• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Peer-assisted learning to train high-school students to perform basic life-support

    2015-02-08 09:02:11
    World journal of emergency medicine 2015年3期
    關(guān)鍵詞:卡方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差計(jì)數(shù)

    Emergnecy Medicine Department, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 102, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156–755, Republic of Korea

    Corresponding Author:Dong Hoon Lee, Email: emdhlee@cau.ac.kr

    Peer-assisted learning to train high-school students to perform basic life-support

    Hyung Soo Choi, Dong Hoon Lee, Chan Woong Kim, Sung Eun Kim, Je Hyeok Oh

    Emergnecy Medicine Department, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 102, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156–755, Republic of Korea

    Corresponding Author:Dong Hoon Lee, Email: emdhlee@cau.ac.kr

    BACKGROUND:The inclusion of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in formal education has been a useful approach to providing basic life support (BLS) services. However, because not all students have been able to learn directly from certifi ed instructors, we studied the educational effi cacy of the use of peer-assisted learning (PAL) to train high-school students to perform BLS services.

    METHODS:This study consisted of 187 high-school students: 68 participants served as a control group and received a 1-hour BLS training from a school nurse, and 119 were included in a PAL group and received a 1-hour CPR training from a PAL leader. Participants' BLS training was preceded by the completion of questionnaires regarding their background. Three months after the training, the participants were asked to respond to questionnaires about their willingness to perform CPR on bystander CPR and their retention of knowledge of BLS.

    RESULTS:We found no statistically signifi cant difference between the control and PAL groups in their willingness to perform CPR on bystanders (control: 55.2%, PAL: 64.7%, P=0.202). The PAL group was not signifi cantly different from the control group (control: 60.78±39.77, PAL: 61.76±17.80, P=0.848) in retention of knowledge about BLS services.

    CONCLUSION:In educating high school students about BLS, there was no significant difference between PAL and traditional education in increasing the willingness to provide CPR to bystanders or the ability to retain knowledge about BLS.

    Peer-assisted learning; Basic life support; Education

    INTRODUCTION

    Almost 50%–65% of cardiac arrests occur at home.[1]The early recognition of cardiac arrest and the performance of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are important to improve the survival of victims.[2,3]Meissner et al[4]reported bystander CPR increases the survival rate of victims with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) by twoto three-fold compared to those who did not receive such treatment. Therefore, it is important to provide basic life support (BLS) training to the general public. The American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines 2010 for CPR emphasized the need for bystander CPR and recommended BLS training for the general public.[5]According to the 2012 data from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence of cardiac arrest in Korea was increasing, but the rate of bystander CPR remains low (about 8%) despite an increase compared with the previous rate.

    CPR training for the general public could increase their ability to perform BLS services in response to a sudden cardiac arrest.[6,7]However, it is diffi cult to provide BLS education to the general public due to limited resources. Therefore, one potentially useful approach to this situation may involve high-school students in training BLS. In Korea, training to perform BLS is not usually recognized as a required course in high-school curriculum. In general, BLS education in high school is providedprimarily by school nurses who teach CPR to students. Yet, the current curriculum makes it diffi cult for nurses to train all students due to lack of instructors and time.

    Peer-assisted learning (PAL) has been used to educate the public about health-related topics such as smoking, alcohol, and the use of other substances.[8,9]It is widely available, cost-effective, and culturally attuned, and could bring great benefi t to communities with limited resources.[10]Studies[11–14]on the use of PAL in BLS education showed the educational effi cacy of PAL was similar to that of traditional training. However, these studies were performed on adults and medical students. In this study, we used PAL to educate high school students about BLS. We hypothesized that PAL could train more students about BLS as effectively as school nurses. Therefore, we compared the efficacy in terms of trainees' willingness to perform bystander CPR and knowledge about BLS between PAL and school nurses.

    METHOD

    Study design

    This prospective observational case-control study recruited students in the fi rst and second grades of high school. CPR education in the control group was provided by a school nurse and the CPR education in the PAL group was provided by peers who had been trained in BLS services. Before education, both groups completed a survey about their interest in CPR, and 3 months after the CPR training, both groups completed questionnaires about their willingness to perform bystander CPR and their knowledge of BLS services. This study was approved by the Chung-Ang University Hospital Institutional Review Board (Seoul, South Korea). The students participated voluntarily in this study, and informed consents were received after the last survey for elimination of the effect of allocation.

