How to Adjust XPCC's Planting Structure of Grain，Cotton，Oil and Sugar？

Xin ZHANG，Gang WANG ，Guodong WANG，F(xiàn)ei LIANG ，2*

1.Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science，Shihezi832000，China；2.Chang'an University，Xi'an 710064，China

1 Introduction

XPCC（Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps），or Bingtuan for short，is a unique economic and semi-military governmental organization in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China［1］.The XPCC has administrative authority over several medium-sized cities as well as settlements and farms in Xinjiang.It has its own administrative structure，fulfilling governmental functions such as healthcare and education for areas under its jurisdiction.The Government of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region does not usually interfere in the administration of these areas.The XPCC consists of 14 divisions which are then subdivided into 185 regiment-level entities（including regiments，farms，and ranches），scattered throughout Xinjiang，mostly in previously unpopulated or sparsely populated areas.It has long played an irreplaceable role in shouldering the mission of reclamation and consolidating frontier defense，promoting national unity and developing local economy［2］.Overall，the Altai Mountains and Kunlun Mountains are interspersed with 10 XPCC regiment level entities；the Tianshan valley and basin are dotted with 54 regiment-level entities and the alluvial plain in the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains has90 regiment-level entities；there are 20 regiment-level entities distributed in the wind-erosion terrain of North Xinjiang.The special geographical distribution［3－4］，as well as＂vassal separatism＂of soldiers and local governments，has led to regional segmentation and administrative division in the XPCC's planting structure of grain，cotton，oil and sugar，making XPCC fail to fully play the its advantages in agricultural resources［5］.Therefore，in the context of accelerating transformation of XPCC's agricultural development pattern and improving the industrial structure，studying the structural adjustment of grain，cotton，oil and sugar in Xinjiang has important practical significance to promoting the structural adjustment of agricultural industry，ensuring food security and promoting healthy rural economic development.

2 Evolution of XPCC's planting structure of grain，cotton，oil and sugar

2.1 Nearly three decades of evolution of planting area of grain，cotton，oil and sugarSince 1980，XPCC's total planting area of grain，cotton，oil and sugar has shown a stable growing trend，from 593960 ha in 1980 to 939200 ha in 2013，a net increase of345240 ha and a growth rate of58.1%.The planting area of grain crops first declined but then climbed.In 2005，it reached the lowest point of192060 ha，only 43%of that in 1980；after 2010，it rebounded to 270000 ha，an increase of more than 40%compared with 2005，but only 61.5%of that in 1980.Since 1980，the planting area of cotton has shown an increasing trend year by year，an increase of nine times in thirty years，and there was only a slight fluctuation in 2009 and 2010.The planting area of oil and sugar cropshas remained relatively stable，but there was great volatility in some years.

2.2 Nearly three decades of evolution of yield of grain，cotton，oil and sugarSince 1980，XPCC's yield levels of grain，cotton，oil and sugar have shown a unimodal trend.The yield of grain crops has increased by three times over three decades.The yield of wheat increased from 1936 kg／ha in 1980 to 6345 kg／ha in 2013，but the increase was small during2005－2013.The yield of corn increased from 2625 kg／ha in 1980 to9230 kg／ha in 2013，and it increased greatly during1985－1990.In 1980，the yield of cotton showed a stable increasing trend，from 535 kg／ha in 1980 to2480 kg／ha in 2013.Since2000，with the application of cotton drip irrigation and integration of water and fertilizer，the cotton yields have increased rapidly.The yield of oil crops increased from 579 kg／ha in 1980 to 3399 kg／ha in 2013，and the yield increased rapidly after 2000.The yield of sugar beet increased from 16571 kg／ha in 1980 to 81477 kg／ha in 2013，an increase of3.9 times，but slowed down after 2000.

2.3 Nearly three decades of evolution of total yield of grain，cotton，oil and sugarSince 1980，the total yield of grain crops has shown a bimodal trend，but there are great fluctuations in some years，and the first total yield peak appeared around 1990，with total yield of2.1735million t.After 1990，with the decrease in the planting area of grain crops，the total yield of grain crops also declined，and it decreased to 0.9435 million t during 2000－2005，close to the level in 1980.In 2005，with the increase in yield of grain crops and planting area of corn，the total yield of grain crops gradually increased.After 2000，it basically reached more than 2 million t.The total yield of cotton always showed a geometric growth trend，and increased slowly after 2005.From 1980 to 2003，oil crops showed a fluctuating growth trend，but it declined significantly from 2004 to 2007，and with the increase in planting area and yield of oil crops，the total yield of oil crops reverted to a record high level after 2008.The total yield of sugar beet showed a rapid growth trend during 1985－1990，while the total yield of sugar beet showed a fluctuating growth trend after 1990.

