金超等
[摘要] 目的 探討七氟醚和異氟醚吸入麻醉對(duì)老年患者血清S100B蛋白水平及認(rèn)知功能的影響。方法 選取擇期行上腹部手術(shù)的老年患者90例,隨機(jī)分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,分別予以七氟醚與異氟醚吸入麻醉。觀察并比較兩組患者麻醉前、麻醉后4、24、48 h血清S100B蛋白水平及認(rèn)知功能的變化。結(jié)果 兩組患者麻醉后4、24 h血清S100B蛋白水平均較麻醉前明顯上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),且對(duì)照組上升值明顯高于觀察組(P<0.05),兩組患者麻醉后48 h血清S100B蛋白水平均恢復(fù)至麻醉前水平(P>0.05);同時(shí)兩組患者麻醉后4、24 h MMSE評(píng)分均較麻醉前明顯下降(P<0.05),且對(duì)照組下降值明顯大于觀察組(P<0.05),兩組患者麻醉后48 h時(shí)MMSE評(píng)分均恢復(fù)到麻醉前水平(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 七氟醚和異氟醚吸入麻醉均能降低老年患者麻醉后早期的認(rèn)知功能,且七氟醚對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的影響較小,更適合于老年患者,其作用與抑制患者血清S100B蛋白水平上升密切相關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 七氟醚;異氟醚;S100B蛋白;認(rèn)知功能
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2014)29-0035-03
Influence of sevoflurane and isoflurane inhalation anesthesia on serum S100B protein levels and cognitive function of gerontal patients
JIN Chao1 JIN Xin1 LIN Jing1 WANG Chen2
1.Department of Anesthesiology, Wenling Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Wenling 317500, China; 2.General Surgery Department, Wenling Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Wenling 317500, China
[Abstract] Objective To discuss the influence of sevoflurane and isoflurane inhalation anesthesia on serum S100B Protein levels and cognitive function of gerontal patients. Methods A total of 90 cases of gerontal patients, who were treated with epigastrium operation were selected and divided into observation group and control group randomly, and were given sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia and isoflurane inhalation anesthesia respectively. The changes of serum S100B protein levels and cognitive function of patients in two groups before anesthesia, and 4 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours after the anesthesia were observed and compared. Results The serum S100B protein levels of patients in two groups 4 hours and 24 hours after the anesthesia obviously rose than before (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the rising rate of patients in control group was much higher than that in observation group (P<0.05). The serum S100B protein levels of patients in two groups 48 hours after the anesthesia remained to the same level as those before anesthesia (P>0.05). Meanwhile, MMSE scores of patients in two groups 4 hours and 24 hours after the anesthesia obviously declined than before anesthesia(P<0.05), and the declining rate of patients in control group was much higher than that in observation group (P<0.05). The MMSE scores of patients in two groups 48 hours after the anesthesia remained to the same level as those before anesthesia. Conclusion Both sevoflurane and isoflurane can reduce the early cognitive function of gerontal patients after anesthesia, however, compared with isoflurane, sevoflurane has less influence on the cognitive function of gerontal patients, which is more suitable for gerontal patients and whose mechanism of action has close effect on inhibiting the rising of serum S100B protein level.endprint