    Cho et al[6]reported that the respondent's willingness to perform standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) increased to 56.7% after basic life-support (BLS) training. The sample size was calculated based on the respondent's willingness to perform CPR as the primary outcome variable. We hypothesized that the respondent's willingness to perform CPR would be equal between the control group and the peer-assisted learning (PAL) group at 57% after BLS training, and the equivalence limit was set at 25%. We set the one-sided signifi cance level at 0.05 and the power of the test at 80%. The allocation ratio between the control group and the PAL group was set at 1:2. By using a web program (sample size calculator: two parallel-sample proportions [one-sided equivalence hypothesis]) the number of participants was determined to be 51 in the control group and 101 in the PAL group.[15]

    Setting

    In this study, all 187 participants were high-school students: 68 were assigned to the control group, and the other 119 to the PAL group. Traditional BLS education was provided to the control group by a school nurse, and peers provided BLS education to the PAL group. One teacher provided 1 hour of instruction on CPR to the 68 students in the control group using mannequins for practice. Five volunteers in the PAL group attended a 3-hour training on BLS led by a specialist in this field. And in both groups, education of BLS was given. In the PAL group, the 5 PAL leaders trained their classmates for 1 hour using a mannequin for practice. In the control group, one school nurse educated students for BLS skills. For practice, three and five mannequins were used each class (Table 1).

    本次研究通過(guò)軟件SPSS22.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)分析,其中計(jì)數(shù)資料通過(guò)卡方檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,通過(guò)t檢驗(yàn),如果差異明顯,則P<0.05。

    Questionnaires (Table 2) were completed before and after training. The pre-training questionnaire addressed interest in and background knowledge about CPR: "Do you know what CPR is?", "Via which route did you get to know about CPR?", "Do you think it is necessary to educate CPR to high school students?", "Do you know how to perform CPR?", "Do you know how to use an automated external de-fi brillator (AED)?", and "If there is an opportunity, are you willing to learn CPR?". Three months after the CPR training, participants completed a survey evaluating their retention of information about BLS services and their willingness to perform such services. The students' knowledge about CPR was assessed with six questions with a total score of 100: "What is the first thing you have to do when performing CPR?", "What is the most important thing to do during CPR?", "What is the correct rate of chest compressions?", "What are the proper position and depth for chest compressions?", and "What is the correct ratio of chest compressions to rescue breathing?".

    Statistical analyses

    The baseline descriptive characteristics of participants include means and standard deviations (SDs) for continuousvariables and numbers and percentages for categorical variables. The educational efficacy of the control and PAL groups was compared with the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. The P values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS (ver. 20.0 for Windows; Chicago, IL, US).

    Table 1. The characteristics of the control and PAL groups

    RESULTS

    A total of 187 questionnaires were completed by fi rstand second-year high-school students. All participants were female, because this study was performed in a girls' high school. The age of the participants ranged from 15 to 16 years because they were fi rst or second grade highschool students (Table 1).

    Figure 1. The overall score after evaluating retention of knowledge of BLS. There was no statistical difference between the two groups (control group 78±39.77, PAL group 61.76±17.807, P=0.848).

    Interest in and background knowledge of CPR

    A total of 184 (98.4%) students had some exposure to CPR: 30.5% had been exposed via television, and 59.9% had been exposed at school. High-school students believed that CPR training should be included in their school curriculum, but most (75.9%) did not know how to perform CPR. Moreover, most students wanted to learn CPR if relevant education was provided.

    The CPR and PAL groups were not significantly different in their willingness to perform bystander CPR (55.2% and 64.7%, P=0.202) or in their retention of knowledge of how to perform BLS services (control group: 60.78±39.77, PAL group: 61.76±17.80, P=0.084; Figure 1). Comparisons between answers to individual questions by members of both groups revealed that the PAL group was more likely to retain the knowledge of CPR addressed by Q1, Q2, and Q3 (Table 3).