3 XPCC's planting of grain，cotton，oil and sugar

3.1 Planting of grain cropsIn the past five years，the planting area and total yield of grain crops have been largest and highest in Division 4 which is located in the Ili River valley，accounting for 20.04%and 27.17%，respectively，followed by Division 6 which is located in Changji，accounting for 19.04%and 22.51%，respectively.The planting area and total yield of eight divisions in North Xinjiang account for 77.08%and 82.67%，respectively；the planting area and total yield of four divisions in South Xinjiang account for 21.24%and 15.67%，respectively；the planting area and total yield of Division 13 in East Xinjiang account for 1.68%and 1.66%，respectively.The yield is highest in Division 1 and 6，higher than 8000 kg，followed by Division 4 and Division 7，and the yield is lowest in Division 14 in Hotan.To sum up，XPCC's grain crop production in North Xinjiang is mainly concentrated in the cold IliRiver valley and the Qitaiarea；the size of XPCC is small in South Xinjiang and East Xinjiang featuring cotton and characteristic fruits，and the planting area of grain crop is small.

3.2 Planting of cottonOver the past five years，the planting area and total yield of cotton have been largest and highest in Division 8，accounting for 28.04%and 28.14%，respectively，followed by Division 1 which is located in Aksu，accounting for 22.33%and 23.97%，respectively.In North Xinjiang，Division 9 does not plant it；only Corps 184 in Division 10 plants a small amount of cotton；Division 12 around Urumqi also plants a small amount of cotton.For seven divisions in North Xinjiang，the cotton planting area and total yield account for 59.43%and 58.28%，respectively；for four divisions in South Xinjiang，the cotton planting area and total yield account for 38.78%and 39.81%，respectively；for Division 13 in East Xinjiang，the proportion is only 1.79%and 1.94%，respectively.For Division 5 in Bole，the cotton yield per hectare is highest（2717 kg），followed by Division 2 and 13（higher than 2600 kg）；for Division 10 and 12，the cotton yield per hectare is lower than 1500 kg.In summary，XPCC's cotton production in South and North Xinjiang is basically the same，and the production level in South Xinjiang is high-er than in North Xinjiang，possibly due to long growing season of crop and high accumulated temperature in South Xinjiang；for some farms of divisions in North Xinjiang，the effective accumulated temperature is low，unable to meet the cotton growth demand，so Division 9 and Division 10（except Corps 184）do not plant cotton.

Table 1 XPCC's planting of grain crops

Table 2 XPCC's planting of cotton

3.3 Planting of oil cropsXPCC plants oil cropsmainly in the cold areas.For Division 4 in the Ili River valley，Division 10 in Altay and Division 9 in Tacheng，the planting area of oil crops accounts for 38.66%，21.17%and 11.57%，respectively，and the total yield accounts for 36.18%，22.56%and 7.35%，respectively.The combined planting area and total yield of the three divisions account for71.39%and 66.10%，respectively.For Division 1，2，3 and 14 in South Xinjiang and Division 13 in East Xinjiang，the total planting area is less than 1000 ha，and the total yield is only 2777 t，accounting for 1.62%and 1.69%，respectively.For Division 3，6，7，8 and 10，the yield per hectare is higher than 3000 kg；for Division 1 and 9，the yield per hectare is lower than 2000 kg.In summary，XPCC's oil crops are mainly produced in the cold areas of North Xinjiang；due to small area of corps in South Xinjiang and East Xinjiang featuring cotton and characteristic fruits，the planting area of oil crops is small.

