國進出口同比下降7.8%的大背景下，重慶的進出口貿(mào)易依然保持了快速增長：出口增長18.1%，進出口總額達2616.57億元，居全國第10位、中西部第1位；一般貿(mào)易同比增長了96.7%，達1399.95億元，占上半年全市外貿(mào)進出口總額的半壁江山。同時，跨境人民幣結算979億美元，增長30.2%，其中離岸金融結算414.5億美元，結算規(guī)模保持中西部首位。

不沿邊不靠海的重慶，是實打?qū)嵉膬?nèi)陸城市，六年前的進出口總額僅有60億美元，去年達到了955億美元，為6年前的16倍，今年上半年出口繼續(xù)高速增長。重慶成為了真正的外向型城市。

筆電為代表的電子產(chǎn)業(yè)成為出口大軍

重慶緊緊抓住了2008年金融危機后全球范圍內(nèi)筆電需求猛增的歷史機遇，創(chuàng)建了西永微電產(chǎn)業(yè)園，筑巢引鳳，率先引進了惠普、富士康兩大筆記本制造巨頭，進一步帶動了華碩、宏碁等眾多筆電企業(yè)進住重慶。重慶筆電產(chǎn)業(yè)不僅實現(xiàn)了從無到有，而且一舉成為全球最大的筆電制造基地，并以外向型為主導，世界上每三臺筆電就有一臺是“重慶造”。筆電產(chǎn)業(yè)的形成，又進一步帶動了通訊設備、打印設備、顯示設備及云計算等一系列相關信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的蓬勃興起。

寸灘港 攝影：唐明

自去年起，筆電就已經(jīng)成為重慶出口的大頭，以筆電為代表的電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)去年一年出口占全市外貿(mào)進出口的四成多。今年上半年，行業(yè)累計完成工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值375.3億元，同比增長52.7%；不僅筆電成為了重慶外貿(mào)出口的重要支柱，繼續(xù)領跑出口產(chǎn)業(yè)，還帶動了其他電子產(chǎn)業(yè)出口的發(fā)展。上半年機電產(chǎn)品出口增長21.6%，占全市出口額的69.8%，其中集成電路、手機出口額增長約六、七倍。

此外還加強了產(chǎn)業(yè)配套引進，截止今年上半年，已有895家筆電配套企業(yè)在渝簽約落戶，其中今年上半年新簽約企業(yè)有38家。以筆電為龍頭的電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)集群更加夯實。

“渝新歐”成為重慶對外貿(mào)易骨干通道

重慶地處國家“一帶一路”和“長江經(jīng)濟帶”兩大戰(zhàn)略的交匯點，既是“渝新歐”鐵路的起點，也位于21世紀海上絲綢之路的產(chǎn)業(yè)腹地，可啟東承西、連南貫北。得天獨厚的地理位置成為重慶融入國家“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略的重要基礎和支撐。重慶緊緊抓住筆電產(chǎn)業(yè)出口契機，積極推動“渝新歐”鐵路于2011年1月開通，全程11179公里，連接6個國家，還將繼續(xù)西延至歐盟總部所在國比利時的最大港口城市安特衛(wèi)普。開通以來，“渝新歐”已經(jīng)取得了質(zhì)的發(fā)展，徹底改變了中國西部的貨物出口歐洲只能從東南沿海出發(fā)的傳統(tǒng)格局，成為了全球戰(zhàn)線最長的國際貿(mào)易鐵路大通道，也為重慶發(fā)展外向型經(jīng)濟提供最有力的推動和保證。

“1+N”集結和分撥模式?！坝逍職W”去回程班列均已形成“1+N”集結和分撥模式?！?”即以中國重慶——德國杜伊斯堡為主線，深化了中德經(jīng)濟雙贏發(fā)展；“N”即可根據(jù)客戶需要選擇沿線國家作為集結點和分撥點，極大提升“渝新歐”運輸線的腹地能力和對沿途國家連接東西的能力，深化了亞歐大陸中部與亞洲東部、歐洲的互通互聯(lián)。