    Table 2. Questionnaire before BLS training (n, %)

    Table 3. The willingness to perform bystander CPR and knowledge of BLS 3 months after the education (n, %)

    DISCUSSION

    Although everyone should be trained in BLS for immediate performance of bystander CPR, this is actually difficult to achieve. Moreover, in the education of BLS, giving knowledge about BLS is not enough; also important is that laypersons are willing to perform bystander CPR. CPR training itself is a way to enable laypersons to perform bystander CPR.[6,16]Therefore, it is important tobroaden the general public's access to CPR training. In Korea, the prevalence of cardiac arrest is increasing in each year and the availability of CPR training courses has also increased. However, Kang et al[17]reported that only 4.3% of the population in a metropolitan city in Korea was given CPR education. Studies[18,19]have examined effective approaches to extending CPR training to the general public and one of them involves educating all students about CPR. The present study found that most participants (184; 98.4%) had indirect knowledge about BLS, but only 45 (24.2%) participants knew the BLS process in detail. We found that the primary source of information about CPR was school; however, this did not include training on how to perform CPR on a mannequin but consisted of lectures. Table 2 shows that most students did not know how to perform BLS correctly. Only 55 (29.4%) students were familiar with such devices, and only 23 (12.3%) of them knew how to use the devices. However, they thought the education of BLS was necessary for them and they wanted to be trained, if possible.

    Since 2009, CPR education has been included as the essential educational curriculum of primary schools but not in secondary schools in Korea.[20]However, almost all CPR training in Korea is provided by a few specialists, such as American Heart Association BLS instructors, Emergency medical services (EMS) members, healthcare providers, etc. Although CPR education has been included in the primary school curriculum, most of this training is provided by nurses of the school. Because a school usually has only one school nurse in Korea, it is diffi cult to provide thorough CPR training that includes relevant information and performance skills to all students. In many cases, the number of instructors, time, space, and money are limited.

    PAL has been defined as a process by which people from similar social groups who are not professional teachers, help one another, and learn by teaching.[21]PAL can be an alternative to traditional pedagogical instruction by a specialist that enables more individuals to be trained in BLS. As it is widely available, cost-effective, and culturally attuned, it could be of great benefit to communities. PAL has significant positive effects on educational achievement by offering relationships that provide encouragement and companionship.[8–10]Thus, PAL is suitable for many people, such as public school students, who are familiar with one another. There were several studies to utilize PAL in BLS education. PAL may enable adults to reach a skill level in CPR similar to the level reached by those trained by healthcare providers.[11]PAL potentially reduces the cost of CPR training, eliminates the need for a trained instructor, and reduces the length of training.[12]However, participants of these studies were healthcare providers or medical students.

    In Korea, high school education is compulsory. If high school students are trained in BLS, most of the population would eventually be aware of BLS. It could be an effective method of disseminating BLS to the general public in Korea. However, it is difficult for one school nurse to train BLS to all students due to the lack of instructors, time, and funds. Therefore, we tried to apply PAL to the CPR education of high-school students. In this study, we didn't evaluate the quality of performance, because it is more important for students to remember the sequence of BLS and start bystander CPR to a victim in actual SCA. Therefore, we investigated the retention of BLS knowledge and the willingness to perform bystander CPR 3 months after education. There was no signifi cant difference between the two groups in the willingness to perform bystander CPR and retention of knowledge. We found no significant difference between the groups in their overall scores for retaining information after 3 months (Figure 1). The distribution of scores of the PAL group was narrower than that of the control group. Additionally, the PAL group achieved a higher correct rate for some questions than the control group (Table 3). Therefore, the educational efficacy of PAL was similar to that of traditional education in terms of the retention of information about BLS services.

    We also questioned students of the PAL group about the advantages of PAL, and received the following feedback: "the course was interesting and easy because of its less awkward circumstances", "we were given opportunities to ask whatever questions that we had", "we might fi nd a school teacher uncomfortable, but peers were more friendly and engaged in usual conversations," and "the course was not boring." In a previous study, pedagogical advantages such as improved performance and increased student retention have been associated with PAL.[21]Traditional teaching by specialists adopts a vertical structure, and the relationship between the top and the bottom of the hierarchy may render learning and sharing difficult. However, PAL leaders and their students share similar thought processes and cultures. In this study, the PAL leaders were classmates and thus were similar to the other participants in terms of age, position, culture, and background. The PAL leaders guided the PAL course for their classmates, and all students learned collaboratively. Therefore, PAL may be an effective method for training students to perform CPR in high schools.

