Prediction ofroadheaders’performance using arti fi cialneuralnetwork approaches(MLP and KOSFM)

Arash Erahimaadi,Mohammad Azimipour,Ali Bahreini

aDepartment of Mining,Islamic Azad University,Qaemshahr Branch,Qaemshahr,Iran

bDepartment of Water and Wastewater Engineering,Faculty of Water Engineering and Environment,Shahid Beheshti University,Tehran,Iran

cDepartment of Petroleum,Faculty of Engineering,Science&Research Branch,Islamic Azad University,Tehran,Iran

Full length article

Prediction ofroadheaders’performance using arti fi cialneuralnetwork approaches(MLP and KOSFM)

Arash Ebrahimabadia,*,Mohammad Azimipourb,Ali Bahreinic

aDepartment of Mining,Islamic Azad University,Qaemshahr Branch,Qaemshahr,Iran

bDepartment of Water and Wastewater Engineering,Faculty of Water Engineering and Environment,Shahid Beheshti University,Tehran,Iran

cDepartment of Petroleum,Faculty of Engineering,Science&Research Branch,Islamic Azad University,Tehran,Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O

Article history:

Received 25 March 2015

Received in revised form

4 June 2015

Accepted 9 June 2015

Available online 4 August 2015

Arti fi cial neural network(ANN) Performance prediction Roadheader Instantaneous cutting rate(ICR) Tabas coal mine project

Application of mechanical excavators is one of the most commonly used excavation methods because it can bring the project more productivity,accuracy and safety.Among the mechanical excavators,roadheaders are mechanical miners which have been extensively used in tunneling,mining and civil industries.Performance prediction is an important issue for successful roadheader application and generally deals with machine selection,production rate and bit consumption.The main aim of this research is to investigate the cutting performance(instantaneous cutting rates(ICRs))of medium-duty roadheaders by using arti fi cial neural network(ANN)approach.There are different categories for ANNs,but based on training algorithm there are two main kinds:supervised and unsupervised.The multi-layer perceptron(MLP)and Kohonen self-organizing feature map(KSOFM)are the most widely used neural networks for supervised and unsupervised ones,respectively.For gaining this goal,a database was primarily provided from roadheaders’performance and geomechanical characteristics of rock formations in tunnels and drift galleries in Tabas coal mine,the largest and the only fullymechanized coal mine in Iran.Then the database was analyzed in order to yield the most important factor for ICR by using relatively important factor in which Garson equation was utilized.The MLP network was trained by 3 input parameters including rock mass properties,rock quality designation (RQD),intact rock properties such as uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS),and one output parameter(ICR).In order to have more validation on MLP outputs,KSOFM visualization was applied.The mean square error(MSE)and regression coef fi cient(R)of MLP were found to be 5.49 and 0.97,respectively.Moreover,KSOFMnetwork has a map size of 8×5 and fi nal quantization and topographic errors were 0.383 and 0.032,respectively.The results show that MLP neural networks have a strong capability to predict and evaluate the performance of medium-duty roadheaders in coal measure rocks.Furthermore,it is concluded that KSOFM neural network is an ef fi cient way for understanding system behavior and knowledge extraction.Finally,it is indicated that UCS has more in fl uence on ICR by applying the best trained MLP network weights in Garson equation which is also con fi rmed by KSOFM.

?2015 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

1.Introduction

Performance prediction of roadheaders plays a major role in successful application of these machines.Over the last few years, some researchers have made attempts to set up accurate models for predicting roadheaders’cutting performance.This subject is a vital matter,for an accurate evaluation of machine performance can remarkably reduce the job costs and enhance productivity of the project.Predicting performance is an essential task for ef fi cient application of roadheader and is mainly related to evaluation of instantaneous cutting rate(ICR)for various cutting conditions.ICR is de fi ned as the amount ofrock excavated per time ofcutting(tons or cubic meter/cutting hour).According to Rostami et al.(1994), there are some factors affecting roadheader performance which include:(1)intact rock characteristics,(2)rock mass parameters, (3)machine speci fi cations,and(4)operational parameters.