[Key words] Sevoflurane; Isoflurane; S100B protein; Cognitive function
麻醉后認(rèn)知功能障礙是手術(shù)麻醉后常見的中樞系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥,好發(fā)于老年人,主要表現(xiàn)為意識(shí)、注意力、自知力、記憶力等功能受損,可引起患者病死率增加,康復(fù)延遲,并發(fā)癥增加,嚴(yán)重時(shí)導(dǎo)致死亡[1,2]。麻醉后認(rèn)知功能障礙發(fā)生機(jī)制較復(fù)雜,迄今國內(nèi)外尚不明確[3,4]。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)S100B蛋白在麻醉后認(rèn)知功能障礙中起重要作用,可作為評(píng)估患者麻醉后認(rèn)知功能障礙的程度及療效的敏感指標(biāo)[5,6]。本研究觀察了七氟醚吸入麻醉對(duì)老年患者血清S100B蛋白及認(rèn)知功能的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2012年1月~2013年12月我院麻醉科擇期上腹部手術(shù)老年患者90例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):均為ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí),術(shù)前血壓均控制正常;排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①既往有精神、神經(jīng)疾病或認(rèn)知功能障礙患者;②嚴(yán)重心肺、肝腎等臟器功能不全。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表將入組90例患者分為觀察組和對(duì)照組各45例,分別予以七氟醚與異氟醚吸入麻醉。兩組患者的性別構(gòu)成、年齡分布、體質(zhì)量和手術(shù)時(shí)間等比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。本研究方案經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)討論通過,入組前兩組患者均簽署知情同意書。
表1 兩組患者的一般資料比較(x±s)
1.2 麻醉方法[7]
兩組患者術(shù)前30 min肌注阿托品0.3 mg,入室后監(jiān)測血壓、心率、心電圖和血氧飽和度(SpO2)。采用咪達(dá)唑侖0.05 mg/kg、維庫溴銨0.1 mg/kg、丙泊酚1.0 mg/kg、瑞芬太尼2 μg/kg依次靜推麻醉誘導(dǎo)。誘導(dǎo)成功后氣管插管后行機(jī)械通氣,設(shè)定的參數(shù):呼吸頻率12次/min,潮氣量(7~9)mL/kg,呼末二氧化碳分壓(PETCO2)35~40 mmHg,吸呼比1∶2,觀察組和對(duì)照組分別予以吸入七氟醚與異氟醚維持麻醉,根據(jù)麻醉效果調(diào)整呼氣末濃度,一般維持在1.0~2.0 MAC,并吸入2 L/min純氧。手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)停用七氟醚或異氟醚,待患者自主呼吸恢復(fù)至符合撥管指征后拔除氣管插管后送返病房。觀察并比較兩組患者麻醉前、麻醉后4、24、48 h血清S100B蛋白水平及認(rèn)知功能的變化。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1 血清S100B 蛋白水平測定 采集靜脈血3~5 mL于抗凝試管中,2500 rpm低溫離心15 min分離出血清,將血清分裝后貯存于-70℃冰箱待檢。采用雙抗體夾心ELISA法測定血清S100B蛋白水平,試劑盒由上海凱博生化試劑有限公司提供。
1.3.2 認(rèn)知功能的評(píng)估[8] 采用簡易智能量表(MMSE)評(píng)分評(píng)估患者的認(rèn)知功能,評(píng)分內(nèi)容包括時(shí)間定向、地點(diǎn)定向、即刻記憶、注意力、計(jì)算能力及語言能力等30項(xiàng),每項(xiàng)0~1分,總分0~30分,其中≤23分為認(rèn)知功能缺損。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)各時(shí)點(diǎn)比較采用F檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者麻醉前后血清S100B蛋白水平比較
兩組患者麻醉前血清S100B蛋白水平比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組患者麻醉后4、24 h血清S100B蛋白水平均較麻醉前明顯上升(F=5.39、5.57、6.14、6.47,P<0.05),且對(duì)照組上升值明顯高于觀察組(t=2.15、2.12,P<0.05),兩組患者麻醉后48 h血清S100B蛋白水平均恢復(fù)到麻醉前水平(P>0.05)。見表2。
表2 兩組患者麻醉前后血清S100B蛋白水平比較(x±s,μg/L)
注:與同組麻醉前比較,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,與對(duì)照組同時(shí)點(diǎn)比較,▲P<0.05
2.2 兩組患者麻醉前后MMSE評(píng)分比較