    LIMITATIONS

    This study included a small sample of high-school students, and the assessment of retention did not include evaluations of the performance skills of BLS, because it is more important for non-medical personnel to perform bystander CPR than to provide high quality CPR. Therefore, this study only evaluated the willingness to perform CPR and retention of knowledge about CPR. In this study, PAL leaders were also students from the same high school which the participants attended. They were trained on BLS skills and background knowledge by instructors specializing in BLS and advanced cardiac life support from the American Heart Association. We didn't qualify them offi cially by certifi cation of BLS, but are regarded specialists as they practiced suffi ciently and well understood BLS skills.

    In conclusion, BLS training for high school students through traditional BLS education by school nurses and through PAL showed similar results in terms of the test participants' willingness to perform bystander CPR and retention of knowledge of BLS.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

    The authors gratefully acknowledge the high school students for their participation in the study, especially, Yun Hye Lin, Jang Ye Sol, Pyeon Ju Young, Ha Hee Ju and Jeong You Jin.

    Funding:None.

    Ethical approval:This study was approved by the Chung-Ang University Hospital Institutional Review Board, Seoul, South Korea.

    Confl icts of interest:There is no confl ict of interest in this study.

    Contributors:Choi HS proposed and wrote the study. All authors contributed to the design and interpretation of the study, and approved the fi nal manuscript.

    1 Lund-Kordahl I, Olasveengen TM, Lorem T, Samdal M, Wik L, Sunde K. Improving outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by strengthening weak links of the local Chain of Survival; quality of advanced life support and post-resuscitation care. Resuscitation 2010; 81: 422–426.

    2 Taniguchi T, Sato K, Fujita T, Okajima M, Takamura M. Attitudes to Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Japan in 2010. Circ J 2012; 76: 1130–1135.

    3 Leong BSH. Bystander CPR and survival Singapore. Med J 2011; 52: 573–575.

    4 Meissner TM, Kloppe C, Hanefeld C. Basic life support skills of high school students before and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: a longitudinal investigation. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2012; 20: 31.

    5 Travers AH, Rea TD, Bobrow BJ, Edelson DP, Berg RA, Sayre MR, et al. Part 4: CPR overview: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2010; 122: 676–684.

    6 Cho GC, Sohn YD, Kang KH, Lee WW, Lim KS, Kim W, et al. The effect of basic life support education on laypersons willingness in performing bystander hands only cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 2010; 81: 691–694.

    7 Swor R, Khan I, Domeier R, Honeycutt L, Chu K, Compton S. CPR training and CPR performance: do CPR trained bystanders perform CPR? Acad Emerg Med 2006; 13: 596–601.

    8 Prince F. The relative effectiveness of a peer-led and adult-led smoking intervention program. Adolescence 1995; 30: 187–194. 9 Hansen WB, Graham JW. Preventing alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among adolescents: Peer pressure resistance training versus establishing conservative norms. Prev Med 1991; 20: 414–430.

    10 Goldfi nger JZ, Arniella G, Wylie-Rosett J, Horowitz CR. Project HEAL: Peer Education Leads to Weight Loss in Harlem. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2008; 19: 180–192.

    11 Wik L, Brennan RT, Braslow A. A peer-training model for instruction of basic cardiac life support. Resuscitation 1995; 29: 119–128.

    12 Perkins GD, Hulme J, Bion JF. Peer-led resuscitation training for healthcare students: a randomised controlled study. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28: 698–700.

    13 Hughes TC, Jiwaji Z, Lally K, Lloyd-Lavery A, Lota A, Dale A, et al. Advanced Cardiac Resuscitation Evaluation (ACRE): a randomised single-blind controlled trial of peer-led vs. expert-led advanced resuscitation training. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2010; 18: 3.

    14 Grove EL, L?fgren B. Successful implementation of the European Resuscitation Council basic life support course as mandatory peer-led training for medical students. Eur J Emerg Med 2014; 21: 142–144.

    15 Sample size estimation. Centre for Clinical Research and Biostatistics. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Accessed Jan 20, 2015, at Available from URL: http://www.cct.cuhk.edu. hk/stat/index.htm.

    16 Hamasu S, Morimoto T, Kuramoto N, Horiguchi M, Iwami T, Nishiyama C, et al. Effects of BLS training on factors associated with attitude toward CPR in college students. Resuscitation 2009; 80: 359–364.

    17 Kang KH, Yang HJ, Lee G, Youn ST, Yim J, Im JS, et al. Predictors of cardiopulmonary resuscitation education for layperson. J Korean Soc Emerg Med 2006; 17: 539–544.

