邱俊霖,鐘宇華,梁華晟(綜述),曾云先(審校)
(廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第九附屬醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌代謝科 北海市內(nèi)分泌研究所,廣西 北海 536000)
糖尿病與結(jié)腸癌關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展
邱俊霖△,鐘宇華※,梁華晟(綜述),曾云先(審校)
(廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第九附屬醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌代謝科 北海市內(nèi)分泌研究所,廣西 北海 536000)
摘要:糖尿病與結(jié)腸癌的關(guān)系被越來越多的研究所證實。糖尿病患者容易引起結(jié)腸癌,且其治療效果和預(yù)后比單純結(jié)腸癌差。為了預(yù)防和治療糖尿病合并結(jié)腸癌,很多研究關(guān)注糖尿病與結(jié)腸癌的關(guān)系。一些研究認(rèn)為,胰島素及胰島素樣生長因子1、晚期糖基化產(chǎn)物受體及其配體是重要的機(jī)制。在細(xì)胞、動物、人體標(biāo)本的研究中,越來越多的證據(jù)支持這些因素與糖尿病及結(jié)腸癌的關(guān)聯(lián)有關(guān)。該文就糖尿病與結(jié)腸癌關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展予以綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:糖尿病;結(jié)腸癌;胰島素樣生長因子;晚期糖基化產(chǎn)物受體
隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速發(fā)展,生活方式的變化越來越大,糖尿病與結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)病率日益升高;而中心性肥胖、高體質(zhì)指數(shù)、缺乏體力活動、飲食中精碳水化合物而纖維素低等糖尿病與結(jié)腸癌共同的危險因素促使人們越來越關(guān)注糖尿病與結(jié)腸癌的聯(lián)系。大量研究證明兩者之間存在某種聯(lián)系,但對其發(fā)病機(jī)制一直未有定論。隨著對糖尿病與結(jié)腸癌關(guān)系了解的加深,人們想通過減弱高體質(zhì)指數(shù)及運(yùn)動來預(yù)防結(jié)腸癌,部分研究還提出在糖尿病患者中行胃鏡檢查來早期診斷結(jié)腸癌[1]。二甲雙胍被證明不僅降糖,還可以影響結(jié)腸癌的預(yù)后[2]。這些研究對預(yù)防和治療糖尿病合并結(jié)腸癌有重要意義。現(xiàn)就糖尿病與結(jié)腸癌關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展預(yù)予以綜述。
1糖尿病與結(jié)腸癌的關(guān)聯(lián)
Yang等[3]對糖尿病和結(jié)腸癌作相關(guān)性研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)2型糖尿病與結(jié)腸癌在人群總體相關(guān)的比值比(odds ratio,OR)為1.45(95%CI1.25~1.70),男性O(shè)R=1.46(95%CI1.19~1.79),女性O(shè)R=1.37(95%CI1.09~1.72),提示糖尿病與結(jié)腸癌的相關(guān)性在男性中稍明顯。Larsson等[4]和邵琦等[5]的研究結(jié)論共同支持糖尿病患者發(fā)生結(jié)直腸癌的危險性比非糖尿病患者大,但前者的研究顯示,男性糖尿病患者患病風(fēng)險與女性糖尿病患者沒有區(qū)別,而后者的研究顯示,男性糖尿病患者患病風(fēng)險高于女性糖尿病患者。另外,很多研究都沒有將1型糖尿病和2型糖尿病區(qū)分開來,除了1型糖尿病發(fā)病率較少外,也缺乏2型糖尿病和結(jié)腸癌共同的危險因素(如高體質(zhì)量、活動少),瑞士的一份研究則顯示1型糖尿病沒有增加結(jié)腸癌的風(fēng)險[6]。在糖尿病病程與結(jié)腸癌發(fā)生危險性上,國內(nèi)與國外的研究存在一定差異。國外的Flood等[7]研究認(rèn)為,糖尿病病程4~8年的患者,結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生的危險性最高。而國內(nèi)的騰家安等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),10~20年的2型糖尿病患者的危險性最高,>20年的2型糖尿病患者的危險性未見增加。而最近的研究顯示,糖尿病早期也可能影響結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生,Cha等[9]和Siddiqui等[10]的研究分別從糖耐量異常與糖化血紅蛋白角度研究,認(rèn)為兩者與結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生有關(guān)。除了病程及血糖外,腹部感染和抗生素使用也可以增加糖尿病患者患結(jié)腸癌的風(fēng)險[11]。糖尿病不僅影響結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)生,還影響結(jié)腸癌的治療和預(yù)后,2型糖尿病合并結(jié)腸癌患者的病死率高于單純的結(jié)腸癌患者,特別是有較高死于冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病的概率[12]。Meyerhardt等[13]的研究顯示,結(jié)腸癌合并糖尿病的患者與無糖尿病者相比,其結(jié)腸癌的治愈率更低(48%比59%),總體生存率更低(57%比66%),復(fù)發(fā)率較高(44%比36%),結(jié)腸癌合并糖尿病組的平均生存時間比對照組少5.3年。薈萃分析顯示,糖尿病增加了結(jié)腸癌手術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥及術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率,也增加了短期和長期的病死率[14]。血糖控制差的糖尿病合并結(jié)腸癌患者的5年生存率低于血糖控制好的糖尿病合并結(jié)腸癌患者及單純結(jié)腸癌患者[15]。一份來自韓國的研究還顯示,糖尿病對結(jié)腸癌的生存結(jié)局產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,而對直腸癌卻沒有影響[16]。顯然,糖尿病不僅影響結(jié)腸癌發(fā)生,還影響結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)展、治療及預(yù)后。
