非謂語動詞的五種確定思路

鄒國如

一、 分析句子成分，確定非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動詞不定式和動名詞，它們在句子中充當(dāng)某個句子成分。分詞可充當(dāng)狀語、定語、表語和補(bǔ)足語，不定式可充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和表語，動名詞在句中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語和表語。因此，我們在做有關(guān)非謂語動詞的試題時，可以通過分析句子成分來確定空白處應(yīng)填非謂語動詞的哪種形式。

例1 One morning，I was waiting at the bus stop，worried about _______（be）late for school.

簡析：about是介詞，介詞后面可接動名詞作賓語，據(jù)此可判斷此處填being。

例2 _______（earn）some money to pay the daily expenses， I started work in a local café as a waiter.

簡析：根據(jù)句意“為了賺錢支付日常開銷”可知，此處應(yīng)填不定式“To earn”，作目的狀語。

例3 It took years of work _______（reduce）the industrial pollution and clean the water.

簡析：it作形式主語，此處應(yīng)填不定式to reduce，作真正的主語。

例4 There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very _______ （disappoint）.

簡析：looked是系動詞，后面應(yīng)該接形容詞作表語，此處用過去分詞disappointed表示“感到失望的”。

二、分析邏輯主語，確定非謂語動詞

所有的非謂語動詞都有其邏輯主語。非謂語動詞作狀語或表語，其邏輯主語一般就是句子的主語；非謂語動詞作定語，其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的名詞；非謂語動詞作補(bǔ)足語，其邏輯主語就是句子的賓語或主語。因此，根據(jù)非謂語動詞的邏輯主語，我們可以準(zhǔn)確判斷用非謂語動詞的哪種形式。

例5 Clearly and thoughtfully _______，the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.

A. writing B. to write

C. written D. being written

簡析：選C。過去分詞短語作狀語，written的邏輯主語是the book，且存在邏輯上的被動關(guān)系。

例6 The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras _______ to our shop for quality problems.

A. returning B. returned

C. to return D. to be returned

簡析：選B。過去分詞短語作定語，其邏輯主語是the cameras，相當(dāng)于定語從句that are returned。

例7 There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland， _______ at the night sky.

A. to stare B. staring

C. stared D. having stared

簡析：選B。現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀語，staring的邏輯主語是“I”。

三、分析動作時間，確定非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞表示的動作具有時間性，可表示已經(jīng)完成的動作，也可表示正在進(jìn)行的動作。這種時間性必須參照謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，若非謂語動詞的動作比謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生得早，則用完成式；若非謂語動詞的動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生，則可用一般式或進(jìn)行式。一般來說，及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動和完成的動作，由不及物動詞轉(zhuǎn)變而來的過去分詞表示主動和完成的動作。因此，我們在解非謂語動詞試題時，應(yīng)分析動作的時間性，以幫助我們準(zhǔn)確判斷用非謂語動詞的何種形式。

例8 _______ the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong，Linda appears more mature than those of her age.

A. Spending B. Spent

C. Having spent D. To spend

簡析：選C。spend這個動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞appears表示的動作之前，因此用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式。

例9 There are still many problems _______ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.

A. solving B. solved

C. being solved D. to be solved

簡析：選D。不定式短語作定語，修飾many problems。不定式作定語可表示將要發(fā)生的動作。

例10 Today，we have chat rooms，text messaging， emailing ... but we seem _______ the art of communicating face-to-face.

A. losing B. to be losing

C. to be lost D. having lost

簡析：選B。不定式的進(jìn)行式作表語，表示動作正在進(jìn)行，相當(dāng)于進(jìn)行時態(tài)。

四、分析動詞語態(tài)，確定非謂語動詞

現(xiàn)在分詞、動詞不定式與動名詞都有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)，我們可根據(jù)非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系來確定用哪種語態(tài)。若是主動關(guān)系，則用主動語態(tài)；若是被動關(guān)系，則用被動語態(tài)。

例11 The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore，he can go shopping without _______.

A. recognizing B. being recognized

C. having recognized D. having been recognized

簡析：選B。介詞without后面接動名詞，且動詞recognize與其邏輯主語he存在被動關(guān)系，用動名詞的被動語態(tài)。

例12 Today there are more airplanes _______ more people than ever before in the skies.

A. carry B. carrying

C. carried D. to be carrying

簡析：選B。現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語，修飾名詞more airplanes?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的動作。原句可改為：Today there are more airplanes that carry more people than ever before in the skies.

例13 The airport _______ next year will help promote tourism in this area.

A. being completed B. to be completed

C. completed D. having been completed

簡析：選B。不定式短語作定語，修飾the airport，表示動作將要發(fā)生，且complete與其邏輯主語the airport存在被動關(guān)系，用不定式的被動語態(tài)。

五、分析復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，確定非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)包括不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)以及with的復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)。不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是for sb. to do sth.，動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由“名詞所有格/形容詞性物主代詞+動名詞”構(gòu)成。在非正式英語中，動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)若不是出現(xiàn)在主語的位置，則可用名詞的普通格代替所有格或用代詞的賓格代替形容詞性物主代詞。with的復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)由“with+賓語+非謂語動詞”構(gòu)成。

例14 The discovery of new evidence led to _______.

A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief

C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught

簡析：選C。the thief being caught是動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，作led to的賓語。

例15 John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work _______，he gladly accepted it.

A. finished B. finishing

C. having finished D. was finished

簡析：選A?？疾閣ith的 復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)。過去分詞finished表示被動和完成的動作。

（作者單位：江西新干縣新干中學(xué)）

（責(zé)任編校 彭益）