Sandbak(1985)and Douglas(1985)utilized a rock mass classi fi cation to describe variations in roadheaders’advance rates at San Manuel Copper Mine.Gehring(1989)developed equations for predicting cutting rate of axial and transverse type roadheaders as

for transverse type roadheaders,and

for axial type roadheaders,where ICR and UCS are the instantaneous cutting rate(m3/h)and the uniaxial compressive strength (MPa),respectively.Moreover,Bilgin et al.(1988,1990,1996,1997, 2004)proposed a predictive model as

where P,RMCI and RQD are the cutter head power(kW),the rock mass cuttability index and the rock quality designation(%), respectively.Copur et al.(1997,1998)investigated the effects of machine’s weight and power on cutting performance.Their studies led to a more precise model presented as below:

where RPI is the roadheader penetration index,W is the roadheader weight(t),and e is the base of natural logarithm.Thuro and Plinninger(1999)proposed a predictive model based on speci fi c destruction work(Wz,in kJ/m3).The speci fi c destruction work is the quantity of energy required for a rock sample to be destroyed. Its predictive equation is presented as follows:

Other models are based on speci fi c energy(SE),which is de fi ned as the required energy to cut a unit volume ofrock material.One of the most reliable ways to determine the SE is to estimate it from core cutting test.McFeat-Smith and Fowell(1977,1979)conducted broad laboratory and fi eld investigations and proposed a predictive model based on SE for medium-and heavy-duty roadheaders.

Rostami et al.(1994)developed an accurate model involving cutting power and optimum SE achieved fromlinear cutting tests in laboratory,as presented below:

where SEoptis the optimum speci fi c energy,and k is the coef fi cient of energy transfer.They stated that k changes in 0.45-0.55 for roadheaders and in 0.85-0.9 for tunnel boring machines(Rostami et al.,1994).

As mentioned above,notable attempts have been made to obtain precise prediction models,a brief history of which has been presented.Nevertheless,few investigations on performance prediction of roadheaders have been reported using arti fi cial intelligences such as arti fi cial neural network(ANN),fuzzy logic and neuro-fuzzy in recent years while these approaches have been extensively used in other rock mechanics and rock excavation issues(Grima and Babuska,1999;Grima et al.,2000;Tiryaki,2008; Yagiz and Karahan,2011;Iphar,2012).In this regard,the main aim of the current research work is to utilize ANN approach for predicting roadheader performance and understanding system behavior.The most extensively used neural network for prediction is multi-layer perceptron(MLP).Another neural network which is mainly utilized for knowledge extraction is Kohonen selforganizing feature map(KSOFM).These networks are discussed in more detail in Section 4.Salsani et al.(2014)employed ANN to model the relationship between the roadheader performance and the factors in fl uencing the tunneling operations.Also,in this research a multiple variable regression(MVR)approach was applied and compared with ANN which has shown that ANN is signi fi cantly better(Salsani et al.,2014).It should be noted that the main drawback of previous models is that these models do not re fl ect the brittleness of rock(UCS/BTS)along with RQD for a given rock mass.In this work,we tried to incorporate these parameters into the model together.

This paper,at fi rst,describes a brief history of roadheaders’performance prediction models and then presents a database established from the fi eld data that consisted of roadheaders’cutting rates and rock properties in the galleries from the Tabas coal mine project(the largest and fully mechanized coal mine in Iran). Then,two different kinds of ANNs are investigated.Finally,using the data,an ANN model is developed for predicting the performance of medium-duty roadheaders and another model is proposed to establish relationships among the process variables.

2.Description of Tabas coal mine project

Tabas coalmine is located in centralIran near the city of Tabas in South Khorasan Province and is situated 75 km far from the southern Tabas(Figs.1 and 2).The mine region is a portion of Tabas-Kerman coal fi eld.The main part of this coal fi eld is called“Parvadeh”which has the largest coal reserve by nearly 1.1 billion tons within the area of 1,200 km2.The Parvadeh area is considered to be the main part for current and future coal extraction.

The coal seam expands from east toward west with thinner proportion of the seam.Seam thickness varies from 0.5 m to 2.2 m with the average thickness of 1.8 m.Shallow deposits are mined by room-and-pillar mining method while for deeper deposits,longwall mining method is used.The application of roadheaders was due in part to mechanized coal mining in Tabas coal mine.The mechanized coal mining needs rapid excavation of access galleries in which roadheaders can be employed ef fi ciently.There are four DOSCO MD1100 roadheaders of 34 t in mass,with a 82-kW axial cutting head in order to excavate drift galleries in the mine.

Fig.1.General view of the location of Tabas coal mine project.

