金星
深挖文本其樂無窮
——以一節(jié)初中英語閱讀公開課為例
金星
結(jié)合一節(jié)閱讀公開課進(jìn)行反思,分析教師的教學(xué)過程,總結(jié)出教師基于對(duì)教材的深度解析教師,以獨(dú)特的視角挖掘教材、解讀文本,在課堂設(shè)置上層層遞進(jìn),在思想上與學(xué)生有深度的交流與碰撞,開辟了閱讀新模式。在閱讀的同時(shí),教師提綱挈領(lǐng),搭建寫作支架,實(shí)現(xiàn)了基于閱讀文本進(jìn)行寫作的輸出。
深挖文本;閱讀;寫作支架;以讀促寫
美國教育學(xué)家舒伯特指出,教科書中的閱讀課文是寫作素材的聚集地、語言現(xiàn)象的展示廳、語法規(guī)則的剖析室和文章體裁的示范本(朱惠芳2007)。但大部分教師對(duì)教材的理解還不夠深刻,平時(shí)的教學(xué)缺乏深層思考和精心設(shè)計(jì),閱讀教學(xué)還停留在讀課文、講語法、重翻譯等形式上,致使閱讀教學(xué)形式單一。長此以往,不利于學(xué)生綜合語言運(yùn)用能力的提高。
筆者在參加由浙江外國語學(xué)院高歌教授主講的浙江省杭州市余杭區(qū)八年級(jí)(上)英語閱讀文本解讀培訓(xùn)中,認(rèn)真聽了樓翎老師執(zhí)教的人教版新目標(biāo)英語八上Unit3 Iam more outgoing thanmy sister Section B 2b公開課的全部內(nèi)容,聽完這節(jié)公開課后,筆者嘆服授課教師對(duì)課本的深度解讀:一方面,雖然是一篇很簡單的文本,但是授課教師卻不只做簡單的處理,而是通過仔細(xì)設(shè)置問題來引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解文本,通過運(yùn)用三種不同的閱讀方式,對(duì)文本進(jìn)行合理分層并深度解析;另一方面,短短一堂課時(shí)間,教師提綱挈領(lǐng),搭建了寫作支架,以讀促寫,降低了寫作難度,這一點(diǎn)值得研究與借鑒。
(一)教學(xué)內(nèi)容
新目標(biāo)英語八上Unit3 Section B 2b,包括三篇表達(dá)交友觀的短文。
(二)教學(xué)背景
學(xué)生在教材Section A部分通過聽說活動(dòng)的訓(xùn)練,已經(jīng)掌握了形容詞比較級(jí)的用法。這三篇短文都是陳述觀點(diǎn)類的文章,開頭的主題句和結(jié)尾的總結(jié)句使用了不同的表達(dá)方式,顯然教材意向通過含有比較級(jí)句子的文章來向?qū)W生呈現(xiàn)三種不同陳述觀點(diǎn)的方式。
(三)教學(xué)目標(biāo)
學(xué)生能夠熟練運(yùn)用比較級(jí),在分析人物性格特征、交友方式和掌握文章結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上,學(xué)會(huì)搭建寫作支架表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn),以讀促寫,提升自己的閱讀能力和寫作能力。
(四)教學(xué)過程
閱讀前——激活學(xué)生思維,導(dǎo)入話題。
閱讀中——巧析人物關(guān)系,以讀促寫。
閱讀后——深挖話題內(nèi)涵,升華情感。
Step 1:深挖文本,樂在思維
閱讀前——激活學(xué)生思維,導(dǎo)入話題
1.執(zhí)教教師想讓學(xué)生成為smart reader,讓學(xué)生Talk,read,and think with him。教師首先和學(xué)生分享了自己小時(shí)候讀過的一本書The Potato Pals:Good Friends,并展示該書對(duì)朋友的定義:
(1)Good Friends talk to each other.
(2)Good Friends listen to each other.
(3)Good Friendsplay together.
(4)Good Friends lend things.
(5)Good Friendsshare things.
(6)Good Friendshelp each other.
(7)Good Friendsgive presents.
(8)Good Friendscare.
(9)Friendship isaboutsharing and giving.
2.根據(jù)耶魯大學(xué)心理學(xué)教授PaulBloom對(duì)朋友的定義,引入本課主題——Differentpeople think differently about friends.
