謝 燚,李漢忠,紀(jì)志剛,劉廣華,榮 石,石冰冰
(中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院 泌尿外科,北京100730)
臨床園地
多房囊性腎瘤的臨床診治分析
謝 燚,李漢忠*,紀(jì)志剛,劉廣華,榮 石,石冰冰
(中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院 泌尿外科,北京100730)
目的提高對(duì)多房囊性腎瘤的認(rèn)識(shí),探討其合理的診治原則。方法回顧分析6例多囊腎瘤患者的臨床資料,結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)討論其診斷與治療。男女各3例,年齡29~51歲。均為體檢時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),2例伴有輕度腰部酸脹,1例合并肉眼血尿,病程10 d~3年。病變均為單側(cè),其中左右側(cè)各3例,4例病變位于腎下極,2例位于腎上極。6例均行超聲檢查,5例診斷為囊性占位,囊內(nèi)見(jiàn)分隔,其中2例合并有鈣化,1例診斷為惡性病變。4例行CT檢查,3例行MRI檢查,均提示病變?yōu)槟I多發(fā)囊性占位,2例可見(jiàn)線樣及斑片狀強(qiáng)化。 1例合并血尿患者IVP示右腎上極腎盞破壞并造影劑外溢。結(jié)果6例均行手術(shù)治療,腎部分切除5例。腎根治性切除1例。術(shù)后隨訪1~15年,未見(jiàn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移。結(jié)論本病術(shù)前診斷依靠B超、CT。手術(shù)是治療主要手段,首選保留腎單位手術(shù)。
腎腫瘤;多房囊性腎瘤
多房囊性腎瘤(multilocular cystic nephroma,MCN) 是一種臨床罕見(jiàn)的腎臟良性腫瘤,自1892年首次報(bào)告以來(lái),僅見(jiàn)200余例報(bào)道。1998年8月至今北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院共收治6例患者,本文對(duì)6例患者的診治進(jìn)行回顧并復(fù)習(xí)文獻(xiàn),現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
本組6例,男女各3例,年齡29~51歲。均為體檢時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),2例伴有輕度腰部酸脹,1例合并肉眼血尿,病程10 d~3年,中位時(shí)間為14個(gè)月。病變均為單側(cè),其中左右側(cè)各3例。4例病變位于腎下極,2例病變位于腎上極。6例均行超聲檢查,5例診斷為囊性占位,囊內(nèi)見(jiàn)分隔,其中2例合并有鈣化,1例診斷為惡性病變。另1例對(duì)側(cè)腎臟合并腎囊腫,考慮雙腎囊腫。4例行CT檢查,均提示患腎上極或下極局限性多發(fā)囊性占位, 平掃CT值7~40 HU,4例均見(jiàn)囊內(nèi)多發(fā)分隔,增強(qiáng)掃描3例伴有分隔強(qiáng)化,CT值32~50 HU(圖1)。2例患者行KUB+IVP檢查,1例示腎輪廓變形,腎盂腎盞顯示欠清,1例合并血尿患者示右腎上極腎盞破壞并造影劑外溢(圖2)。3例行MRI檢查,均提示病變?yōu)槟I囊性占位,其中2例可見(jiàn)線樣及斑片狀強(qiáng)化。術(shù)前診斷MCN2例、囊性腎癌3例、復(fù)雜腎囊腫1例。
圖1 CT提示突出于腎外的多囊性腫物伴線樣強(qiáng)化Fig 1 CT shows a multicystic mass bulging the renal capsule with linear enhancement
圖2 1例合并血尿患者IVP檢查示腎盞破壞并造影劑外溢Fig 2 IVP of the one case with hematuria indicated damage of the calyces and overflow of contrast agents
6例均行開(kāi)放手術(shù),其中1例早期病例行根治性腎切除術(shù),其余5例行腎部分切除術(shù)。6例標(biāo)本病灶大小為直徑2.4~6.5 cm,平均為5 cm。表面與切面均呈多房囊性改變,1例腫瘤緊鄰腎盂黏膜,1例侵犯至腎盂黏膜下。包膜均為纖維囊壁組織,內(nèi)襯扁平及立方上皮,部分囊壁纖維化,病理均證實(shí)多房性囊性腎瘤。隨訪1~15年,未見(jiàn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移,均無(wú)腰痛,血尿等癥狀。
MCN是一種罕見(jiàn)的非遺傳性腎臟良性腫瘤,多見(jiàn)于兒童,發(fā)病高峰有兩個(gè),分別為2~4歲以?xún)?nèi)及40~60歲。4歲以下兒童男女發(fā)病比例為3∶1,而成人多見(jiàn)于女性,男女發(fā)病比例約為1∶8。成人型多房囊性腎瘤與兒童型在組織形態(tài)學(xué)上是不同的[1-2],按國(guó)際衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)腎癌的分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),歸入混合性間質(zhì)和上皮腫瘤[3]。
MCN的臨床表現(xiàn)因發(fā)病年齡不同而不同。在兒童,最常見(jiàn)的表現(xiàn)為無(wú)癥狀的季肋部腫塊。成人患者多為偶然體檢時(shí)影像學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)腎臟腫塊,部分患者表現(xiàn)為腰痛,無(wú)痛性腹部腫塊,肉眼血尿、尿路感染等。本組6例均為體檢發(fā)現(xiàn),2例伴有腰部酸脹,其中1例合并肉眼血尿。血尿是局限性囊腫侵犯腎盂損害所致?;颊呖梢騇CN自發(fā)破裂而表現(xiàn)為嚴(yán)重腹部絞痛[4],容易誤診為泌尿系結(jié)石。Thibeau[5]等報(bào)告1例腫瘤廣泛侵犯腎盂,引起非典型的急性腰部疼痛。MCN多數(shù)為單側(cè)病變,最常見(jiàn)位于腎下極,本組中4例病變位于腎下極,2例病變位于腎上極。