    18 Connolly M, Toner P, Connolly D, McCluskey DR. The 'ABC for life' programme – Teaching basic life support in schools. Resuscitation 2007; 72: 270–279.

    19 Naqvi S, Siddiqi R, Hussain SA, Batool H, Arshad H. School Children Training for Basic Life Support. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2011; 21: 611–615.

    20 Lee BC, Lee MJ, Shin SJ, Ryoo HW, Kim JK, Park JB, et al. The Current Status of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training for School. J Korean Soc Emerg Med 2012; 23: 470–478.

    21 Burgess A, Nestel D. Facilitating the development of professional identity through peer assisted learning in medical education. Adv Med Educ Pract 2014; 5: 403–406.

    Received March 7, 2015

    Accepted after revision July 11, 2015

    10.5847/wjem.j.1920–8642.2015.03.004

    World J Emerg Med 2015;6(3):186–190

    猜你喜歡
    卡方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差計(jì)數(shù)
    卡方檢驗(yàn)的應(yīng)用條件
    卡方變異的SSA的FSC賽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向梯形優(yōu)化方法
    卡方檢驗(yàn)的應(yīng)用條件
    古人計(jì)數(shù)
    用Pro-Kin Line平衡反饋訓(xùn)練儀對(duì)早期帕金森病患者進(jìn)行治療對(duì)其動(dòng)態(tài)平衡功能的影響
    遞歸計(jì)數(shù)的六種方式
    古代的計(jì)數(shù)方法
    這樣“計(jì)數(shù)”不惱人
    對(duì)于平均差與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的數(shù)學(xué)關(guān)系和應(yīng)用價(jià)值比較研究
    基于改進(jìn)卡方統(tǒng)計(jì)量的藏文文本表示方法
    一本综合久久免费| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 亚洲精华国产精华精| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 国产99白浆流出| 亚洲乱码一区二区免费版| 黄片小视频在线播放| 99久久无色码亚洲精品果冻| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 91在线观看av| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 亚洲人成伊人成综合网2020| 91九色精品人成在线观看| 伊人久久大香线蕉亚洲五| 长腿黑丝高跟| bbb黄色大片| 啦啦啦韩国在线观看视频| 动漫黄色视频在线观看| 国产野战对白在线观看| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| 国产精品,欧美在线| 蜜桃久久精品国产亚洲av| 亚洲第一电影网av| 国产精品野战在线观看| 免费av不卡在线播放| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片| 在线免费观看的www视频| 欧美性猛交黑人性爽| 欧美日韩中文字幕国产精品一区二区三区| 久久香蕉国产精品| 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女| 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 国内精品久久久久精免费| 成年女人看的毛片在线观看| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 国产精品电影一区二区三区| 日本五十路高清| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 亚洲无线观看免费| 午夜福利欧美成人| www.www免费av| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区 | av天堂中文字幕网| www.色视频.com| 欧美黑人巨大hd| 亚洲久久久久久中文字幕| 欧美激情久久久久久爽电影| 热99在线观看视频| 国产亚洲av嫩草精品影院| 一本精品99久久精品77| 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 亚洲人成伊人成综合网2020| 熟妇人妻久久中文字幕3abv| 99久久精品热视频| 欧美色视频一区免费| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 哪里可以看免费的av片| 成人性生交大片免费视频hd| 91九色精品人成在线观看| 男女午夜视频在线观看| 18禁美女被吸乳视频| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 一级a爱片免费观看的视频| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 中出人妻视频一区二区| 日本成人三级电影网站| 美女黄网站色视频| 国产淫片久久久久久久久 | 国产精品亚洲美女久久久| 精品久久久久久,| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 亚洲av电影不卡..