Fig.2.The location of Tabas coal mine project in Parvadeh region.

As for the mechanism ofrock or coalexcavation by roadheaders, it is stated that the breaking process ofcutting head can be divided into four stages as follows:(1)Stage of plastic deformation.The force ofcutting pick on coalor rock increases gradually,leading the stress of coal or rock surrounding the contact to reach the yield limit fi rstly,resulting in plastic deformation.(2)Stage of cracking. When the tensile stress of coal or rock exceeds their ultimate tensile strength,with a further increase in the force with cutting picks, crack occurs.In this stage,rock strengths(UCS and BTS)play a major role in rock failure.Moreover,for jointed rocks,such as the conditions in Tabas mine,RQD is considered to be a crucialfactor to assist rock breakage,leading to a higher cutting rate.(3)Stage of dense nucleus formation.With the crack expanding,broken coalor rock powder moves forward with the cutting picks,and dense nucleus emerges.Then a part of rock powder is ejected from the pick of blade surface,and dense nucleus volume decreases.(4) Stage of coal or rock breaking.With the further interaction of cutting picks and coal or rock,more rock powder becomes nucleus, and nucleus grows up;when the pressure exceeds a certain value, the coal or rock breaks,cutting load on picks decreases instantly, and a leapfrog cutting cycle is completed(Fig.3).

Figs.4 and 5 show the picture of roadheader employed and a view of rock formations in the tunnel,respectively.Table 1 lists the basic speci fi cations of DOSCO MD1100 roadheaders(DOSCO Overseas Engineering Ltd.).

As seen in Table 1,a comprehensive database was prepared for 62 cutting cases in galleries and entries of the Tabas mine to be further analyzed to achieve accurate predictive models (Ebrahimabadi et al.,2011a).

3.Previous prediction models in Tabas coal mine

Many investigations on performance prediction of roadheaders have been carried out based on detailed fi eld studies in the Tabas coalmine project(Ebrahimabadi et al.,2011b,2012).Consequently, severalmodels to predict the performance ofroadheaders based on brittleness index were proposed.Rock mass brittleness index (RMBI)was developed to analyze the effect of rock mass properties on roadheaders cutting performance.Findings indicated that RMBI is highly correlated with ICR(R2=0.98).Furthermore,through the broad analyses,another modelwas proposed for predicting pick or bit consumption rates(PCRs)(R2=0.94).The prediction models were described as below(Ebrahimabadi et al.,2011a,b,2012):

Fig.3.The evolution of rock(or coal)breakage process.

Fig.4.DOSCO MD1100 axialtype roadheader(DOSCO Overseas Engineering Ltd.).

where PCI is the pick consumption index and P is equal to 82 kW (DOSCO MD1100 cutter head power).

It should be stated that the models(Eqs.(9-12))were attained from the analysis of 42 cutting cases.After data collection from other 62 cutting cases,Eq.(10)has been improved as

It should be noted that the aforementioned models have been yielded via statistical modeling.However,in this research,we aim to investigate the relation between the principal rock formation properties and roadheaders’cutting performance through ANN approach.We consider ANN as a powerful and new approach to develop more precise models.

4.Arti fi cial neural network(ANN)

Fig.5.Schematic cross-section of tunnels(all dimensions are in meter).

ANNs are mathematical features inspired from humans’brain biology(Mahdevari et al.,2012).They consist of simple interconnected processing elements called neurons under a prespeci fi ed topology(layers)(Benardos and Kaliampakos,2004). Each neuron is connected to its neighbors with varying coef fi cients called weights(Hamed et al.,2004).The knowledge ofan ANN is stored in its weights(Holubar et al.,2002;Hamed et al., 2004).Due to remarkable ability of the neural networks for deriving a general solution for complex systems,they can be used as patterns extraction and trends detection(Yilmaz and Kaynar, 2011).ANNs are classi fi ed into several types based on special characteristics.The most popular classi fi cation is based on learning algorithm which is the ability of the network to learn from its environments and to improve its performance(Haykin, 1994).The learning algorithm is a dynamic and iterative process which consists of modi fi cation of network’s parameters in response to the received environmental signals(Moller,1993).In the majority of cases,learning results in a change in the amount of weights(Khataee and Kasiri,2011).The goal of learning is to minimize the error between the desired output(target)and network output(output).Two main algorithms are supervised and unsupervised.However,reinforcement learning algorithm is another one which is not studied in this paper.In supervised learning,a teacher that may be a training set ofdata is required.In this category,training a network includes presenting input and output data.When the network produces required outputs which are close to targets,it is considered to be complete.On the other hand,the network error has the least value.One of the most extensively used training algorithms is back-propagation as the workhorse of ANNs(Rumelhart et al.,1986).This algorithm has two phases(Meulenkamp and Grima,1999):(1)Presenting an input pattern and calculating the output by network;and(2) Calculating the error and propagating backward this error from the outputs to inputs and fi nally updating the weights.