2糖尿病增加結(jié)腸癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險的可能機(jī)制
2.1胰島素及胰島素樣生長因子1一份美國醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)的橫斷面研究顯示,長期的胰島素治療容易增加2型糖尿病患者患結(jié)腸腺瘤的風(fēng)險,其原因可能是外源性的胰島素輸入以對抗胰島素抵抗引起的高血糖而造成的高胰島素血癥[17]。Keku等[18]研究也表明,高胰島素血癥可以提高結(jié)腸腺瘤的發(fā)生率,且可降低結(jié)腸黏膜細(xì)胞的凋亡。高胰島素還可以直接刺激體外培養(yǎng)的結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的增殖,并提高結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的遷移能力[19]。胰島素可以通過很多途徑影響結(jié)腸癌生成,對磷脂酶Cγ(phospholipase Cγ,PLCγ)[20]和瘦素的表達(dá)[21]的影響是胰島素促進(jìn)癌癥形成的途徑之一。磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B通路和絲裂原活化蛋白激酶通路,都能被胰島素和胰島素樣生長因子1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)激活[22],而這兩個通路分別是抑制細(xì)胞凋亡的重要生存信號和誘發(fā)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖的中心環(huán)節(jié)。胰島素還可以通過影響IGF而促進(jìn)結(jié)腸癌生成,在臨床前研究表明,胰島素不僅可以促進(jìn)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的生存及生長,還可以促進(jìn)IGF-1的生物合成及生物活性[18]。Gao等[23]研究顯示,血液循環(huán)中的IGF-1水平與晚期結(jié)腸腺瘤強(qiáng)相關(guān),而晚期腺瘤可發(fā)展至結(jié)腸癌,故認(rèn)為IGF-1水平是結(jié)腸癌的重要刺激因子。在動物研究中顯示,減少血液循環(huán)中的IGF-1可減少結(jié)腸癌的形成及影響細(xì)胞的增殖和凋亡[24]。而飲食方式和體質(zhì)量是糖尿病和結(jié)腸癌共同的危險因素,與兩個危險因素相關(guān)的營養(yǎng)信號主要通過胰島素、IGF信號通路來表達(dá),激活磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶,影響雷帕霉素靶蛋白信號通路的激活,將糖尿病和癌癥關(guān)聯(lián)[25]。過多的身體脂肪與升高的IGF-1及雷帕霉素靶蛋白信號通路的激活相關(guān),而能量的限制攝入則可通過降低IGF-1水平而減弱雷帕霉素靶蛋白信號通路[26]。在臨床病理研究中,吳智勇等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),在結(jié)腸癌合并淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者中,2型糖尿病患者比例顯著高于無糖尿病者,結(jié)腸癌合并2型糖尿病患者IGF-1陽性率顯著高于無糖尿病者,IGF-1陽性比陰性表達(dá)者中淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移高,說明糖尿病增加結(jié)腸癌發(fā)生及淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險,IGF-1在其中發(fā)揮重要作用。另外,IGF-1受體也是惡性腫瘤的重要促發(fā)因子,與胰島素受體同源;IGF-1可以結(jié)合并刺激胰島素受體及IGF-1受體,這些受體表達(dá)于結(jié)腸癌等腫瘤細(xì)胞;IGF-1介導(dǎo)受體的激發(fā)可以引起細(xì)胞的生長、增殖、凋亡抑制,包括結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞[28]。
2.2晚期糖基化終產(chǎn)物受體(receptor for advanced glycation end products,RAGE)及其配體作為高血糖與糖尿病慢性血管并發(fā)癥的節(jié)點, RAGE及其配體與結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展有關(guān)。RAGE的研究起源于糖尿病,是一個跨膜信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)受體,胞內(nèi)域、跨膜域和胞外域(配體結(jié)合部分)組成了RAGE蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)。胞外域包含1個可變區(qū)(V區(qū)),2個恒定區(qū)(C區(qū)),都是免疫球蛋白樣結(jié)構(gòu)。V區(qū)是RAGE與配體結(jié)合部位,通過結(jié)合配體發(fā)揮生物學(xué)作用。它具有多個配體,包括淀粉樣原纖維、高遷移率蛋白B1(high mobility group box protein B1,HMGBl)、晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)、S100蛋白等。RAGE蛋白可以促進(jìn)炎癥的發(fā)展、細(xì)胞因子的活化和細(xì)胞的生長,與癌細(xì)胞的生長、擴(kuò)散有關(guān)[29]。在臨床研究中,錢飛等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn),正常結(jié)腸組織、癌旁結(jié)腸組織、高分化、中分化、低分化結(jié)腸癌組織中的RAGE蛋白水平呈上升趨勢,且與轉(zhuǎn)移及分期相關(guān),并得出RAGE蛋白在結(jié)腸癌中的表達(dá)與其侵襲能力一致的結(jié)論。另外,RAGE還與結(jié)直腸腺瘤的惡性變有關(guān)[31]。一些體外實驗和動物實驗研究也已經(jīng)顯示,RAGE及其配體通過改變宿主自身免疫和組織微環(huán)境在結(jié)直腸的致癌過程發(fā)揮重要作用[32-33]。