在线观看| 999久久久精品免费观看国产| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 欧美色视频一区免费| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添小说| 男人舔奶头视频| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| 在线看三级毛片| 韩国av一区二区三区四区| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看 | 亚洲中文日韩欧美视频| 在线观看一区二区三区| 久久九九热精品免费| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看| 日韩欧美 国产精品| 麻豆国产97在线/欧美| 中文字幕精品亚洲无线码一区| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 日本 av在线| 日韩欧美精品免费久久 | 免费在线观看影片大全网站| 亚洲av一区综合| 成熟少妇高潮喷水视频| 日本成人三级电影网站| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区 | 观看免费一级毛片| 国产伦精品一区二区三区四那| 成人国产综合亚洲| 在线观看av片永久免费下载| 亚洲片人在线观看| 国产一区二区亚洲精品在线观看| 91久久精品国产一区二区成人 | 99久久99久久久精品蜜桃| 亚洲专区国产一区二区| 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 少妇的逼好多水| 成人无遮挡网站| 国产精品亚洲av一区麻豆| 岛国在线观看网站| 有码 亚洲区| av片东京热男人的天堂| 国产精品国产高清国产av| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| 日本一二三区视频观看| 一区二区三区国产精品乱码| 久久精品夜夜夜夜夜久久蜜豆| 亚洲精品久久国产高清桃花| 99热这里只有是精品50| 欧美av亚洲av综合av国产av| 亚洲av免费高清在线观看| 一区二区三区国产精品乱码| 亚洲美女视频黄频| 无人区码免费观看不卡| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 99精品欧美一区二区三区四区| 国产成人aa在线观看| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 久久精品夜夜夜夜夜久久蜜豆| 禁无遮挡网站| 特级一级黄色大片| 午夜福利在线在线| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| avwww免费| 91在线精品国自产拍蜜月 | www日本在线高清视频| 又粗又爽又猛毛片免费看| 九色成人免费人妻av| 国产精华一区二区三区| 国产成人av激情在线播放| 亚洲成人久久性| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 欧美中文日本在线观看视频| 少妇熟女aⅴ在线视频| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片| 18禁美女被吸乳视频| 国产精品久久电影中文字幕| 国产免费男女视频| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 中文字幕熟女人妻在线| 一级黄片播放器| 亚洲中文日韩欧美视频| 精品人妻偷拍中文字幕| 97超视频在线观看视频| 青草久久国产| 色综合欧美亚洲国产小说| 一区二区三区国产精品乱码| 九九在线视频观看精品| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 91久久精品国产一区二区成人 | 少妇熟女aⅴ在线视频| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 免费高清视频大片| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人| 日韩亚洲欧美综合| 亚洲人成网站在线播| a级一级毛片免费在线观看| 免费无遮挡裸体视频| 伊人久久大香线蕉亚洲五| 久久久成人免费电影| 精品久久久久久久毛片微露脸| 99在线视频只有这里精品首页| 观看免费一级毛片| 99久久九九国产精品国产免费| 亚洲精品成人久久久久久| 岛国视频午夜一区免费看| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| 国产精品久久久久久久久免 | 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 成人鲁丝片一二三区免费| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 超碰av人人做人人爽久久 | 午夜福利欧美成人| 久久久久性生活片| 一级黄色大片毛片| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站 | 麻豆一二三区av精品| 少妇丰满av| 久久久国产成人免费| 亚洲最大成人中文| 嫩草影院精品99| 日韩欧美国产在线观看| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 亚洲人成伊人成综合网2020| 亚洲专区国产一区二区| 一夜夜www| 制服人妻中文乱码| 一区福利在线观看| 18美女黄网站色大片免费观看| 婷婷丁香在线五月| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| 岛国在线免费视频观看| 国产精品永久免费网站| 欧美又色又爽又黄视频| 欧美色视频一区免费| 岛国在线观看网站| 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 窝窝影院91人妻| av欧美777| 女警被强在线播放| 亚洲精品在线美女| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 91在线观看av| 女生性感内裤真人,穿戴方法视频| 内地一区二区视频在线| 日韩成人在线观看一区二区三区| 51国产日韩欧美| 日本成人三级电影网站| 国产精品精品国产色婷婷| 成人18禁在线播放| 久久香蕉精品热| 男女午夜视频在线观看| 成人永久免费在线观看视频| 国产精品久久久久久亚洲av鲁大| 国产高清视频在线观看网站| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 中文在线观看免费www的网站| 欧美区成人在线视频| 丰满的人妻完整版| 一本久久中文字幕| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| 在线看三级毛片| 动漫黄色视频在线观看| 最近最新免费中文字幕在线| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点| 天天添夜夜摸| 一级毛片高清免费大全| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 久久久精品大字幕| 高清日韩中文字幕在线| 日本在线视频免费播放| 日韩 欧美 亚洲 中文字幕| 国产美女午夜福利| 麻豆久久精品国产亚洲av| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 欧美一区二区国产精品久久精品| 脱女人内裤的视频| 亚洲av免费在线观看| 午夜福利成人在线免费观看| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 久久久国产成人免费| av天堂中文字幕网| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添小说| 免费av毛片视频| 很黄的视频免费| 不卡一级毛片| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 亚洲18禁久久av| 久久伊人香网站| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 热99re8久久精品国产| 国产精品久久久久久久电影 | 观看免费一级毛片| 日韩精品青青久久久久久| 亚洲精华国产精华精| 