In unsupervised learning,despite the external in fl uences on adjusting weights,there is an internal monitoring of performance(Haykin,1994).The network uses this kind of algorithm to look for regularities or trends in the input signal.To perform unsupervised learning,a competitive learning rule may be utilized in which the wining neuron or the best matching unit will be chosen with“winner-takes-all”strategy(Haykin,1994; Rustum et al.,2008).

For each training algorithm,there is a speci fi ed neuralnetwork. The most popular and widely used neural network that uses the supervised learning algorithm is MLP.Generally,this network contains three layers:input,hidden and output layers.The numbers of hidden neurons are determined in a trial-and-error approach.However,the numbers of neurons of input and output layers depend on the nature ofthe problem(Salariet al.,2005).Due to universal approximation theory,a network with a single hidden layer with a suf fi ciently large number of neurons can be used for any input-outputstructure interpretation(Salarietal.,2005)and it is suf fi cient for most related issues(Rahmanian et al.,2011).In an MLP network,the process of producing output has 4 phases:(1) entering the inputs,(2)multiplying inputs by weights(the result of this stage is called net),(3)passing through the net to transfer function,and(4)producing the outputs.This process is accomplished in hidden layer neurons.After that,the hidden neurons outputs are fed to output layer and the same process will beapplied.To evaluate the performance of the models and fi nd the best fi tted one,various indices are proposed while in this survey mean square error(MSE)and R(regression coef fi cient)were chosen as follows:

Table 1 Typical speci fi cations of DOSCO MD1100 roadheaders(DOSCO Overseas Engineering Ltd.).

where Ti and Oi indicate experimental and network outpu respectively;are the average of mentioned data,respectively;N is the total number of data.

For unsupervised learning,there are two main models:KSOFM and Willshaw-von der Malsburg.KSOFM model has received more attention and therefore has been chosen in this paper.KSOFM is one of the most powerful and practical networks(Kohonen et al., 1996)which can be used at the same time to highlight groups of elements with similar characteristics(Grieu et al.,2006),and nonlinear interpolation and extrapolation(Kohonen et al.,1996),to reduce the amount of data by clustering,and to project the data nonlinearity onto a lower dimensional display(Hong et al.,2003). The term‘self-organizing’indicates the ability of learning and organizing information without applying the corresponding output values for the input patterns(Mukherjee,1997).This neural network combines an input layer with a competitive one(Grieu et al.,2006;Ghaseminezhad and Karami,2011)in which the input vectors that have n components(x1,x2,…,xn)are connected to each neuron(n)by a synaptic weight.Therefore,each neuron is represented by an n-dimensional weight wi=[wi1,…,win]T(Hong et al.,2003;Ghaseminezhad and Karami,2011).These weight vectors are also named prototype vectors(Garcia and Gonzalez, 2004)or reference vectors(Hong et al.,2003).In a self-organizing map,the neurons are placed at the nodes of a lattice that is usually one-or two-dimensional which is more common than higher dimensional maps(Haykin,1994).This lattice of neurons called map can be illustrated as a rectangular,hexagonalor even irregular organization(Heikkinen et al.,2011).Due to better presentation of connections between neighboring neurons,the hexagonal one is more preferable(Hong et al.,2003;Heikkinen et al.,2011).Fig.6 shows two illustrations of KSOFM map.Depending on the required application and details,size of the map(number of neurons)is varied.The number of neurons may vary from a few up to thousands which determines the mapping granularity and affects the accuracy and generalization capability of KSOFM(Llorens et al., 2008).To fi nd the side length of any map,heuristic formula is applied which is proposed as follows(Garcia and Gonzalez,2004):

where M is the number ofmap units.In this paper,62 samples were used.Therefore,there should be at least 39 map units.