兩組患者麻醉前時(shí)MMSE評(píng)分比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組患者麻醉后4 h、24 h MMSE評(píng)分均較麻醉前明顯下降(F=5.56、5.34、6.34、6.13,P<0.05),且對(duì)照組下降值明顯大于觀察組(t=2.13、2.11,P<0.05),兩組患者麻醉后48 h時(shí)MMSE評(píng)分均恢復(fù)到麻醉前水平(P>0.05)。見表3。
表3 兩組患者麻醉前后MMSE評(píng)分比較(x±s,分)
注:與同組麻醉前比較,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,與對(duì)照組同時(shí)點(diǎn)比較,▲P<0.05
3 討論
麻醉后認(rèn)知障礙是患者麻醉后常見并發(fā)癥之一,尤多見于老年人,有研究認(rèn)為老年患者早期認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)生率為25%~40%[9,10]。麻醉后認(rèn)知障礙的病因及發(fā)生機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,至今尚未完全闡明,大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為其發(fā)病與患者的年齡、缺氧、手術(shù)方式、手術(shù)時(shí)間及全麻藥物等因素密切相關(guān)[11-13]。隨著對(duì)麻醉后認(rèn)知障礙研究的深入,血清學(xué)預(yù)警指標(biāo)逐漸引起臨床的重視。S100B蛋白是在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腦膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分泌的一種神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)蛋白,在學(xué)習(xí)記憶和認(rèn)知功能中發(fā)揮一定的作用。當(dāng)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)細(xì)胞損傷或血腦屏障通透性上升時(shí),S100B蛋白從胞液中進(jìn)入腦脊液,經(jīng)受損血腦屏障進(jìn)入血液引起其血清水平的異常升高,血清S100B蛋白可作為認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估血清學(xué)預(yù)警指標(biāo)[14,15]。
近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)吸入麻醉易出現(xiàn)麻醉后認(rèn)知功能障礙,嚴(yán)重影響患者病情恢復(fù),因此,選擇合適的吸入麻醉藥減少麻醉后認(rèn)知功能障礙成為近來研究的熱點(diǎn)[16,17]。七氟醚是一種新型鹵代羥基醚類吸入麻醉藥,具有血溶度低、麻醉誘導(dǎo)迅速平穩(wěn)及理化性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定等優(yōu)點(diǎn),且其血?dú)夥峙湎禂?shù)低至0.63,蘇醒時(shí)間較短,麻醉后恢復(fù)越快[18,19]。近年來,七氟醚已逐漸取代異氟醚成為吸入麻醉的首選藥物。洪豐華[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)異氟醚和七氟醚均可引起麻醉后認(rèn)知功能的下降,但七氟醚對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的影響較少,更適合于老年患者。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組患者麻醉后4 h、24 h血清S100B蛋白水平均較麻醉前明顯上升,且對(duì)照組上升值明顯高于觀察組,兩組患者麻醉后48 h均恢復(fù)到麻醉前水平。提示七氟醚和異氟醚吸入麻醉均可引起老年患者麻醉后血清S100B蛋白水平,且七氟醚對(duì)S100B蛋白影響較少。同時(shí)研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組患者麻醉后4 h、24 h MMSE評(píng)分均較麻醉前明顯下降,且對(duì)照組下降值明顯大于觀察組,兩組患者麻醉后48 h時(shí)均恢復(fù)到麻醉前水平。提示七氟醚和異氟醚吸入麻醉均能降低老年患者麻醉后早期的認(rèn)知功能,且七氟醚對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的影響較少。endprint
總之,七氟醚和異氟醚吸入麻醉均能降低老年患者麻醉后早期的認(rèn)知功能,且七氟醚對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的影響較小,更適合于老年患者,其作用與抑制患者血清S100B蛋白水平上升密切相關(guān),值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
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[20] 洪豐華. 七氟醚吸入麻醉對(duì)老年手術(shù)患者麻醉后蘇醒和認(rèn)知功能的影響[J]. 中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生,2012,50(5):74-75.
(收稿日期:2014-04-09)endprint
總之,七氟醚和異氟醚吸入麻醉均能降低老年患者麻醉后早期的認(rèn)知功能,且七氟醚對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的影響較小,更適合于老年患者,其作用與抑制患者血清S100B蛋白水平上升密切相關(guān),值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] 安麗娜,米衛(wèi)東. 術(shù)后認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)病機(jī)制的新進(jìn)展[J]. 國際麻醉學(xué)與復(fù)蘇雜志,2012,33(10):719-722.