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 亚洲人与动物交配视频| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 美女黄网站色视频| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| 日韩免费av在线播放| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 日本熟妇午夜| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 欧美乱色亚洲激情| 偷拍熟女少妇极品色| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频| 天堂√8在线中文| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆 | e午夜精品久久久久久久| 悠悠久久av| 亚洲五月婷婷丁香| 一区二区三区激情视频| 男插女下体视频免费在线播放| 亚洲av五月六月丁香网| 啪啪无遮挡十八禁网站| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 国产高清有码在线观看视频| 久久精品亚洲精品国产色婷小说| 香蕉丝袜av| 色综合婷婷激情| 国产av不卡久久| 日本一本二区三区精品| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 午夜久久久久精精品| 一区福利在线观看| 亚洲不卡免费看| 97人妻精品一区二区三区麻豆| 午夜激情福利司机影院| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 一进一出抽搐动态| 久久精品人妻少妇| 三级毛片av免费| 国产高潮美女av| 一本久久中文字幕| 成年女人看的毛片在线观看| 亚洲av免费高清在线观看| 亚洲人成网站在线播放欧美日韩| 免费看十八禁软件| 日本成人三级电影网站| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 女人十人毛片免费观看3o分钟| 国产精品99久久久久久久久| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 国内精品一区二区在线观看| 久久久久久久精品吃奶| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 久久久久久久精品吃奶| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 亚洲国产精品成人综合色| 日本熟妇午夜| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 精品久久久久久久末码| h日本视频在线播放| 欧美激情在线99| 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清| 国产熟女xx| 免费观看的影片在线观看| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 最近最新免费中文字幕在线| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 国产精品 国内视频| 日韩精品中文字幕看吧| 夜夜爽天天搞| 国产老妇女一区| 最后的刺客免费高清国语| 在线a可以看的网站| 夜夜爽天天搞| 久久香蕉精品热| 日韩高清综合在线| 国产精品亚洲一级av第二区| 亚洲最大成人手机在线| 国产精品综合久久久久久久免费| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 无人区码免费观看不卡| 亚洲美女黄片视频| www国产在线视频色| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 男女午夜视频在线观看| 国产v大片淫在线免费观看| 丁香欧美五月| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 亚洲美女视频黄频| 久久人妻av系列| 亚洲av免费在线观看| 久久久精品大字幕| 欧美日韩中文字幕国产精品一区二区三区| 韩国av一区二区三区四区| 欧美性感艳星| 国内精品一区二区在线观看| 国产精品久久视频播放| 精品国产亚洲在线| 成人av在线播放网站| 亚洲 国产 在线| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 精品日产1卡2卡| 中文字幕人成人乱码亚洲影| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 午夜视频国产福利| 观看美女的网站| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 久久亚洲真实| 久久精品91蜜桃| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线| 久久久国产成人精品二区| 97人妻精品一区二区三区麻豆| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 久久精品夜夜夜夜夜久久蜜豆| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 十八禁网站免费在线| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 最近视频中文字幕2019在线8| 国产精品亚洲美女久久久| 欧美成人性av电影在线观看| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区 | 日韩有码中文字幕| 在线观看免费视频日本深夜| 天美传媒精品一区二区| 久久国产精品人妻蜜桃| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 亚洲精品久久国产高清桃花| 日本成人三级电影网站| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 97碰自拍视频| 99久国产av精品| 国产伦精品一区二区三区视频9 | 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 中文在线观看免费www的网站| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久| 人人妻人人看人人澡| 我要搜黄色片| av福利片在线观看| 精品一区二区三区视频在线 | 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 美女黄网站色视频| 精品久久久久久久人妻蜜臀av| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 在线播放无遮挡| 麻豆国产97在线/欧美| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 成人av在线播放网站| 国产黄片美女视频| 亚洲狠狠婷婷综合久久图片| 国产激情偷乱视频一区二区| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 97人妻精品一区二区三区麻豆| 成年免费大片在线观看| 午夜福利高清视频| 神马国产精品三级电影在线观看| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 