陸茂等
[摘要] 目的 觀察PI-103在體外對(duì)人黑色素瘤A375細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲能力的影響,并探討可能的作用機(jī)制。 方法 應(yīng)用MTT法檢測(cè)不同濃度PI-103對(duì)A375細(xì)胞增殖的影響,Transwell小室實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)0.1、0.2 μmol/L PI-103對(duì)A375細(xì)胞遷移能力和侵襲能力的影響,Western Blot法測(cè)定細(xì)胞基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)-2、MMP-9的表達(dá)。 結(jié)果 0.1、0.2 μmol/L PI-103對(duì)A375細(xì)胞增殖的抑制作用不明顯(P > 0.05);在濃度高于0.4 μmol/L時(shí),PI-103能夠明顯抑制A375細(xì)胞的增殖(P < 0.05)。0.1 μmol/L PI-103作用后,遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)和運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)驗(yàn)穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)分別為(91.73±13.80)、(63.67±8.54),與對(duì)照組比較明顯減少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);0.2 μmol/L PI-103作用后,遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)和運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)驗(yàn)穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)分別為(64.07±9.22)、(34.80±7.89),與對(duì)照組比較明顯減少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。0.1、0.2 μmol/L PI-103作用后,A375細(xì)胞MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表達(dá)明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 PI-103可通過(guò)下調(diào)MMP-2、MMP-9的表達(dá)抑制A375細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲,為其應(yīng)用于抗惡性黑素瘤轉(zhuǎn)移治療提供了實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] PI-103;黑色素瘤;遷移;侵襲
[中圖分類號(hào)] R739.5 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2014)09(a)-0014-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of PI-103 on the migratory and invasive abilities of human melanoma A375 cells in vitro and its mechanism. Methods The effects of PI-103 with different concentration on the proliferation of A375 cells were detected by MTT assay. The effects of PI-103 at 0.1, 0.2 μmol/L concentration on the migratory and invasive abilities of A375 cells were detected by transwell chamber assay. The expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in A375 cells were determined by Western Blot. Results The inhibition effects on the proliferation of A375 cells treated with PI-103 at 0.1, 0.2 μmol/L concentration were not significant (P > 0.05). The proliferation of A375 cells treated with PI-103 at the concentration higher than 0.4 μmol/L was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05). The numbers of transmembrane cells in the migration and invasion experiment treated with PI-103 at 0.1 μmol/L concentration were (91.73±13.80), (63.67±8.54) respectively, which were significantly decreased compared with control group (P < 0.05). The numbers of transmembrane cells in the migration and invasion experiment treated with PI-103 at 0.2 μmol/L concentration were (64.07±9.22), (34.80±7.89) respectively, which were significantly decreased compared with control group (P < 0.05). The expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in A375 cells treated with PI-103 at 0.1, 0.2 μmol/L concentration were significantly decreased compared with control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion PI-103 can inhibit the migration and invasion of A375 cells by down-regulation of the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9, which provide the experimental basis for the prevention of melanoma metastasis.
[Key words] PI-103; Melanoma; Migration; Invasion
惡性黑素瘤是一種起源于黑色素細(xì)胞的高度惡性腫瘤,易轉(zhuǎn)移是其死亡率高的主要原因。黑色素瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移與信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的異常激活密切相關(guān),在有關(guān)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路抑制劑中,篩選出高效、低毒的抗黑色素瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移藥物已成為其研究重要的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是一種非典型的絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,與其上游的磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(PKB,又稱Akt)構(gòu)成了PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路。筆者前期及既往其他研究結(jié)果顯示,PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號(hào)通路與黑素細(xì)胞的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[1-2]。PI-103是PI3K和mTOR的雙重抑制劑,已有研究報(bào)道,PI-103在較低濃度下就能導(dǎo)致黑色素瘤細(xì)胞周期阻滯,從而抑制其增殖并誘導(dǎo)凋亡[3],但有關(guān)PI-103對(duì)黑色素瘤細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲的影響國(guó)內(nèi)外鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道。本研究旨在觀察PI-103在體外對(duì)人黑色素瘤A375細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲能力的影響,并探討可能的作用機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
