劉 斌(綜述),繆 珩(審校)
(南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科,南京 210011)
11β-羥基類固醇脫氫酶1與代謝綜合征的研究進展
劉斌△(綜述),繆珩※(審校)
(南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科,南京 210011)
摘要:代謝綜合征是一組異常疾病的集簇群,包括向心性肥胖、糖耐量異常、高血壓和血脂異常等。而代謝綜合征與庫欣綜合征的特征有諸多相似,因此認為糖皮質(zhì)激素失調(diào)可能與代謝綜合征的發(fā)病機制有關(guān)。11β-羥基類固醇脫氫酶1作為細胞內(nèi)皮質(zhì)醇再生的關(guān)鍵酶,是糖皮質(zhì)激素的局部放大器,可活化并增強局部糖皮質(zhì)激素的作用,從而引起代謝綜合征的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。
關(guān)鍵詞:代謝綜合征;11β-羥基類固醇脫氫酶;糖皮質(zhì)激素
肥胖以及和肥胖有關(guān)的代謝綜合征是現(xiàn)代社會中威脅健康的重要原因之一[1]。代謝綜合征發(fā)生率的不斷增加與肥胖、2型糖尿病及胰島素抵抗的發(fā)生率不斷升高具有重要關(guān)系[2]。由于代謝綜合征的許多臨床表現(xiàn)與庫欣綜合征極為相似,因而許多學(xué)者認為機體糖皮質(zhì)激素過剩與代謝綜合征之間存在關(guān)聯(lián);且事實證明,11β-羥基類固醇脫氫酶1(11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1,11β-HSD1)是細胞內(nèi)皮質(zhì)醇再生的關(guān)鍵酶,通過增加細胞內(nèi)糖皮質(zhì)激素水平,從而促進胰島素抵抗和肥胖的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[2]?,F(xiàn)就11β-HSD1的表達量、活性及分布與代謝綜合征關(guān)系的研究進展予以綜述。
111β-HSD1概述
1.111β-HSD1的分子生物學(xué)11β-HSD1具有氧化還原酶和脫氫酶雙重活性,是短鏈脫氫/還原酶蛋白超家族成員之一;11β-HSD1在物種間存在高度同源性,尤其是在其輔助因子結(jié)合區(qū)域和催化位點,其催化域主要位于內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)腔內(nèi);人類11β-HSD1 基因位于第 1 號染色體上,含有 6 個外顯子(長度分別為182、130、111、185、143和617 bp)和5個內(nèi)含子(長度分別為776、767、120、25 300和1700 bp),其是基因長度> 30 kb 的糖蛋白[3]。大鼠11β-HSD1 基因位于第 13 號染色體上,與人的互補DNA 序列有 77% 一致[3-4]。
1.211β-HSD1的生物學(xué)作用與組織表達11β-HSD1具有氧化酶和還原酶雙重作用,在體內(nèi)以還原酶為主,起活化糖皮質(zhì)激素的作用[5]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),11β-HSD1幾乎不表達或十分有限地表達于大多數(shù)哺乳動物的胎兒組織中,這說明11β-HSD1 表達可能出現(xiàn)于產(chǎn)后[3]。人體研究表明,肝臟、脂肪組織、生殖腺和大腦的11β-HSD1于胎兒出生2~3個月后才開始表達,成人期表達量達到最大值;此外在心血管、骨骼、眼睛、免疫系統(tǒng)、胃腸道、腎臟、皮膚、胰腺以及胎盤蛻膜等中也有表達[3,6]。
211β-HSD1與糖皮質(zhì)激素
眾所周知,糖皮質(zhì)激素是調(diào)節(jié)機體代謝的重要因子。循環(huán)中糖皮質(zhì)激素的主要形式是皮質(zhì)醇,皮質(zhì)醇的釋放主要受下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸的調(diào)控[3,6]。機體分泌的皮質(zhì)醇為10~15 mg/d,循環(huán)中約90%的皮質(zhì)醇與皮質(zhì)類固醇結(jié)合蛋白高親和力結(jié)合,6%的皮質(zhì)醇與白蛋白結(jié)合,兩者均不具有生物活性;僅4%具有生物活性的皮質(zhì)醇,以游離形式存在[3]。而11β-HSD1 作為糖皮質(zhì)激素代謝的關(guān)鍵酶,參與體內(nèi)皮質(zhì)醇和皮質(zhì)酮的相互轉(zhuǎn)化,從而調(diào)節(jié)機體局部糖皮質(zhì)激素水平和活性,參與肥胖及與肥胖相關(guān)的代謝綜合征的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[2]。