[2] Wan Y,Xu J,Ma D,et al. Postoperative impairment of cognitive function in rats:A possible role for cytokine-mediated inflammation in the hip pocampus[J]. Anesthesiology,2007,106(3):436-443.
[3] Wan Y,Xu J,Meng F,et al. Cognitive decline following major surgery is associated with gliosis, beta-amyloid accumulation,and tauphosphorylation in old mice[J]. Crit Care Med, 2010,38(11):190-198.
[4] Monk TG,Weldon BC,Garwan CW,et al. Predictors of cognitive dysfunction after major noncardiac surgery[J]. Anesthesiology,2008,108(1):18-30.
[5] 劉建喜. 不同吸入麻醉藥對(duì)老年患者術(shù)后早期認(rèn)知功能及S100β蛋白表達(dá)的影響[J]. 醫(yī)學(xué)臨床研究,2008,25(8):1387-1389.
[6] 陳娜蜜,丁力. 異丙酚對(duì)老年結(jié)腸癌根治術(shù)后S100β蛋白表達(dá)和認(rèn)知功能的影響[J]. 中國鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)藥,2012,19(8):13-14.
[7] 劉帆,郭曲練. 七氟醚吸入全身麻醉對(duì)老年手術(shù)患者術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能影響的臨床分析[J]. 中國臨床醫(yī)生,2014,14(2):65-67.
[8] Ramaiah R,Lam AM. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly[J]. Anesthesiol Clin,2009,27(3):485-496.
[9] Gerriets T,Schwarz N,Bachmann G,et al. Evaluation of methods to predict early long-term neurobehavioral outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting[J]. Am J Cardiol,2010,105(8):1095-1101.
[10] 董安順. 老年人全身麻醉術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙的臨床分析[J]. 中國藥物與臨床,2013,13(3):375-377.
[11] 王玲,張啟林. 老年患者全身麻醉術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙的臨床觀察[J]. 臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志, 2008,25(7):954-956.
[12] Steinmetz J,F(xiàn)under KS,Dahl BT,et al. Depth of anesthesia and post-operative cognitive dysfunction[J]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica,2010,54(2):162-168.
[13] 蘇晗,張潔. 兩種不同麻醉方式對(duì)老年骨科患者術(shù)后短期認(rèn)知功能的影響比較研究[J]. 中華全科醫(yī)學(xué),2013, 11(9):1354,1421.
[14] 彭藝,熊華,董莉萍. 老年患者血清NSE和S-100β蛋白水平變化與術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙的關(guān)系[J]. 南昌大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版),2010,50(9):21-23.
[15] Li YC,Xi CH,An YF,et al. Perioperative inflammatory response and protein S-100b concentrations-relationship with post-operative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients[J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2012,56(5):595-600.
[16] 呂金英,周海燕. 不同麻醉方法對(duì)老年患者術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙的影響[J]. 中國老年學(xué)雜志,2011,31(4):677-679.
[17] 陳玢,鄭暉. 吸入麻醉藥與術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展[J]. 醫(yī)學(xué)綜述,2013,19(10):1850-1852.
[18] 郭安梅,張素芹,郭素香. 七氟醚對(duì)術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能的影響及機(jī)制[J]. 臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志,2010,26(6):549-550.
[19] 吳新民,葉鐵虎,于布為,等. 七氟醚用于成人全身吸入麻醉的隨機(jī)、開放、多中心、陽性對(duì)照臨床研究[J]. 臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志,2007,9(2):709-711.
[20] 洪豐華. 七氟醚吸入麻醉對(duì)老年手術(shù)患者麻醉后蘇醒和認(rèn)知功能的影響[J]. 中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生,2012,50(5):74-75.