(1)Distance:The closer you are to someone,the more likely youw illbecome friends.
(2)Similarity:Themore similar you are to someone,themore likely youw illbecome friends.
(3)Familiarity:Themore familiar you arewith someone,themore likely youw illbecome friends.
【聽課后感悟】教師能夠根據(jù)閱讀文本的內(nèi)容、學(xué)生的年齡特點(diǎn)及其學(xué)習(xí)水平,用很簡單卻很準(zhǔn)確的故事引入主題。再加上專家的理論依據(jù)(三個(gè)句子都含有比較級(jí)),簡單明了地讓學(xué)生既能夠理解本課的重點(diǎn)語法、中心話題,能達(dá)到知識(shí)的擴(kuò)展與升華。
Step 2:深挖文本,樂在行為
閱讀中——巧析人物關(guān)系,以讀促寫
本閱讀有三段小文章,教師分別用Iteach you how to read(精讀),Iguide you how to read(拉結(jié)構(gòu)模式讀)和let Ss read by themselves(快讀)這三種模式來進(jìn)行解讀。
1.第一篇文章
(1)教師先呈現(xiàn)整篇文章
JeffGreen
Mymother toldme a good friend is like amirror. I’m quieter andmore serious thanmost kids.That’s why I like reading books and Istudy harder in class. My best friend Yuan Li is quiet too,so we enjoy studying together.I’m shy so it’s noteasy forme to make friends.But Ithink friendsare like books—you don’tneed a lotof them as long as they’regood.
(2)把文章段落拆分成句子,逐句分析。
(3)教師把每一句話中的核心詞匯在幻燈片中提煉出來,和學(xué)生一起仔細(xì)分析、對(duì)比,從而理解文章中人物的性格特點(diǎn)和交友方式。
如,第一句:Mymother toldme a good friend is like am irror.中Mymother toldme,教師可以和學(xué)生一起分析:通過這句話,Guesswhatkind of person Jeff is,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生回答出Jeff listens to hismother。第二個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞“m irror”,M irrormeans it is the same,教師和學(xué)生一起分析出Jeff likes the friend who is the sameashim。
第二句:I’m quieter andmore serious thanmost kids.(What Jeff is like,He isvery quiet,and serious.)
第三句:That’swhy I like reading books and I study harder in class.(He loves reading and studying.)
第四句:My best friend Yuan Li is quiet too,(Whathis friend is like)sowe enjoy studying together.(Why this isgood)
第五句:I’m so shy it’snoteasy forme tomake friends.(Jeff isshy,doesn’thavemany friends)
第六句:But Ithink friendsare like books—you don’tneed a lotof them as long as they’re good.(Jeff likes books,so we are sure he likes friends because he thinks friends are like books.he doesn’t have many friends,buthe likesgood friends.)
這樣逐句分析下去。直至找到作者的交友觀:Jeff listens to hismother,he isquiet,he is serious,he likes good books,he studies very hard,he is choosy,he doesn’t havemany good friends,he likes only a few good friends.
最后,教師大膽總結(jié):However,Ican’t agree with Jeff.鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生在閱讀之后大膽地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。這種逆向思維方式就是在引領(lǐng)學(xué)生逐漸地養(yǎng)成Thinking outside the box的思維方式,發(fā)展學(xué)生的個(gè)性思維,讓他們大膽地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。這往往就是英語教師在課堂上所忽視的對(duì)文本的深度解讀和利用,以及對(duì)學(xué)生思維方式的培養(yǎng)。
(4)通過這樣逐層分析,讓學(xué)生在感悟文本中作者觀點(diǎn)的同時(shí),能夠根據(jù)主題句、關(guān)鍵詞和結(jié)束語來總結(jié)寫作支架——A Rule of Thumb:When someone isexpressing his/heropinion(表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)),his/ heropinion isusuallymadeup of two kindsof sentences:
(1)A Topic Sentence(Opinion).
(2)Supporting Sentences(Body).
2.第二篇文章
教師帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生采用拉結(jié)構(gòu)模式讀,通過歸納和演繹的雙重手段,得出段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。同樣是全文呈現(xiàn),再把文章拆分成句子讓學(xué)生找出文章中的topic sentences和每一句話中的關(guān)鍵詞。教師在此過程中根據(jù)學(xué)生所指出的關(guān)鍵句(it isnotnecessary to be the same.),讓他們在文中找出相對(duì)應(yīng)的支撐點(diǎn)(Can you find the differences?)??偨Y(jié)人物之間的關(guān)系(He helpsme to play tennis and Ihelp him to study.)和交友方式(It is good to be different.),最后和學(xué)生一起總結(jié)寫作支架。
(1)A Topic Sentence(Opinion).