3代謝綜合征與11β-HSD1
代謝綜合征是一組異常疾病的集簇群,主要包括胰島素抵抗、肥胖、脂代謝異常、2 型糖尿病及高血壓,是導(dǎo)致糖尿病和心血管疾病的危險因素[7]。代謝綜合征的一個重要特征是糖皮質(zhì)激素失調(diào),因為代謝綜合征的所有表現(xiàn)幾乎均與糖皮質(zhì)激素過多密切相關(guān);但是絕大多數(shù)肥胖與2型糖尿病患者的循環(huán)皮質(zhì)醇是正常的,因而認為這些作用是通過11β-HSD1 調(diào)節(jié)局部糖皮質(zhì)激素的活性實現(xiàn)的[5]。
3.1肥胖與11β-HSD1的表達肥胖是目前威脅機體健康的重要原因之一,分為中心性肥胖和全身性肥胖;中心性肥胖主要表現(xiàn)為腹部脂肪堆積,能顯著增加死亡以及肥胖合并癥(如血脂異常、糖尿病、高血壓、關(guān)節(jié)炎癥疾病)的風(fēng)險[2]。故尋找有效的早期預(yù)防靶標及深入研究其發(fā)病機制和病因,是目前急需解決的重大問題之一。London和Castonguay[8]研究表明,11β-HSD1在嚙齒動物大網(wǎng)膜脂肪組織中活性較高。有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),11β-HSD1 轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠內(nèi)臟脂肪組織肥厚,而11β-HSD1 基因沉默或剔除的動物能避免飲食誘導(dǎo)的肥胖及代謝失調(diào)的發(fā)展[9-10]。Harno等[2]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),慢性給予雄性C57BL/6J小鼠11-脫氫皮質(zhì)酮(11-dehydrocorticosterone,11-DHC)后出現(xiàn)體質(zhì)量增加和肥胖,循環(huán)糖皮質(zhì)激素水平升高,下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸活性降低,可能是11β-HSD1源性皮質(zhì)醇增加所致;而對于野生型肝臟11β-HSD1特異性剔除小鼠給予11-DHC后并未出現(xiàn)任何代謝異常的表現(xiàn),即使給藥后也出現(xiàn)了高循環(huán)水平的皮質(zhì)酮;全基因剔除的11β-HSD1小鼠,給予11-DHC 藥物干預(yù)后,未出現(xiàn)循環(huán)皮質(zhì)酮的增加和代謝受損表現(xiàn);以上數(shù)據(jù)說明,在肝臟缺乏11β-HSD1的情況下,給予小鼠11-DHC后,即使循環(huán)糖皮質(zhì)激素水平升高,也無代謝異常表現(xiàn)。這意味著是肝臟來源的糖皮質(zhì)激素對代謝綜合征的發(fā)生具有顯著影響,而不是循環(huán)糖皮質(zhì)激素。體外研究表明,糖皮質(zhì)激素對前體脂肪細胞發(fā)揮抗增殖作用,但同時也發(fā)現(xiàn)糖皮質(zhì)激素對脂肪基質(zhì)細胞分化成熟是必不可少的;此外,除了脂肪分化作用,糖皮質(zhì)激素還參與多種脂肪基因表達調(diào)節(jié)(如局部腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)、瘦素和過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體γ)[11]。Baudrand等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),細胞內(nèi)11β-HSD1活性在代謝綜合征患者脂肪庫中是普遍增加的。研究表明,11β-HSD1表達量或者活性同體質(zhì)指數(shù)呈正相關(guān)[11]。Veilleux等[13]對肥胖者進行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),11β-HSD1 轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物在內(nèi)臟脂肪與周圍脂肪兩者中的表達量存在差異,其表達量與內(nèi)臟脂肪量呈正相關(guān);Purnell等[14]也證實了這一點。但Mericq等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),11β-HSD1轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物在兩者中的表達量相近。