(收稿日期:2014-04-09)endprint
總之,七氟醚和異氟醚吸入麻醉均能降低老年患者麻醉后早期的認(rèn)知功能,且七氟醚對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的影響較小,更適合于老年患者,其作用與抑制患者血清S100B蛋白水平上升密切相關(guān),值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] 安麗娜,米衛(wèi)東. 術(shù)后認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)病機(jī)制的新進(jìn)展[J]. 國際麻醉學(xué)與復(fù)蘇雜志,2012,33(10):719-722.
[2] Wan Y,Xu J,Ma D,et al. Postoperative impairment of cognitive function in rats:A possible role for cytokine-mediated inflammation in the hip pocampus[J]. Anesthesiology,2007,106(3):436-443.
[3] Wan Y,Xu J,Meng F,et al. Cognitive decline following major surgery is associated with gliosis, beta-amyloid accumulation,and tauphosphorylation in old mice[J]. Crit Care Med, 2010,38(11):190-198.
[4] Monk TG,Weldon BC,Garwan CW,et al. Predictors of cognitive dysfunction after major noncardiac surgery[J]. Anesthesiology,2008,108(1):18-30.
[5] 劉建喜. 不同吸入麻醉藥對(duì)老年患者術(shù)后早期認(rèn)知功能及S100β蛋白表達(dá)的影響[J]. 醫(yī)學(xué)臨床研究,2008,25(8):1387-1389.
[6] 陳娜蜜,丁力. 異丙酚對(duì)老年結(jié)腸癌根治術(shù)后S100β蛋白表達(dá)和認(rèn)知功能的影響[J]. 中國鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)藥,2012,19(8):13-14.
[7] 劉帆,郭曲練. 七氟醚吸入全身麻醉對(duì)老年手術(shù)患者術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能影響的臨床分析[J]. 中國臨床醫(yī)生,2014,14(2):65-67.
[8] Ramaiah R,Lam AM. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly[J]. Anesthesiol Clin,2009,27(3):485-496.
[9] Gerriets T,Schwarz N,Bachmann G,et al. Evaluation of methods to predict early long-term neurobehavioral outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting[J]. Am J Cardiol,2010,105(8):1095-1101.
[10] 董安順. 老年人全身麻醉術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙的臨床分析[J]. 中國藥物與臨床,2013,13(3):375-377.
[11] 王玲,張啟林. 老年患者全身麻醉術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙的臨床觀察[J]. 臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志, 2008,25(7):954-956.
[12] Steinmetz J,F(xiàn)under KS,Dahl BT,et al. Depth of anesthesia and post-operative cognitive dysfunction[J]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica,2010,54(2):162-168.
[13] 蘇晗,張潔. 兩種不同麻醉方式對(duì)老年骨科患者術(shù)后短期認(rèn)知功能的影響比較研究[J]. 中華全科醫(yī)學(xué),2013, 11(9):1354,1421.
[14] 彭藝,熊華,董莉萍. 老年患者血清NSE和S-100β蛋白水平變化與術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙的關(guān)系[J]. 南昌大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版),2010,50(9):21-23.
[15] Li YC,Xi CH,An YF,et al. Perioperative inflammatory response and protein S-100b concentrations-relationship with post-operative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients[J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2012,56(5):595-600.
[16] 呂金英,周海燕. 不同麻醉方法對(duì)老年患者術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙的影響[J]. 中國老年學(xué)雜志,2011,31(4):677-679.
[17] 陳玢,鄭暉. 吸入麻醉藥與術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展[J]. 醫(yī)學(xué)綜述,2013,19(10):1850-1852.
[18] 郭安梅,張素芹,郭素香. 七氟醚對(duì)術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能的影響及機(jī)制[J]. 臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志,2010,26(6):549-550.
[19] 吳新民,葉鐵虎,于布為,等. 七氟醚用于成人全身吸入麻醉的隨機(jī)、開放、多中心、陽性對(duì)照臨床研究[J]. 臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志,2007,9(2):709-711.
[20] 洪豐華. 七氟醚吸入麻醉對(duì)老年手術(shù)患者麻醉后蘇醒和認(rèn)知功能的影響[J]. 中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生,2012,50(5):74-75.
(收稿日期:2014-04-09)endprint