滕岳
胃食管反流病是一個全科門診常見病,也是全科轉(zhuǎn)消化科的常見病。胃食管反流病有很多癥狀和體征,其中許多具有非特異性,這就造成胃食管反流病臨床診斷的簡單化和多樣化。許多成人會有食管反流癥狀,少數(shù)胃食管反流患者又可以有嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,這也造成胃食管反流病的治療和預(yù)后的復(fù)雜化。作為一名在美國中小型城市行醫(yī)的家庭醫(yī)師在此對該病進行探討。
對于一個臨床醫(yī)師而言胃食管反流病的定義看似簡單,然而目前卻沒有統(tǒng)一的概念[1-2]。普遍共識的是:胃內(nèi)容物反流到食管造成癥狀和/或并發(fā)癥[1,3]。臨床診斷到目前還沒有一個公認(rèn)的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),不同的專業(yè)醫(yī)師協(xié)會、醫(yī)院都有其指南[1-2,4-6]??傊?,患者有一個或多個典型癥狀,且癥狀造成對患者生活的影響或并發(fā)癥,給予治療后癥狀有好轉(zhuǎn)是比較典型和容易的診斷[7]。很多患者會自我診斷和治療[8],對臨床研究有一定影響。GerdQ 或RDQ 可以使診斷系統(tǒng)化和規(guī)范化[5,9-13]。很多臨床醫(yī)師還延用1999 年ACG診斷治療流程圖[4,6]。
對于有非典型癥狀和/或有危險癥狀患者,輔助檢查的重要性就體現(xiàn)出來了[2,7]。胃鏡很多情況下可以幫助診斷。食管pH 監(jiān)測也可被廣泛接受[14]。但所有患者都做胃鏡或pH 監(jiān)測則會造成不必要資源浪費,且不能改變?nèi)后w診斷和并發(fā)癥控制[1-2,4-5,15-16]。胃鏡還是建議對疑難患者,懷疑嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥患者和治療效果不佳患者使用[7]。
食管反流常見癥狀有胸骨后灼熱和反酸[1-3,5],但其相關(guān)性和特異性很不確定。其原因主要是沒有公認(rèn)的定義和標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且與患者對癥狀的主觀性有關(guān)。其它癥狀和綜合征有很多,對相關(guān)綜合征的研究也在進行[3,17]。其中慢性咳嗽在門診較常見,如果患者主要癥狀是咳嗽,而哮喘、上呼吸道感染和氣管炎都排除或治療效果不好時胃食管反流病很可能是病因[17-19]。胸痛在急診常見,如果胸痛已排除心源性,胃鏡和/或pH 監(jiān)測就成為幫助診斷的必要手段。在胃鏡和/或pH監(jiān)測確診后使用PPI 可以提高有效率[2,20]。當(dāng)有腫瘤的報警癥狀時胃鏡可以幫助診斷Barrett 食管和食管癌[7,21-22]。
很多人都會有胃食管反流病的癥狀。北美、歐洲較亞洲地區(qū)發(fā)病率高,亞洲發(fā)病率一般低于10%[2-3,23-25],但由于人口基數(shù)大,有癥狀的人群中只有部分患者前去就醫(yī)。在北美有幾種H2受體阻滯劑和質(zhì)子泵抑制劑是不需要處方的。少部分患者會有Barrett 食管,其中少數(shù)不幸的患者會發(fā)展成腫瘤[16]。對患者群體發(fā)病率、癥狀、體征,特別是具有群體特異性的癥狀了解會對診斷有很大幫助。國家、地區(qū)、醫(yī)院的區(qū)別是另一個重要因素。如果在一個區(qū)域性上級醫(yī)院大多數(shù)患者都是常規(guī)治療效果不好或懷疑并發(fā)癥患者,并發(fā)癥率和腫瘤率當(dāng)然會有很大增加。這時常規(guī)治療流程圖是需要調(diào)整的。
從教課書、指南中都不難知道,生活習(xí)慣改變、抬高體位睡覺、減輕體重、抗酸藥、H2RA、PPI、外科手術(shù)是治療食管反流的手段。多數(shù)情況下,患者配合改變生活習(xí)慣,抬高體位睡覺,減輕體重和口服藥治療可以控制病情[2]。服用H2RA或PPI 可以幫助多數(shù)患者,PPI 療效較H2RA 更好一些,可以先使用H2RA,如果幾周內(nèi)無效則換PPI。許多保險公司會要求先使用H2RA,無效后再使用PPI。如果患者條件允許可以先使用PPI。在治療4 ~8 周后需要調(diào)整治療方案。但一個很重要的影響治療的因素是患者不能堅持完成療程[26]。對治療效果不好或病情長期反復(fù)的患者,利用輔助檢查和專科會診是必須的步驟。只有少數(shù)有長期癥狀的患者需要外科治療。
大多數(shù)患者預(yù)后都很好[21,27]。運用一些預(yù)后估計法會對治療效果有一定預(yù)測[5,10]。Barrett 食管和食管癌是較嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥。有胃食管反流病癥狀的患者長段Barrett 食管的發(fā)病率會增加幾乎5 倍[28],而食管癌發(fā)病率也有5 ~7 倍增加[29],但絕對發(fā)病率都很低。對懷疑Barrett 食管炎和食管癌的患者胃鏡是很好的診斷工具。對有胃食管反流病癥狀的患者,胃鏡診斷無食管癌后,食管癌發(fā)病率在短期內(nèi)很低[9,30]。
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