“渝新歐”沿線國家還共同啟動了內(nèi)陸唯一的中歐“安智貿(mào)”項目，建立更加安全、智能和高效的國際貿(mào)易運輸鏈。正如杜伊斯堡市經(jīng)濟促進局局長拉爾夫·莫伊雷爾關于“渝新歐”鐵路的論述：渝新歐是把幸運的鑰匙，它有潛力進一步讓杜伊斯堡成為德中貿(mào)易關系的中心，還必將開啟更多的金鎖。

班列破百。半年內(nèi)，“渝新歐”已經(jīng)開行超過一百趟，是所有中歐班列中“破百”最快的鐵路之一，從去年的每月一班發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在的每周兩班。今年1—7月幾乎相當于去年一年的總運量，預計全年還能實現(xiàn)250班，其中約80-100班為回程貨物?！坝逍職W”已成為開行最早、運行最穩(wěn)定、貨源最豐富、安全最有保障的集裝箱班列。

時間及成本雙降。隨著國際運輸通過效率提高和“五定班列”的開拓，“渝新歐”在這半年將運輸時間從14天縮短到12天，是海運的一半。每個集裝箱每公里運價由1美元降至0.55美元左右，基本與海運運價持平。運輸時間的縮短和成本的降低，極大地提高了“渝新歐”物流大通道的國際貨運競爭力。

貨源不斷豐富。開運之初，“渝新歐”去程貨源主要為重慶制造的IT產(chǎn)品。到今年上半年，已全面拓展到汽車整車及零配件、機械產(chǎn)品、服裝、鞋帽、日用品以及工藝工業(yè)用品等多個品類，還開通了云南后古咖啡專列?；爻特浽磩t覆蓋歐洲多國的汽車及零部件、機械裝備、日用品、化妝品、奶粉等。其中培育汽車整車進口產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈，通過“渝新歐”實現(xiàn)平行貿(mào)易進口汽車7批次。

功能進一步拓展。重慶市將繼續(xù)拓展渝新歐的功能：一是把“渝新歐”建成具有重慶特色的跨境電商物流“撒手锏”，通過發(fā)展平行進口、保稅商品展示、積極爭取降低各種稅負等，促進“歐洲商品重慶賣”，使“渝新歐”真正成為經(jīng)濟輻射和集聚的紐帶。二是把“渝新歐”建設成為絲綢之路經(jīng)濟帶的主通道。通過鐵水聯(lián)運，把“渝新歐”和長江黃金水道、21世紀海上絲綢之路連接起來。三是進一步理順“渝新歐”的物流組織體系。要讓跨境電商的備貨倉庫和“渝新歐”物流體系融合，形成一個血脈相連的物流貿(mào)易有機體。

建立綜合立體運輸與開放口岸：提升對外經(jīng)濟服務保障

寸灘港、果園港兩個現(xiàn)代化內(nèi)河深水港區(qū)相繼建成。這些港口是長江黃金水道和渝新歐大通道的關鍵節(jié)點，將促進中國長江沿岸城市與歐洲各國進行快速、方便的貨物運輸交換，促進渝新歐國際鐵路大通道常態(tài)運行。

國際航空運輸迅速發(fā)展。已開通38條國際航線，國際通達城市31個，每周總航班數(shù)超過40班。2014年國際貨郵吞吐量8.35萬噸，今年上半年為3.64萬噸。江北機場第三跑道及航站樓即將于2016年建成投運，國際航空客貨運輸能力將大大提升，增進與世界各國互聯(lián)互通。

重慶依托渝新歐著力構建“三個三合一”的口岸開放平臺，不斷完善以航空、水運、鐵路3大交通樞紐、3大一類口岸、3大保稅區(qū)為主的16個口岸區(qū)域。具備了口岸簽證、72小時免簽、保稅航油等功能，擁有汽車整車、進口肉類、水果和冰鮮水產(chǎn)品等指定口岸。電子口岸虛擬平臺初具規(guī)模，已經(jīng)搭建起網(wǎng)絡硬件平臺，上線跨境貿(mào)易電子商務、鐵路口岸通關輔助系統(tǒng)等10多個應用項目。