PI-103(純度99.59%)購(gòu)自美國(guó)MCE公司;人黑色素瘤A375細(xì)胞購(gòu)自中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海細(xì)胞生物研究所;RPMI1640培養(yǎng)液購(gòu)自美國(guó)Gibco公司;四甲基偶氮唑鹽(MTT)購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma公司;胎牛血清(FBS)購(gòu)自杭州四季青生物工程材料有限公司;Millicell懸掛式Transwell小室(孔徑8 μm)購(gòu)自美國(guó)Millipore公司;Matrigel購(gòu)自美國(guó)BD公司;鼠抗人基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2(matrix metalloproteinases-2,MMP-2)、MMP-9單抗、堿性磷酸酶標(biāo)記羊抗鼠IgG購(gòu)自北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) 將A375細(xì)胞置于37℃、5%CO2的孵箱中常規(guī)培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)液為含10%FBS的RPMI1640。每隔48 h換液1次,以1∶3的比例傳代。
1.2.2 MTT法檢測(cè)PI-103對(duì)A375細(xì)胞增殖的影響 取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期A375細(xì)胞,調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度為1×105/mL,接種于48孔板,200 μL/孔。培養(yǎng)24 h后吸除培養(yǎng)液,每孔分別加入200 μL不同濃度的PI-103(0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 μmol/L),每組設(shè)5個(gè)復(fù)孔,同時(shí)設(shè)空白對(duì)照組,對(duì)照組加入等量不含PI-103的培養(yǎng)液。24 h后加入20 μL MTT(5 mg/mL),37℃作用4 h后加150 μL DMSO,振蕩10 min,酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)490 nm處吸光度(OD)值,計(jì)算細(xì)胞增殖抑制率。細(xì)胞增殖抑制率=(1-實(shí)驗(yàn)組OD/對(duì)照組OD)×100%。
1.2.3 Transwell遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)PI-103對(duì)A375細(xì)胞遷移力的影響 取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期A375細(xì)胞以1×105/mL細(xì)胞懸液接種于24孔板,24 h后加入不同濃度的PI-103(終濃度0.1、0.2 μmol/L),設(shè)空白對(duì)照組,對(duì)照組加入等量不含PI-103的培養(yǎng)液,48 h后收集細(xì)胞。各組細(xì)胞消化、離心后用無(wú)血清RPMI1640培養(yǎng)液重懸,調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度至1×106/mL。將Transwell小室置入24孔板,上室加入200 μL無(wú)血清RPMI1640培養(yǎng)液,37℃放置1 h,吸除小室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)液,上室加入200 μL各組細(xì)胞重懸液,下室加500 μL含10%FBS的RPMI1640培養(yǎng)液,37℃、5%CO2孵育24 h后取出小室,棉簽擦去濾膜上層細(xì)胞,PBS清洗濾膜,4%的多聚甲醛固定15 min,0.1%結(jié)晶紫染色15 min。400倍顯微鏡下隨機(jī)計(jì)數(shù)不重疊5個(gè)視野的穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù),計(jì)算平均值。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,每組設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔。
1.2.4 Transwell侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)PI-103對(duì)A375細(xì)胞侵襲力的影響 4℃溶解Matrigel過(guò)夜,用預(yù)冷的無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)液以1∶8稀釋Matrigel,取50 μL均勻涂于Transwell小室上室的聚碳酸酯膜上,37℃放置30 min,使Matrigel聚合成凝膠,后續(xù)同遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)。細(xì)胞接種密度為2×105/mL。
1.2.5 Western Blot法測(cè)定PI-103對(duì)A375細(xì)胞MMP-2、MMP-9表達(dá)的影響 同“1.2.3”項(xiàng)下操作收集細(xì)胞,加入細(xì)胞裂解液,離心提取蛋白質(zhì)定量,進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE電泳分離,電轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜上,5%的脫脂奶粉封閉,加入鼠抗人MMP-2、MMP-9單抗作一抗,4℃過(guò)夜,TBST洗膜,用堿性磷酸酶標(biāo)記羊抗鼠IgG作為二抗,37℃孵育2 h,TBST洗膜,加入ECL進(jìn)行曝光,洗片后用圖像分析系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行吸光度掃描,以GAPDH作為內(nèi)參,用各蛋白吸光度值/內(nèi)參吸光度值進(jìn)行比較。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
3 討論
PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號(hào)通路在多種惡性腫瘤中高度激活,調(diào)控腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、生長(zhǎng)、轉(zhuǎn)移等過(guò)程,已成為腫瘤治療的一個(gè)重要靶點(diǎn)[4]。有研究表明,單純阻斷PI3K/Akt通路,并不能有效抑制下游mTOR通路,因?yàn)閙TOR信號(hào)通路的激活除了來(lái)自PI3K/Akt途徑,還可來(lái)自其他信號(hào)通路,而單純抑制mTOR通路,卻可能通過(guò)負(fù)反饋活化PI3K激酶。所以,同時(shí)使用PI3K和mTOR的雙重抑制劑更能有效抑制腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移[5]。PI-103是人工合成的脂質(zhì)激酶家族中的一種小分子藥物,能同時(shí)抑制PI3K和mTOR,尤其是PI3Kα、mTORC1和mTORC2,而且PI-103有良好的藥物穩(wěn)定性,毒副作用小[6-7]。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PI-103可抑制結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞[7]、乳腺癌細(xì)胞[8]、神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞[9]、肝星狀細(xì)胞細(xì)胞[10]、腎癌細(xì)胞[11]的增殖,還可抑制結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞[12]、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞[13]的轉(zhuǎn)移,同時(shí)可增強(qiáng)順鉑[6]、厄洛替尼[14]等化療藥物抗腫瘤效果。