3.211β-HSD1與脂代謝異常目前,對于11β-HSD1在脂代謝過程的研究較少。動物研究表明,無飲食限制的11β-HSD1(-/-)小鼠血漿三酰甘油水平降低,但肝臟脂肪代謝酶(如解偶聯(lián)蛋白2以及相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、過氧化物酶增殖體激活受體α)有所增加;研究已證實,肝臟X受體α和β對脂代謝起關(guān)鍵作用;對野生型小鼠應(yīng)用肝臟X受體激動劑顯示脂肪細胞及肝臟中11β-HSD1表達和活性均下降[16]。有資料顯示,白脂肪內(nèi)11β-HSD1過度表達,引起脂肪內(nèi)皮質(zhì)酮水平升高,從而導(dǎo)致脂蛋白酯酶信使RNA表達增加以及循環(huán)中非酯化脂肪酸升高[17];給予肥胖飲食大鼠11β-HSD1藥物抑制發(fā)現(xiàn),調(diào)節(jié)脂質(zhì)氧化的基因表達增加,該基因反過來又引起肝臟三酰甘油減少[17-18]。人類研究表明,11β-HSD1過表達與脂質(zhì)分解和非酯化脂肪酸水平增加以及高胰島素血癥時脂蛋白酯酶活性增加有關(guān),可促進三酰甘油在脂肪組織的儲存,并有利于胰島素抵抗的發(fā)生;網(wǎng)膜脂肪內(nèi)11β-HSD1活性的增加也同脂質(zhì)分解和脂蛋白酯酶活性增加、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、脂聯(lián)素水平降低以及穩(wěn)態(tài)模型評估指數(shù)增加有關(guān),說明11β-HSD1在脂質(zhì)代謝中具有關(guān)鍵作用[19]。
3.311β-HSD1與糖耐量受損胰島素抵抗是指胰島素作用的靶器官對葡萄糖的攝取和利用效能下降,是代謝綜合征發(fā)生、發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵連接環(huán)節(jié)。研究表明,脂肪組織過表達11β-HSD1 的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠發(fā)生肥胖,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)在糖負荷實驗后出現(xiàn)高胰島素血癥、高血壓以及血脂異常,說明脂肪組織中11β-HSD1的表達可能與胰島素抵抗相關(guān)[20-21]。早期一些關(guān)于嚙齒動物的研究表明,11β-HSD1基因表達與胰島素抵抗有關(guān)[22-24]。近期,Schmid 等[25]研究證實,胰腺胰島細胞內(nèi)11β-HSD1 及其蛋白與胰島素共同表達于β細胞。此外,Turban等[26]為了探討11β-HSD1表達升高對胰腺β細胞的影響,以易發(fā)β細胞衰竭的鼠為基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)造了一種11β-HSD1特異性表達于β細胞的轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠模型;研究發(fā)現(xiàn),純合子轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠胰腺β細胞基礎(chǔ)功能受損并伴有葡萄糖刺激胰島素分泌功能的顯著抑制;而有趣的是雜合子轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠給予高脂飲食后能逆轉(zhuǎn)β細胞衰竭,這可能是由于增加了胰島功能和數(shù)目、增強了胰島素分泌或增加了β細胞的分化和存活能力所致。
3.411β-HSD1與糖尿病2型糖尿病是由于機體胰島素分泌相對或絕對不足所致,研究表明,11β-HSD1表達于胰島細胞,通過下調(diào)胰島素受體蛋白的表達,降低胰島素敏感性及抑制胰島素分泌,使血糖升高,從而促進 2 型糖尿病的發(fā)生或誘發(fā)2 型糖尿病[27]。由于2型糖尿病是多基因疾病且具有廣泛的遺傳異質(zhì)性,近期有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),11β-HSD1的基因多態(tài)性與2型糖尿病的發(fā)生有關(guān)[28-29],尤其是rs846910位點突變與2型糖尿病的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[30]。糖耐量受損患者內(nèi)臟脂肪中11β-HSD1信使RNA表達升高,因而導(dǎo)致糖皮質(zhì)激素增多,進而使患者糖耐量受損以及脂肪分解和非酯化脂肪酸分解增加,并與己糖-6-磷酸激酶信使RNA有關(guān),最終導(dǎo)致血糖升高[31-32]。此外,動物實驗[33-34]及臨床試驗[35]均證明,過氧化物酶增殖物激活受體γ能通過某種未知機制下調(diào)11β-HSD1 表達,使外周組織對胰島素敏感性增加,從而改善機體高血糖狀態(tài),故過氧化物酶增殖物激活受體γ激活劑可廣泛用于2型糖尿病的治療。