不斷完善口岸服務，加快形成大通關格局。海關在市內(nèi)各口岸以及特殊區(qū)域已實現(xiàn)“區(qū)港融合、區(qū)區(qū)聯(lián)動”，順利啟動檢驗檢疫推行“通報、通檢、通放”關檢合作“三個一”。積極參與長江經(jīng)濟帶區(qū)域通關通檢一體化改革，建立起滬渝川等口岸大通關合作機制。重慶還是中歐“安智貿(mào)”中國唯一內(nèi)陸口岸，保證了國際鐵路通關效率和安全。啟動了國際貿(mào)易“單一窗口”建設。著力打造跨境電子商務全業(yè)務流程，建成跨境電子商務公共服務平臺。啟動實施了深化內(nèi)陸開放高地建設重點工作任務，獲批貿(mào)易多元化試點。

服務外包：后來居上高起點發(fā)展

重慶是全國21個服務外包示范城市之一。今年上半年完成服務貿(mào)易進出口62億美元，增長22%。其中較高端的知識流程外包（KPO）占69%，占比重遠高于全國平均水平。重慶的服務外包雖然起步較晚，但已發(fā)展成為外貿(mào)進出口發(fā)展新動力之一，在“重慶制造“之外，新興的“重慶服務”也在外向型經(jīng)濟中起到推動作用。

重慶的服務外包產(chǎn)業(yè)有三大明顯的優(yōu)勢。一是優(yōu)秀的投資環(huán)境。重慶整體經(jīng)濟發(fā)展速度穩(wěn)定，國際競爭力穩(wěn)步提升，同時具有低稅費、低物流成本、低要素成本、低房產(chǎn)成本、低融資成本等投資環(huán)境優(yōu)勢。二是豐富的人力資源。高校眾多，覆蓋專業(yè)全面，職業(yè)技術扎實。如永川區(qū)依附職業(yè)高校人才集中的優(yōu)勢建立了服務外包產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)，2014年確定為重慶市首批大數(shù)據(jù)試點園區(qū)。三是良好的產(chǎn)業(yè)基礎。重慶依托電子信息、裝備制造、汽車等產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，加快了工業(yè)化和信息化的深度融合，加快了服務外包產(chǎn)業(yè)布局。

隨著重慶“云計算中心”、“全球物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)高地”、“災備數(shù)據(jù)中心”、“機器人公共服務平臺”、“西部聲谷”、“移動網(wǎng)谷”、“金融后臺”等新興產(chǎn)業(yè)漸具規(guī)模，重慶的服務外包產(chǎn)業(yè)前景更加廣闊，發(fā)展越來越讓世界認可的“重慶服務”。

跨境電商：嶄露頭角的外貿(mào)新星

重慶是全國五大跨境電商示范城市之一。上半年，重慶的跨境電子商務已實現(xiàn)成交額2億元，全年有望實現(xiàn)成交額3.5億元。這看似在全市上半年進出口總額所占比重很小，但上半年跨境電商同比增長了近50倍，半年的交易額幾乎是去年全年的3倍，這樣的發(fā)展速度，跨境電商無疑是這半年外貿(mào)進出口發(fā)展的新星。

“渝新歐”及對外航空物流運輸?shù)陌l(fā)展和保稅港區(qū)的建立，是重慶跨境電商發(fā)展勢頭如此迅猛的最主要原因，也是“兩手抓”的成果。一方面抓跨境電商企業(yè)的發(fā)展，夯實產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展基礎，京東、全球購、蜜芽寶貝等電商企業(yè)已進入重慶，目前跨境電商企業(yè)近百家。另一方面是更好地打造O2O新模式，充分發(fā)揮保稅港區(qū)作用，線下體驗、線上訂單，保證消費者滿意的消費體驗。兩路寸灘和西永兩個保稅港區(qū)的成立，保稅商品展示交易中心的陸續(xù)開業(yè)，為跨境電商B2B、B2C雙項發(fā)展提供了重要的市場條件。