MCN需與多囊腎及囊性腎癌鑒別,B超、CT或MRI、IVP是本病的常用診斷方法。 MCN的超聲表現(xiàn)為腫塊內(nèi)大量無(wú)回聲的液性暗區(qū)被厚薄不均的高回聲結(jié)締組織分隔,部分患者腫塊內(nèi)可見(jiàn)細(xì)小鈣化灶。但當(dāng)腫瘤較小時(shí),常不能顯示液性暗區(qū)。彩色多普勒超聲檢查可在腫瘤的包膜及囊腫分隔上測(cè)及低速血流信號(hào)。本組6例均行超聲檢查,腫瘤平均直徑5.0 cm,5例囊內(nèi)見(jiàn)分隔,其中2例合并有鈣化,其中1例誤診為囊性腎癌。CT表現(xiàn)具有相對(duì)特征性:腫塊呈邊緣光整的圓形或橢圓形,位于腎實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)并突出于腎包膜外,少數(shù)可突向腎盂。大部分有完整分隔,分隔粗細(xì)不等,增強(qiáng)掃描呈延遲強(qiáng)化。鈣化很少見(jiàn),一旦出現(xiàn)更易誤診為惡性病變[6]。MRI檢查與CT基本相仿,但對(duì)囊內(nèi)出血更敏感[7]。
盡管影像學(xué)不斷進(jìn)展,但MCN由于沒(méi)有明確的特征性表現(xiàn),仍然很難在術(shù)前獲得診斷,確診需依靠病理檢查。病變多位于腎臟兩極,多為單發(fā)腫塊,表面覆以厚的被膜,有多個(gè)囊腔,囊腔間不相通,囊內(nèi)含有淡黃色、黃色或無(wú)色透明液體,為蛋白性分泌物。腎臟上皮細(xì)胞與間質(zhì)成分互相混合為其特殊的病理特征,提出5條病理診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]:1)多房囊性病變;2)囊腔多數(shù)部分被覆上皮;3)囊腫與腹腔無(wú)聯(lián)系;4)殘余的腎組織在腫瘤包膜外,其結(jié)構(gòu)基本正常;5)囊腫間隔無(wú)分化成熟的腎組織。
成人MCN被認(rèn)為是一種良性病變,但有一定惡性潛能。本病治療以手術(shù)為主,手術(shù)以保留腎功能,切除病灶為原則,多采用腎部分切除術(shù)。 本組除1例早期病例行腎根治性切除術(shù)外,其余5例均行腎部分切除術(shù),由于擔(dān)心術(shù)中囊壁破裂,所以均采用了開(kāi)放手術(shù)。MCN有局部復(fù)發(fā)的報(bào)道,但復(fù)發(fā)是否與遺漏的惡性病灶或肉瘤樣分化有關(guān),目前尚不清楚[9]。復(fù)發(fā)多發(fā)生于腎部分切除術(shù)后。到目前為止,僅有4例局部復(fù)發(fā)的報(bào)道,都發(fā)生于腎部分切除術(shù)后[10]。而另一組24例MCN患者均行腎部分切除術(shù),平均隨訪39個(gè)月未見(jiàn)復(fù)發(fā)[11]。本組6例患者隨訪1~15年,未見(jiàn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移。另有學(xué)者行經(jīng)皮內(nèi)引流術(shù),近期效果良好,但遠(yuǎn)期效果不佳[12]??傊I部分切除術(shù)是目前MCN的首選治療方法。
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Clinical diagnosis and treatment of multilocular cystic nephroma
XIE Yi, LI Han-zhong*, JI Zhi-gang, LIU Guang-hua, RONG Shi, SHI Bing-bing
(Dept. of Urology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS amp; PUMC, Beijing 100730, China)
ObjectiveTo improve the diagnosis and treatment of multilocular cystic nephroma.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis, aiming to provide diagnosis and therapy for multilocular cystic nephroma. 6 cases were involved in this analysis, including three males and three females aged between 29~51 years old. Among the 6 cases, 3 were asymptomatic, 2 present with backache and 1 with macroscopic hematuria. Course of disease were between 10 days to 3 years. All cases were unilateral, 3 located in the left kidney and 3 in the right. 4 located in the lower pole and 2 in the upper pole. 5 cases were diagnosed with cystic lesions, with septum inside and 2 cases with calcification.1 case were diagnosed with malignant lesion. 4 cases undergo CT and 3 cases undergo MRI, all indicated multilocular cystic lesions, 2 cases with linear and patchy enhancement in MRI. IVP of the one case with hematuria indicated damage of the calyces and overflow of contrast agents.ResultsOpen surgery had been carried out in all of the 6 patients, including 5 partial nephrectomy and 1 nephrectomy.All the 6 patients had been cured of the disease with no recurrence during the 1 to 15 years’ of follow up.ConclusionsUltrasonic type B and CT scanning are the major means of diagnosis before surgery.Surgery is the main choice of treatment.Nephron-sparing resection of tumor is a primary and effective therapeutic method for this disease.
kidney neoplasm;multilocular cystic nephroma
2013-11-12
2013-12-26
*通信作者(correspondingauthor):urologypumch@163.com
1001-6325(2014)04-0541-03
R 737.11
A