There are two algorithms for training this kind of neural network:(1)sequential training in which samples are presented to the map one at a time,and the algorithm gradually moves the weight vectors towards them,and(2)batch training in which the data set is presented to the self-organizing map as a whole,and the new weight vectors are evaluated as the average of the data vectors (Vesanto,1999).Training process depends on the attained errors.If the error is acceptable,training will stop.Two error criteria are normally used:the quantization error and the topographicalerror, as de fi ned as follows(Garcia and Gonzalez,2004;Rustum et al., 2008):

where qeis the quantization error;xiis the i-th data sample or vector;mcis the prototype vector of the best matching unit for xi; ||·||denotes the distance;teis the topographical error;and u is the binary integer,which is equal to 1 if the fi rst and second best matching units for the argument of u are not adjacent units on the map,otherwise,u=0.

Fig.6.(a)Hexagonal lattice,and(b)rectangular lattice(Vesanto,1999).

Table 2 Rock geomechanicalcharacteristics and roadheaders’performance for allcutting cases(Ebrahimabadiet al.,2011a,b,2012).

5.ANN results

5.1.Multi-layer perceptron(MLP)

To fi nd the best MLP network,the following stages should be carried out:

(1)De fi ning and selecting inputs and output(s)based on dataset.

(2)Preprocessing data.In this work data have fallen in the range of [-1,1]by scaling them with respect to the minimum and the maximum of all the data(Mjalli et al.,2007).

(3)Dividing data into three subsets:training,validation and test. In this research,60%,20%and 20%of data were used for training,validation and test,respectively.The main reason of this division is to overcome over fi tting which is one of the most important issues of neural networks(Ra fi ai and Jafari, 2011).This method is called early-stopping.To avoid random correlation,these subsets were randomly selected from all the data(Badalians Gholikandi et al.,2014).

(4)Creating different networks by varying numbers of hidden neurons and activation functions.The numbers of hidden neurons were varied from 1 to 20,and for activation functions, hyperbolic tangent and logarithmic sigmoids were taken for hidden layer;besides,linear function was utilized for the output layer.This indicates that for each neuron 6 networks with different combinations of activation functions and totally 120 networks were created,trained and tested(Badalians Gholikandi et al.,2014).

(5)Evaluating the performance ofcreated networks by R and MSE. It should be noticed that,to calculate MSE,an inverse range scaling must be performed to return network outputs to their original scale which is necessary for comparing outputs and targets(Salari et al.,2005).

In this study,Levenberg-Marquardt(L-M)algorithm was used for training.This algorithm is a combination of Gauss-Newton algorithm and the steepest descent method,and it inherits the speed advantage ofthe former and the stability of the latter.Moreover,LM algorithm is 10-100 times faster than usual gradient descent back-propagation method(Pendashteh et al.,2011)and proved to be the fastest and most robust algorithm(Charalambous,1992).

綠色線路是指以綠色環(huán)保為主要特征的綠道慢行系統(tǒng)，主要包含沿線的綠道節(jié)點(diǎn)、綠道標(biāo)識(shí)、綠道小品和綠道基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。青山湖綠道在“低碳生態(tài)”理念的指導(dǎo)下，充分利用場(chǎng)地地形、廢棄材料以及場(chǎng)地原有構(gòu)筑物，打造低碳綠色的慢性系統(tǒng)。

Fig.7.The structure of MLP network.

Fig.8.R and MSE for all data and different data subsets.

In this study,Matlab software was used for simulation and modeling.Input parameters are UCS,BTS and RQD and output is ICR(Table 2).Fig.7 represents the structure of de fi ned networks. The best modelwhich has the lowest MSE(MSE=5.49)for alldata was obtained from 3:14:1 structure(14 hidden neurons).The activation functions of this modelwere hyperbolic tangent(tansig) for both hidden and output layers.The MSE value and correlation (R)between outputs versus targets for all data and different data subsets are presented in Fig.8.Fig.9 shows the reduction of MSE of the best MLP model during learning.As it seems,the epoch(each iteration of learning)in which the best network is obtained is 39. The reason for stopping training network is validation checks where if the error of this data subset increases(for 6 times in this study),the training will be stopped and the weights of that network will be stored as the best network weights.Fig.10 presents the comparison of the predicted values(outputs)versus measured values(targets),which shows that the selected network has a good level of accuracy for prediction of roadheader performance in most cases.