由此可見，重慶作為“一帶一路”和“長江經(jīng)濟帶”兩大國家戰(zhàn)略交匯節(jié)點，正著力建設“一帶一路”重要支撐和長江經(jīng)濟帶西部中心樞紐，努力擴大對外開放，曾是內(nèi)陸腹地的重慶在外向型經(jīng)濟道路上將迎來全新的發(fā)展機遇，融入全球化經(jīng)濟發(fā)展軌道指日可待。

位于寸灘的集裝箱碼頭 攝影：杜宗澤

Chongqing’s economy development as a whole is good in the first half of this year.As the overall economy slowed down in China,Chongqing still achieved an increase rate of 11% in GDP,ranking first in China.It is well worth noting that under the circumstance of China’s export and import falling down 7.8% over the same period of last year,Chongqing’s export and import continued to maintain a rapid growth—export increased by18.1%,total export and import reached 261,657 million yuan,ranking tenth in the nation and first in the central and west provinces.The general trade grew 96.7 % to 139,995 million yuan,accounting for a half of the total export and import.Meanwhile,the total cross boarder RMB settlement hit 97,900 million yuan,an increase of 30.2%;the offshore finance settlement reached 41,450 million yuan,ranking first in the midwest regions.

Chongqing is not near the national border or sea but an inland city with sound economy development.Six years ago,the total export and import were only 6 billion US dollars while it reached 95.5 billion US dollars last year,increasing by 16 times.In the first half of this year,the export continued to enjoy a rapid growth.Chongqing has become a real export-oriented city.

Notebook Computer : the Main Representative of Exports in Electronics Industry

After the 2008 financial crisis,the demand for notebook computers increased greatly in the world.Chongqing seized the opportunity to build Xiyong Micro-electronics Industrial Park,firstly introducing two computer manufacturing giants,Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) and Foxconn Group and further attracting ASUS and Acer to set up branch companies.The notebook computer industries in Chongqing develop very fast and make Chongqing become the biggest export-oriented computer manufacturing base in the globe.Every three notebook computers in the world,one is made in Chongqing.Related information industries such as communication equipment,printing equipment,display device and cloud computing are boosted to develop vigorously.

Since last year,notebook computers have been the bulk of Chongqing’s exports.The export volume of such electronic information products accounted for 40% of the foreign export and import last year.In the first half of this year,the total industry output value reached 37,530 million yuan,an increase of 52.7% over the same period of last year.As an important pillar in Chongqing’s exports,notebook computer industry also drives the export of other electronic products.In the first half of this year,the export volume of mechanical and electrical products increased by 21.6%,accounting for 69.8% of the total export.Integrated circuit and mobile phone export increased by 6-7 times.

In addition,the introduction of supporting industries is strengthened.Up to the first half of this year,895 notebook computer supporting industries,of which 38 businesses are new signatories in the first half year,have settled in Chongqing.Thus the electronic information industry cluster led by notebook computer is more intensive and solid.

Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway —A Main Trade Route for Chongqing’s Export

Chongqing is located in where the “One Belt and One Road”and Yangtze River Economic Zone meet.As the starting point of Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway and industry hinterland of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road,Chongqing links China closely.The uniquely advantaged geographical location has become an important foundation and support for Chongqing to participate in national “One Belt and One Road”Initiative.Chongqing takes the export of notebook computers to actively push the construction of Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway which was in operation in January,2011.The railway connects 6 countries with a journey of 11,179 kilometers and will further extend to the biggest port city in Belgium where the European headquarter is situated.Since its running,Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway has made substantial progress in transforming the traditional situations of the exports from the western China to Europe only south-east coastal ports accessible.As the longest international trade railway,it provides Chongqing with the effective drive and support to develop export-oriented economy.