(2)Supporting Sentences(Body).
(3)Conclusion.
3.教師通過前兩篇文章對(duì)學(xué)生做了引領(lǐng),第三篇文章則采用讓學(xué)生快讀(A Skimm ing&Scanning Exercise)的方式,通過提問,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生用第二篇中得出的段落結(jié)構(gòu)去獨(dú)立分析。本段的框架通過回答以下7個(gè)問題來檢驗(yàn)自己的閱讀能力和對(duì)寫作支架的鞏固。
(1)Do you think thatMary’s friend isa girlora boy?How do you know that?
(2)Do you think thatMary’s friend is a funny person ora boring person?How do you know that?
(3)Do you think that Mary’s friend is a nice person ornot?How do you know that?
(4)Do you think thatMary’s friend isa girlora boy?How do you know that?
(5)Do you think that Mary and her friend are very closer friendsornot?How do you know that?
(6)Do you think that Mary cares her friend or not?How do you know that?
(7)What kind of person does Mary have to be friend?Why?
【聽課后感悟】
第一,教師以獨(dú)特的視角深度解讀文本,在課前仔細(xì)設(shè)置問題,在課堂上與學(xué)生進(jìn)行交流,并在思想上與學(xué)生有深度的交流和碰撞,開辟閱讀新模式,以獨(dú)特的視角來提高學(xué)生對(duì)文本的掌控能力,開啟以讀促寫的寫作新模式,進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)基于閱讀文本而進(jìn)行寫作輸出的能力。
第二,第一篇文章教師的核心提問是:“What do you think about Jeff?”通過對(duì)課文進(jìn)行逐句的分析,得出Jeff的十大信息框架;第二篇文章主要是通過歸納和演繹的雙重手段得出段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu);第三篇通過提問,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生用第二篇中得出的段落結(jié)構(gòu)框架去獨(dú)立分析第三段的框架。
第三,教師分別用精讀(I teach you how to read),拉結(jié)構(gòu)式閱讀(Iguide you how to read)和快讀(let Ss read by themselves)三種不同的閱讀方式來引領(lǐng)學(xué)生進(jìn)行閱讀。每一段小文章都是通過整體呈現(xiàn)全文分層,再把段落拆分成句子,深度挖掘主題句與句子之間的關(guān)系,句子與句子之間的關(guān)系,找出關(guān)鍵詞在段落中的支撐點(diǎn),總結(jié)人物特點(diǎn)等方式來引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)入一種全新的閱讀模式——教師是利用課文文本,用英語與學(xué)生進(jìn)行交流,并在思想上與學(xué)生有深度的交流和碰撞,既引領(lǐng)學(xué)生對(duì)文章有所深悟,又幫助學(xué)生形成一種新的思維方式。長此以往,學(xué)生對(duì)文本的掌控能力一定會(huì)提高。
第四,讀寫板塊的教學(xué)首先要體現(xiàn)教材的編寫意圖,此板塊的教學(xué)目標(biāo)為寫,讀應(yīng)定位于為寫服務(wù),即以讀促寫。其次由于寫作能力的培養(yǎng)難度最大(李冬梅2005),教師宜設(shè)計(jì)一些符合學(xué)生最近發(fā)展區(qū)的教學(xué)活動(dòng),如搭建支架,讓教學(xué)目標(biāo)逐步達(dá)成(胡曉娟2014)。在本堂課中,教師深挖教材、提綱挈領(lǐng),和學(xué)生一起總結(jié)寫作支架,開啟以讀促寫的寫作新模式,這種以讀促寫的閱讀新模式突破了以往教師傳統(tǒng)單調(diào)乏味的閱讀教學(xué)模式,能夠讓學(xué)生在理解整篇文章的基礎(chǔ)上,既能掌握文中的重點(diǎn)單詞、句型和語法,又能讓學(xué)生抓住每段文章的主題句、每個(gè)句子的關(guān)鍵詞,繼而總結(jié)出寫作支架。在提高閱讀速度和理解能力的同時(shí),也為寫作奠定基礎(chǔ)。
Step 3:深挖文本,樂在感悟
閱讀后——深挖話題內(nèi)涵,升華情感
1.教師通過與學(xué)生談?wù)撏瑢W(xué)之間的友情、交友方式,站在一定的思想高度上,通過13個(gè)含有比較級(jí)的排比句和非常適合且具有沖擊力的圖片,挑戰(zhàn)當(dāng)下我們的交友觀,引人深思,升華主題。
In most cases,it is easier for us to choose the ones who aremore like us,the ones whose hobbies aremore similar to us,or the ones who are closer,funnier,and nicer(sowe think)asour friends.