5.2.Relative importance

To fi nd the relative importance of input variables for ICR,Garson equation(Eq.(19))was applied which uses the weights of the best trained MLP network(Elmolla et al.,2010):

Fig.9.MSE of the best MLP model during learning.

where Ijis the relative importance of the j-th input variable for the output variable;Niand Nhare the numbers of input and hidden neurons,respectively;and W is used for connection weights.The superscripts“i”,“h”and“o”are for input,hidden and output layers, respectively,and the subscripts“k”,“m”and“n”refer to input, hidden and output neurons,respectively(Delnavaz et al.,2010). Table 3 shows the best ANN modelweights which were used in Eq. (19).

Table 4 shows the in fl uence of each input variable which indicates that UCS has more in fl uence on ICR.This result is the sameas that in Salsani et al.(2014)in which sensitivity analysis was conducted to fi nd the most effective parameter for ICR.

Fig.10.Comparison of the predicted(outputs)versus measured(targets)values.

Table 3 Weights between inputand hidden layers(W1)as wellas weights between hidden and output layers(W2).

5.3.Discussion on the effects of rock parameters on roadheaders’cutting performance

To have a better understanding of system,threedimensional fi gures were produced by the obtained best MLP network.For this purpose,two parameters were changed simultaneously and the other one was constant.The values of the parameters were considered as their average values.The average values of UCS,BTS and RQD are 19.6 MPa,4 MPa and 19.7 MPa,respectively.

5.3.1.The simultaneous effect of UCS and BTS

5.3.2.The simultaneous effect of UCS and RQD

Considering aforementioned results and due to high degree of jointing and fracturing of existing rock formations,RQD would be expected to have a crucial effect on cutting performance.On the other hand,it is clearly known that UCS has a remarkable impacton ICR.Hence,it is highly recommended to simultaneously investigate both UCS and RQD to gain more accurate and realistic results.With this respect,the simultaneous effect of UCS and RQD was studied. By referring to Fig.12,ICR increases as UCS increases,but the trend shows lower RQD;it means that high degree of jointing has a great impact on rock mass strength,leading to a signi fi cant rise in ICR,as demonstrated in Fig.12.Furthermore,the vagueness in the relation between ICR and UCS was clari fi ed.

Fig.11.Simultaneous effect of UCS and BTS.

Fig.12.Simultaneous effect of UCS and RQD.

5.3.3.The simultaneous effect of BTS and RQD

Fig.13 represents the simultaneous effect of BTS and RQD on ICR.It shows that ICR increases with any increase in RQD and decreases as BTS increases along with some variations.It can be concluded that simultaneous consideration of BTS and RQD is not enough to give a sensible outcome for predicting ICR.Therefore,it is extremely recommended that UCS of rock should be taken into account through the analyses and interpretations.

5.4.Kohonen self-organizing feature map(KSOFM)

To fi nd the regularities and correlations between input variables,the self-organizing feature map toolbox(CIS,2005)has been utilized and applied in Matlab.Due to different magnitudes of inputs,all variables were normalized in which they were scaled with the variance of 1 and the mean of 0(Cinar,2005;Badalians Gholikandi et al.,2014).The map size during training was 8×5 which is suf fi cient by considering Eq.(16).Final quantization and topographic errors were 0.383 and 0.032,respectively.

Fig.13.Simultaneous effect of BTS and RQD.

Fig.14.Component planes of variables and U-matrix.

One of the most important features of KSOFMneuralnetwork is its visualization which plays an important role in analyzing results based upon the knowledge extraction(Hong et al.,2003).Two different kinds of visualizations are(Grieu et al.,2006):(1) component planes and scatter plots for determining relationships among process variables and(2)distance matrices and K-means algorithm for clustering visualization.To study the correlation and associations between variables,component planes were utilized in which each hexagon represents one map node and its colors tellthe value of the component in that node(Hong et al.,2003).In each component,each hexagon corresponds to the same one in other component planes(Vesanto et al.,1999;Hong et al.,2003;Grieu et al.,2006).On the right side of each plane,there is a legend which indicates the range of each variable.Fig.14 illustrates the component planes.In this fi gure,the U-matrix plane indicates the distances between neighboring data units(Lee and Scholz,2006)in which the high values represent a cluster border and the areas of the low values represent clusters themselves(Tobiszewski et al., 2012).

Fig.15.Comparison of predicted ICR values achieved from previous model(ICR outputs)and new ANN model(ANN outputs)with measured data.