“1+N”Assembly and Distribution Pattern.The round trip of Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway has formed the pattern of “1+N”assembly and distribution.“1”refers to the Chongqing-Duisburg main route which has deepened the winwin cooperation in economy between China and Germany;“N”refers to the countries along the railway chosen as the goods assembly and distribution points according to the customers’demands.This has greatly enhanced the railway transportation capacity and deepened connectivity between the central Eurasian continent,the eastern Asia and Europe.

The countries along Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway have made joint efforts to launch the only inland project-Chian-EU Secure and Smart Trade Line Pilot Program (SSTL),aiming to build a more efficient ,safer and smarter international trade conveying chain.Chairman of Duisburg Economic Promotion Bureau,Ralph Meurer pointed has made a comment about Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway that as a lucky key,Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway has the potential to make Duisburg become the center of German-China Economy and would unlock more golden locks.

More Than 100 Trips.In half a year,Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway,the fastest route that exceeds 100 trips in China-EU routes,has been operation for 100 trips.Last year,train run one trip every month,but now it run 2 trips every month.From January to July of this year,the total traffic volume almost amounts to that in last year.It is estimated that another 250 trips,of which about 80 to100 return trips with goods,will be realized this year .So far,Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway has been the earliest,safest and stablest cargoabundant line.

Both Time and Cost Decrease.With the increase of international transportation efficiency and the expansion of “Five Established Trains”,Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway has shorten the trip time from 14 days to 12 days,a half of sea transportation time.Transport costs of every cargo container have dropped to o.55 dollar from 1 dollar,almost equal to shipping fees.These two factors greatly improve the international cargo transport competitiveness of Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway as the large logistics channel.

The Varieties of Cargo Increase.At the beginning of its operation,Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway mainly undertook the transport of IT products made in Chongqing.In the first half of this year,the cargo extends to complete cars,spare parts,mechanical products,clothes,shoes,hats,daily necessities and craft and industrial products.In addition,a special train is in operation for Hogood Coffee made in Yunnan.The return cargo covers cars and spare parts made in European countries,mechanical equipment,daily necessities,cosmetics and milk powder etc..By cultivating complete autoimported chain,seven batches of parallel-import cars have been transported to China.

Functions expand further.Chongqing will continue to expand the functions of Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway.Firstly,Chongqing will build Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway into a cross-border e-commerce center with Chongqing’s characteristics.By promoting parallel-import commodities,displaying bonded goods and reducing tax burden,the selling activities of goods imported from Europe in Chongqing will be promoted,thus making Chongqing truly become an economic bond with the effects of magnet and beacon.Secondly,Chongqing will build Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway as the main channel of Silk Road Economic Belt.Railway and water transport will link Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway,Golden Waterway of Yangtze River and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road closely.Thirdly,the logistics organization system of Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway will be improved.Cross-border goods warehouses of e-businesses will be integrated with Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe logistics system,forming a close logistics trade organism.

Build A Comprehensive and Three-dimensional Transportation and Open Port :

Strengthen Foreign Trade Security

As two modern inland harbor districts,Cuntan Port and Guanyuan Port have been built successively.They are critical joints of the Golden Waterway of Yangtze River and Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway,and will advance the fast and convenient transport of goods exchange between China’s cities along Yangtze River and European countries,and maintain the normal run of Yunxinou International Railway.

International air transport develops rapidly.Chongqing Jiangbei Airport has opened 38 international air routes connecting 31 cities in other countries and the total flights excess 40 every week.In 2014,the amount of cargo and mail throughput amounted to 83,500 tons.In the first half of this year,the amount has reached 36,400 tons.The third runway and airport terminal will be completed and put into operation in 2016 ,and thus the international air transport capacity for passengers and cargoes,and connectivity among countries will be enhanced greatly.