But,in this world,there are different kinds of people,the ones that are not like us at all,the oneswhose ways of life are very strange to us,and the oneswho aremore distant,less funny,and notso nice(sowe think).
Arewew illing tomake friendswith them?
(1)We alwayswant tomake friends with the studentswho getbetter grades than we do,butarewe w illing to make friends with the students whose gradesarenotasgood asours?
(2)We always want to make friends with the oneswho are prettier than we are,butare wew illing tomake friendswith the oneswho are notas pretty as weare?
(3)We always want to make friends with the oneswho are smarter than we are,butarewew illing tomake friendswith theoneswho are notso smart?
(4)We always want to make friends with the ones who are richer than us,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswho are less fortunate?
(5)We always want to make friends with the oneswho are bettereducated than us,butarewewilling tomake friendswith theoneswho are lesseducated?
(6)We always want to make friends with the ones who aremore successful,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswho are lesssuccessful?
(7)We always want to make friends with the ones who are faster and stronger,but are we w illing to make friends with the ones who are slower and weaker?
(8)We always want to make friends with the ones who are more peaceful,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswho aremorehot-blooded?
(9)We always want to make friends with the ones who are more powerful,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswho are lesspowerful?
(10)We always want to make friends with the ones who have yellow skin,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswith darkeror palerskin?
(11)We alwayswant tomake friendswith the oneswho live closer to us,butarewew illing tomake friendswith the oneswho live far,faraway?
(12)Arewew illing tomake friendswith the ones thatcan fly higher,dive deeper,move fasterand jump farther?
(13)Arewewilling tomake friendswith the only home thatwe have,our planet Earth,so that itwon’t be changed into amore polluted,more dried-up and more dangerousplace forus to live?
2.教師表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn),強(qiáng)化德育滲透
Remember:Friendship is not about taking,getting,and having;Friendship is about giving,caring, and sharing.
【聽課后感悟】
一位北京四中校長曾經(jīng)說過,一堂好課要有知識(shí)、有方法、有生活、有境界。一堂好課,學(xué)生除了能夠?qū)W到知識(shí)和方法外,還能學(xué)到生活的智慧、人生的態(tài)度和人生的哲學(xué),感受到人格的魅力。本課中教師采用逆向思維方式,向?qū)W生呈現(xiàn)含有大量比較級(jí)的句子,以此提出不同的交友觀進(jìn)行語言輸入,再配有合適的圖片,非常震撼,值得我們思考。這不僅鞏固了重點(diǎn),也升華了本課的交友主題,讓學(xué)生對(duì)本堂課話題有所感悟的同時(shí),更能升華主題情感。之后,學(xué)生分組討論話題并用寫作支架來完成寫作。最終,將閱讀成果轉(zhuǎn)化成為寫作內(nèi)容,完成由語言輸入到語言輸出的轉(zhuǎn)換。
如何理解教材、深挖文本一直是我們一線教師在思索的問題,也是亟待解決的問題。聽了樓翎老師的課,再經(jīng)過高歌老師對(duì)閱讀課的深層指導(dǎo),筆者茅塞頓開,認(rèn)為深挖課本,其樂無窮——樂在思維、樂在行為、樂在感悟。
引用文獻(xiàn)
胡曉娟.2014.以讀促寫的初中英語寫作教學(xué)實(shí)踐[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)(中學(xué)篇),(5):23-28.
李冬梅.2005.論合作學(xué)習(xí)在寫作教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,(5):32-35.
朱惠芳.2007.高中英語閱讀與寫作教學(xué)互動(dòng)模式的探析及應(yīng)用[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,(8):42-46.
作者信息:311101,浙江杭州,浙江省杭州市余杭區(qū)喬司中學(xué)