Table 3 XPCC's planting of oil crops

Table 4 XPCC's planting of sugar beet

3.4 Planting of sugar beetXPCC's sugar beet is mainly planted by Division 2 in South Xinjiang and Division 4，7 and 9 in North Xinjiang.Both the total planting area and total yield of sugar beet in the four divisions are more than 80%in the entire XPCC.The planting area and total yield of Division 9 account for 31.23%and 25.37%，respectively，but Division 1，3 and 14 in South Xinjiang and Division 13 in East Xinjiang do not plant sugar beet；for the other five divisions in North Xinjiang，the planting area and total yield are at a low level.For Division 2，4，6 and 7，the yield per hectare is higher than 80000 kg，but the yield per hectare of Division 9 with the largest planting area of sugar beet，is only 61322 kg，having great room for improvement.

4 The problems in XPCC's planting of grain，cotton，oil and sugar

4.1 Unreasonable agricultural industry structureXPCC's planting area of cotton accounts for 62.91%of that of four crops，and 50.32%of that of all crops；the planting area of grain crops accounts for28.89%of that of four crops；the planting area of oil crops and sugar accounts for 5.37%and 2.83%of that of four crops，respectively.The internal proportion of grain，cotton，oil and sugar industries is unbalanced，and the proportion of oil and sugar is very low.In accordance with the basic principles of＂stabilizing grain，optimizing cotton，increasing fruits，developing animal husbandry，and vigorously developing processing of agricultural products＂［6］，it is necessary to further adjust and optimize the planting structure.

4.2 Quite different regional production levelsThe yield of grain crops per hectare is highest in Division 1（8242 kg），and it is 5103 kg and 4047 kg in Division 3 and 14，respectively，a difference of more than 3000 kg；the yield is more than 2600 kg in Division 5，2 and 13，while the yield is less than 1500 kg in Division 10 and 12；the yield of oil crops per hectare is more than 4000 kg in Division 3 and 8，while it is less than 2000 kg in Division 1 and 9；the yield of sugar beet per hectare is more than 80000 kg in four divisions，but it is only 61322 kg in Division 9 with the largest growing area of sugar beet.The＂vassal separatism＂of soldiers and local governments has led to regional segmentation and administrative division in the XPCC's planting structure，which restricts the overall improvement of XPCC's farming level.

4.3 Great fluctuations in grain crop yieldIn the past decade，the highest total yield of grain crops was 2.1735 million t while the lowest total yield of grain crops was 0.9453 million t in XPCC.However，XPCC's total population always remains at 2.5 million to2.6million，and the total grain output instability will affect XPCC's food security.Therefore，under the premise of ensuring self-sufficiency and keeping a slight surplus，it is necessary to stabilize the planting scale of grain crops and improve the level and efficiency of cultivation.

5 Recommendations

5.1 Optimizing regional distribution and ad justing industrial structureIn accordance with the basic principles of＂stabilizing grain，optimizing cotton，increasing fruits，developing animal husbandry，and vigorously developing processing of agricultural products＂，it is necessary to give play to the obvious advantages of XPCC's agricultural products in the domestic market and optimize the regional distribution of agricultural products based on market demand，industrial development and actual production conditions［8］.At the same time，it is necessary to adjust the product structure，introduce and promote high quality varieties suitable for local areas，continuously improve the yield and quality of agricultural products，integrate the agricultural resources and industry cluster with characteristics，and accelerate the transformation of agricultural operating mode.

5.2 Increasing efforts to promote new technologiesAccording to the regional planting structure，it is necessary to strengthen the promotion of drip irrigation under film and integration of water and fertilizer in the main grain and oil crop producing areas such as Qitai，Zhaosu and Taer.It is necessary to establish the full cotton mechanization extension base and promote the mechanized harvest，cleaning and processing technology and equipment，in the key cotton producing divisions and corps.In the grain and oil crop producing areas，there is a need to accelerate the full cropmechanization，and promote no-till conservation tillage，mulching，returning straw to field，rainwater harvesting for irrigation and other modern agricultural technologies，in order to preserve moisture and fertility of soil and raise cropland production level［9－10］.

5.3 Strengthening brand buildingIt is necessary to conduct a survey of the geographical indication agricultural products in the distribution areas of special and excellent crops，develop production and technological standards，and determine the unique quality characteristics，product quality and safety，packaging and labeling.This will promote the reporting of geographical indication agricultural products and propel the formation of XPCC's brands with geographical characteristics.It is necessary to build unified XPCC brand［11］，develop scientific，standardized and systematic brand planning and brand promotion programs，and rely on the demonstration of the producing areas with superior advantages to accelerate the modernization of XPCC's farming.

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