3.5高血壓與11β-HSD1高血壓不只表現(xiàn)為血流動力學(xué)紊亂,而且常伴有脂肪和糖代謝紊亂以及心、腦、腎和視網(wǎng)膜等器官功能性或器質(zhì)性改變。流行病學(xué)研究表明,糖皮質(zhì)激素過多患者動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生率增高,導(dǎo)致心肌梗死、卒中以及外周血管疾病[36]。11β-HSD的兩種同工酶均表達于血管壁,尤其在血管平滑肌和內(nèi)皮細胞,其活性以氧化還原酶占優(yōu)勢[3]。最近一項研究表明,代謝綜合征伴冠狀動脈疾病者,其升主動脈11β-HSD1表達增加[37]。另外,11β-HSD1 可以通過活化糖皮質(zhì)激素而發(fā)揮鹽皮質(zhì)激素樣作用,這可能是由于氫化可的松與腎臟鹽皮質(zhì)激素受體有相似的親和力[5]。Paterson等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),過表達ApoE-11β-HSD1的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠出現(xiàn)高血壓,且高血壓與轉(zhuǎn)基因劑量呈平行關(guān)系,這可能是通過增加肝臟血管緊張素原的表達實現(xiàn)的。同時,Hammer和Stewart[38]及Masuzaki等[17]的研究均顯示,脂肪組織中11β-HSD1過表達,也出現(xiàn)高血壓。
4小結(jié)
11β-HSD1是外周組織中糖皮質(zhì)激素代謝的關(guān)鍵酶,其過度表達與中心性肥胖、代謝綜合征以及糖脂代謝失調(diào)的發(fā)病機制密切相關(guān)。動物研究數(shù)據(jù)已證實,11β-HSD1抑制劑能改善代謝綜合征的多個組成部分,但其確切機制尚不完全清楚。代謝綜合征是一種多因素致病的復(fù)雜疾病,因此一些學(xué)者認為聯(lián)合治療是未來一種行之有效的方法。另外,11β-HSD1參與代謝綜合征發(fā)生、發(fā)展是否涉及信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑目前仍未知,還有待進一步研究,這可能成為代謝綜合征防治探索新的治療靶點。
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11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 and Metabolic Syndrome
LIUBin,MIAOHeng.
(DepartmentofEndocrinology,NanjingMedicalUniversitySecondAffiliatedHospital,Nanjing210011,China)
Abstract:The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of abnormalities including central obesity,impaired glucose tolerance,hypertension and dyslipidemia.However,metabolic syndrome shares many of the features of Cushing's syndrome and it has been proposed that dysregulation of glucocorticoid action might contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome.The key enzyme in the regeneration of intracellular cortisol is 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1.As a local amplifier of glucocorticoids,it can active and enhance the role of glucocorticoids and thus cause the development of metabolic syndrome.
Key words:Metabolic syndrome; 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1; Glucocorticoid
收稿日期:2014-06-27修回日期:2014-09-23編輯:鄭雪
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.10.044
中圖分類號:R588
文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1006-2084(2015)10-1849-03