“Three Threes into One”Initiative refers to the development of 16 open port platforms,mainly including three large transportation junctions-air ,water and railway transportation,three national first-class ports and three major bonded areas.Chongqing is making full efforts to carry out this initiative relaying on Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe international channel.Now these open platforms have the functions of port visa applying,72 hours visa-free and bonded aviation oil and certain ports such as complete automobiles port,meatimported port,fruit port and fresh-frozen aquatic products port.Virtual electronic port platform has taken shape and more than 10 application projects such as network hardware platforms,on-line cross-border e-commerce and railway ports customs clearance assistance system,have been carried out .

Port services will be improved constantly to set up a port customs clearance system.In ports and special areas,the integration of ports and districts and connectivity among districts has been realized.The initiative of “Three Ones”-“report,check and pass”inspection and quarantine mechanism,has been launched.Chongqing will actively participate in the reform of customs clearance and check integration,and set up a Shanghai-Chongqing-Sichuan port customs clearance mechanism.As China’s only inland city in SSTL,Chongqing has ensured the efficiency and security of international railway customs clearance.One-window service for international trade has been conducted.We also make efforts to build a complete business processes and public service platform of cross-border e-commerce.The important tasks of deepening the inland openness have been accomplished and a wide range of trade pilots have been approved.

Service Outsourcing: Latecomer with Rapid Development

As one of the 21 service outsourcing model cities,Chongqing has achieved service trade import and export 6.2 billion US dollars,an increase of 22%,of which high-end knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) accounts for 69%,well above the national average.Chongqing service outsourcing started late,but it has developed into a new momentum in import and export.In addition to “made in Chongqing”service,emerging “Chongqing service”also plays an vital role in promoting export-oriented economy.

There are three advantages in Chongqing service outsourcing.The first one is the excellent investment environment.Chongqing’s overall economy develops steadily,gaining increasing international competitiveness.The investment environment is characterized with low taxes,low logistics costs,low factor costs,low house costs and low financing costs.The second one is abundant human resources.A large number of professional universities and colleges covering a broad range of disciplines can provide talents with a good command of professional skills.For example,Yongchuan district has built a service outsourcing park depending on vocational college talents.The first big data pilot parks were established in 2014.The third one is good industrial foundation.With the support of industrial clusters such as electronic information,equipment manufacturing and automobile manufacturing,Chongqing has accelerated the deep integration of industrialization and informatization,forming a service outsourcing industrial distribution.

As the emerging industries such as cloud computing center,global internet of things industry highland,data and disaster recovery center,public robot service platform,West Sound Valley (service outsourcing park),Global Mobile Network Valley and financial back-office begin to take shape,the prospects of Chongqing’s service outsourcing industry are getting broader and more and more “Chongqing Service”will be accepted by the world.

Cross-border E-commerce: A New Star in Foreign Trade

As one of the 5 major cross-border e-commerce model cities,Chongqing has achieved a turnover of 0.2 billion yuan in the first half of this year and the whole year is expected to achieve 0.35 billion yuan.It seems that cross-border e-commerce contributes a small share to the total import and export volume;however,the turnover in half a year is almost three times as much as that in last whole year.Such a rapid development shows that cross-border e-commerce is a new star in export and import in the first half of this year.

The rapid development of cross-border e-commerce lies in the foundation of Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway and bonded ports and the development of air logistics transport.It is also the fruit of “Grasping Two Keys”.The first one is to catch the opportunity to develop cross-border e-commerce.About 100 cross-border e-businesses such as Jingdong,the Global Purchasing and Miababy etc have entered into Chongqing.The second one is build Online 2 Offline pattern to fully utilize the bonded port areas.Online experience and offline order can satisfy customers’buying experience.The foundation of Lianglu cuntan Free Trade Port Area and Xinyong Comprehensive Bonded Zone as well as the opening of International Exhibition and Trading Center have provided important markets for both cross-border B2B and B2C to develop.

Thus it can be seen that as the crossing of “Belt and Road”and Yangtze River Economic Zone,Chongqing is making efforts to build the important support of “Belt and Road”and the western central hub of Yangtze River Economic Zone to expand its opening up.Located in the hinterland of China,Chongqing is ushering in new development opportunities on the export-oriented road and its integration with global economic development track is around the corner..