By considering the component planes of UCS and ICR in Fig.14, it can be indicated that UCS has more effect on ICR due to the similarity of their components.By looking at lower part of their components,it is noticed that by increasing UCS,ICR will also increase.This result is the same as that in Table 4 obtained by relative importance and has shown that UCS has more effect on ICR.As mentioned before,ICR increases with any increase in UCS; hence,there is a need to involve rock mass characteristics in the analyses.And that is the reason why RQD was taken into account. From Figs.12 and 13,it can be seen that ICR increases with any increase in RQD.It is also contrary to previous fi ndings.With this respect,it is true in higher values of RQD,while in lower values such as values in this study,this parameter also contributes to the increase in ICR.In this particular situation,as soon as the tips of pick hit the rock,a signi fi cant loosening in blocky rocks will be induced and it can facilitate rock removal instead of crushing and cutting the rock.

6.Comparison of previous and new ANN models

In order to represent the contribution of the new ANN model,as wellas verifying the results of this model for a site-speci fi c project (Tabas coalmine),the predicted ICR values achieved from previous model(Eq.(13))and new ANNmodelare compared with measured values,as shown in Fig.15.

As Fig.15 shows,there is a slight difference between ANN results and measured data than values obtained from previous model.The MSEs for previous model and the new ANN model are 8.16 and 5.494,respectively.This result demonstrates that the ANN model has a higher accuracy to predict ICR of medium-duty roadheaders.

7.Conclusions

In this paper,a roadheader performance prediction model was developed using ANN approach in which the ICR can be predicted more precisely.MLP and KSOFM are the most widely used neural networks for supervised and unsupervised ones,respectively.To gain this goal,a database was primarily provided from roadheaders’performance and geomechanical characteristics of rock formations in tunnels and drift galleries in Tabas coal mine.Then the database was analyzed in order to yield the most important factor for ICR by using relative importance factor.It was indicated that UCS has more in fl uence on ICR by applying the best trained MLP network weights in Garson equation.Moreover,from practical point of view and merely for such RQD values(less than28%),ICR increases as RQD increases.The network was trained by 3 input parameters including rock mass properties,RQD,intact rock properties such as UCS and BTS,and one output parameter, ICR.This network has one hidden layer with 14 neurons and uses tansig as activation functions for both hidden and output layers. Besides,to have more validation on MLP outputs,KSOFM visualization was applied.MSE and regression coef fi cient(R)of MLP were found to be 5.49 and 0.97,respectively.Moreover,KSOFM network has a map size of 8×5 and fi nal quantization and topographic errors were 0.383 and 0.032,respectively.The results showed that the neural network had a strong capability to predict and evaluate the performance of medium-duty roadheaders in coal measure rocks.

Con fl ict of interest

The authors wish to con fi rm that there are no known con fl icts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no signi fi cant fi nancial support for this work that could have in fl uenced its outcome.

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Dr.Arash Ebrahimabadiis assistant professor and M.Sc. and doctoral student supervisor,and head of Department of Mining Engineering at Islamic Azad University,Qaemshahr Branch,Iran,where he specializes in interaction of mechanical miners and rock mass,engineering rock mechanics,mechanized tunneling and underground mining, rock cutting,petroleum geomechanics and mine closure optimization.He cooperates(as part time)with Department of Petroleum Engineering,and Department of Mining Engineering at Azad University,Science and Research Branch,Tehran South Branch and Central Tehran Branch, Tehran,Iran.He managed several research projects for the of fi ce of vice chancellor for research and technology of Islamic Azad University-Qaemshahr Branch.He has served as mine supervisor and technical advisor for seven years.To date,Dr.Ebrahimabadi has published more than 40 papers and one book entitled“Roadheader’s performance evaluation”.He is a referee and member of scienti fi c committee for Journal of Environmental Geology as well as head of scienti fi c committee for Mine Sciences Conference(Iran).He is a member of Iranian Mining Engineering Organization(IMEO), Iranian Society of Mining Engineering(IRSME)and Iranian Society for Rock Mechanics (IRSRM).

*Corresponding author.Tel.:+98 11 42155025,+98 11 42155030.

E-mail addresses:Arash.xer@gmail.com,A.Ebrahimabadi@Qaemshahriau.ac.ir (A.Ebrahimabadi).

Peer review under responsibility of Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2015.06.008