張圭等[34]觀察到,AGEs能推動人結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的增殖,推測其可能機(jī)制為AGEs-BSA上調(diào)RAGE的表達(dá),并與RAGE結(jié)合,從而激活多條細(xì)胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,促進(jìn)CyclinD1基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,加速細(xì)胞G期向S期轉(zhuǎn)換,最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞增殖;并認(rèn)為AGEs-RAGE途徑可能是糖尿病患者結(jié)腸癌高風(fēng)險的原因之一。與RAGE最具親和力的配體HMGB1在結(jié)腸癌中也高表達(dá)[35],可通過影響血管內(nèi)皮生長因子參與腫瘤血管形成[36],且HMGB1的表達(dá)還與結(jié)腸癌的預(yù)后差相關(guān)[35,37]。Sasahira等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)腸癌間質(zhì)中的S100A8/A9和RAGE含有的羧基多糖相結(jié)合,促進(jìn)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞內(nèi)核因子κB的活性和細(xì)胞增殖,在腫瘤細(xì)胞和間質(zhì)相互作用導(dǎo)致的結(jié)腸癌中起重要作用。Shimomoto等[38]的研究觀察到,高亞油酸及高糖飲食誘導(dǎo)AGEs-RAGE的激活,并持續(xù)促進(jìn)結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)展;并認(rèn)為AGEs-RAGE是一個潛在的預(yù)防結(jié)腸癌的治療靶點。而通過抑制RAGE及其配體,可以抑制結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,Liang等[39]研究證實,RAGE在SW480結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞中表達(dá)升高,沉默RAGE可以抑制結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移、侵襲及血管生成。HMGB1可促進(jìn)腫瘤的血管形成,抗HMGB1抗體可抑制內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞出芽和血管形成[40]。有研究顯示,抑制S100P可以通過抑制RAGE來減少結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的生長和浸潤[41-42]。
3小結(jié)
在預(yù)防與治療結(jié)腸癌方面,減少糖尿病的發(fā)生和控制糖尿病的發(fā)展將有益于降低結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險,影響結(jié)腸癌的療效。糖尿病與結(jié)腸癌聯(lián)系的機(jī)制在胰島素及IGF-1、RAGE及配體這兩個方向取得了進(jìn)展,但其明確的機(jī)制尚未闡明,然而這些研究對預(yù)防和治療結(jié)腸癌有重要意義。如有研究顯示,胰島素治療可以增加糖尿病患結(jié)腸癌的風(fēng)險,故建議對50歲以上糖尿病患者及初次使用胰島素的糖尿病患者進(jìn)行腸鏡檢查,以篩查結(jié)腸癌[1]。
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Progress in the Study on the Correlation between Diabetes Mellitus and Colon Cancer
QIUJun-lin,ZHONGYu-hua,LIANGHua-sheng,ZENGYun-xian.
(DepartmentofEndocrinology&Metabolism,theNinthAffiliatedHospitalofGuangxiMedicalUniversity/BeihaiEndocrinologyInstitute,Beihai536000,China)
Abstract:More and more researches have proved the relationship between diabetes and colon cancer.Diabetics are more prone to develop colon cancer,and simple colon cancer has a better therapeutic effect and prognosis than the colon cancer with diabetes.For the prevention and treatment of colon cancer,many reports are focused on how diabetes mellitus affect colon cancer,and some reports believe insulin and insulin like factor-1,advanced glycosylation product receptor and its ligand are important mechanisms.In the study of cells,animal and human specimens,more and more evidences support the association between diabetes and colon cancer,and here is to make a review of the research progress.
Key words:Diabetes mellitus; Colorectal cancer; Insulin-like growth factor; Receptor for advanced glycation end products
收稿日期:2014-08-14修回日期:2014-11-16編輯:鄭雪
基金項目:廣西自然科學(xué)基金(2010GXNSFA013132)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.10.020
中圖分類號:R735.35
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
文章編號:1006-2084(2015)10-1783-03