人人妻人人看人人澡| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看 | 国产精品99久久久久久久久| 综合色av麻豆| 成人欧美大片| 国产91精品成人一区二区三区| 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 在线观看av片永久免费下载| 久久精品91无色码中文字幕| 国产伦在线观看视频一区| 久久精品影院6| 真实男女啪啪啪动态图| 九九久久精品国产亚洲av麻豆| 国产成人欧美在线观看| 国产精品影院久久| 久久九九热精品免费| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看 | 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 婷婷丁香在线五月| 日韩成人在线观看一区二区三区| 亚洲第一电影网av| 国产精品日韩av在线免费观看| 欧美+日韩+精品| 亚洲精品影视一区二区三区av| 国产精品亚洲一级av第二区| 精品久久久久久久末码| 欧美日韩精品网址| 91久久精品国产一区二区成人 | 亚洲美女黄片视频| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 日韩免费av在线播放| 三级毛片av免费| 日韩免费av在线播放| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 小说图片视频综合网站| 一夜夜www| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 免费人成在线观看视频色| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀| 久久人妻av系列| 18禁国产床啪视频网站| 国产在视频线在精品| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三| av专区在线播放| 91在线精品国自产拍蜜月 | 免费在线观看亚洲国产| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片| 欧美最黄视频在线播放免费| 一夜夜www| 动漫黄色视频在线观看| 首页视频小说图片口味搜索| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 欧美日本视频| 性色avwww在线观看| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网| 日本三级黄在线观看| 亚洲国产欧美人成| 成人国产综合亚洲| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| 免费在线观看日本一区| 69人妻影院| 熟女电影av网| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 欧美午夜高清在线| 中文资源天堂在线| 最后的刺客免费高清国语| 午夜福利在线在线| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 久久国产精品影院| 亚洲人成伊人成综合网2020| 亚洲成人中文字幕在线播放| 亚洲人成网站在线播| 九色成人免费人妻av| www日本在线高清视频| 欧美色视频一区免费| 搡老岳熟女国产| 亚洲欧美日韩高清在线视频| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 免费在线观看影片大全网站| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 少妇熟女aⅴ在线视频| 国产欧美日韩一区二区精品| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 国产av麻豆久久久久久久| 色播亚洲综合网| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线| 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| 露出奶头的视频| 久久国产精品影院| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 亚洲va日本ⅴa欧美va伊人久久| 欧美色视频一区免费| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 国产av麻豆久久久久久久| 久久亚洲真实| 神马国产精品三级电影在线观看| 中文在线观看免费www的网站| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 日韩中文字幕欧美一区二区| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx| 天堂√8在线中文| 成人国产综合亚洲| 国产欧美日韩一区二区精品| 午夜福利欧美成人| 中文字幕高清在线视频| 国产成人影院久久av| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 亚洲在线自拍视频| 久久6这里有精品| 日本免费一区二区三区高清不卡| svipshipincom国产片| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 亚洲精品一卡2卡三卡4卡5卡| 国内精品久久久久久久电影| 岛国视频午夜一区免费看| 欧美精品啪啪一区二区三区| 一进一出抽搐动态| 免费电影在线观看免费观看| 特级一级黄色大片| 一级作爱视频免费观看| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 男人和女人高潮做爰伦理| 在线观看一区二区三区| 亚洲午夜理论影院| 午夜精品在线福利| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 给我免费播放毛片高清在线观看| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看 | 丰满人妻一区二区三区视频av | 天天添夜夜摸| 国产一级毛片七仙女欲春2| 色av中文字幕| 亚洲狠狠婷婷综合久久图片| 国产一级毛片七仙女欲春2| 精品久久久久久成人av| 精品久久久久久久毛片微露脸| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 午夜福利成人在线免费观看| 噜噜噜噜噜久久久久久91| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 亚洲男人的天堂狠狠| 极品教师在线免费播放| 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| 成人18禁在线播放| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清| 久久久久久九九精品二区国产| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 男女之事视频高清在线观看| 91字幕亚洲| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕 | 午夜免费激情av| 午夜视频国产福利| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线| 国产视频内射|