Transwell小室能夠較為理想地模擬和反映腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲能力,是檢測(cè)腫瘤細(xì)胞體外遷移力和侵襲力最經(jīng)典的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法。本實(shí)驗(yàn)旨在研究PI-103對(duì)A375細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲的影響,若出現(xiàn)細(xì)胞活力下降則影響結(jié)果的判斷,因此本研究選擇了PI-103對(duì)A375細(xì)胞活力影響小的濃度(低于0.4 μmol/L)來(lái)進(jìn)行Transwell體外遷移和侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)。結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)0.1、0.2 μmol/L PI-103作用后穿過(guò)小室的A375細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少,提示PI-103可以降低A375細(xì)胞的遷移力和侵襲力。
腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲是一個(gè)多步驟、多階段的復(fù)雜過(guò)程,細(xì)胞基底膜及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的降解突破是其中重要的環(huán)節(jié)之一。MMPs是基底膜及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)降解的主要蛋白水解酶,其中MMP-2、MMP-9是MMPs家族中的重要成員,能有效降解基底膜的主要成分Ⅳ型膠原和層粘連蛋白,其表達(dá)水平與腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[15]。有研究表明,PI3K可通過(guò)活化Akt激活黑色素瘤細(xì)胞磷脂蛋白2,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)MMP-2的表達(dá)[16]。大量研究證實(shí),黑色素瘤細(xì)胞MMP-2、MMP-9的表達(dá)水平與其侵襲力呈正相關(guān),抑制MMP-2、MMP-9的表達(dá)能抑制黑素瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[17-18]。本研究顯示,PI-103在體外可抑制A375細(xì)胞MMP-2、MMP-9的表達(dá),由此推測(cè)PI-103可能是通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制黑色素瘤細(xì)胞PI3K/mTOR,阻斷Pl3K/Akt/mTOR信號(hào)通路,下調(diào)MMP-2、MMP-9的表達(dá),進(jìn)而抑制其遷移和侵襲。
綜上所述,PI3K/mTOR雙重抑制劑PI-103在體外可抑制A375細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲,其機(jī)制可能與下調(diào)MMP-2、MMP-9的表達(dá)有關(guān),這顯示了它在惡性黑素瘤治療中的潛在應(yīng)用價(jià)值,為其應(yīng)用于抗惡性黑素瘤轉(zhuǎn)移治療提供了初步的實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
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[16] Sonoda Y,Warita M,Suzuki T,et al. Proteolipid protein 2 is associated with melanoma metastasis [J]. Oncol Rep,2010,23(2):371-376.
[17] Shi H,Liu L,Liu L,et al. β-Elemene inhibits the metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells by downregulation of the expression of uPA,uPAR,MMP-2,and MMP-9 [J]. Mela noma Res,2014,24(2):99-107.
[18] Rey MC,Bonamigo RR,Cartell A,et al. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in cutaneous melanoma: association with prognostic factors and description in cutaneous metastases [J]. Am J Dermatopathol,2011,33(4):413-414.
(收稿日期:2014-05-23 本文編輯:程 銘)
綜上所述,PI3K/mTOR雙重抑制劑PI-103在體外可抑制A375細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲,其機(jī)制可能與下調(diào)MMP-2、MMP-9的表達(dá)有關(guān),這顯示了它在惡性黑素瘤治療中的潛在應(yīng)用價(jià)值,為其應(yīng)用于抗惡性黑素瘤轉(zhuǎn)移治療提供了初步的實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] 陸茂,葉俊儒,樊元春,等.磷酸化mTOR在惡性黑素瘤中的表達(dá)及與CyclinD1的關(guān)系[J].四川醫(yī)學(xué),2010,31(2):163-165.
[2] Uzdensky AB,Demyanenko SV,Bibov MY. Signal transduction in human cutaneous melanoma and target drugs [J]. Curr Cancer Drug Targets,2013,13(8):843-866.
[3] Lopez-Fauqued M,Gil R,Grueso J,et al. The dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PI-103 promotes immunosuppression, in vivo tumor growth and increases survival of sorafenib-treated melanoma cells [J]. Int J Cancer,2010,126(7):1549-1561.
[4] Wu P,Hu YZ. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors in cancer: a perspective on clinical progress [J]. Curr Med Chem,2010,17(35):4326-4321.
[5] Mazzoletti M,Bortolin F,Brunelli L,et al. Combination of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors: antitumor activity and molecular correlates [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(13):4573-4584.
[6] 劉俊,蔡云朗,任慕蘭,等.PI-103對(duì)人卵巢癌細(xì)胞株SKOV3/DDP順鉑化療效果的影響[J].東南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):醫(yī)學(xué)版,2013,32(5):574-579.
[7] Saturno G,Valenti M,De Haven Brandon A,et al. Combining trail with PI3 kinase or HSP90 inhibitors enhances apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via suppression of survival signaling [J]. Oncotarget,2013,4(8):1185-1198.
[8] Yi YW,Hong W,Kang HJ,et al. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway potentiates cytotoxicity of EGFR kinase inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer cells [J]. J Cell Mol Med,2013,17(5):648-656.
[9] Santo EE,Stroeken P,Sluis PV,et al. FOXO3a is a major target of inactivation by PI3K/AKT signaling in aggressive neuroblastoma [J]. Cancer Res,2013,73(7):2189-2198.
[10] 李娜,祝聰聰,肖永紅,等.PI3K抑制劑對(duì)四氯化碳刺激的肝星狀細(xì)胞增殖和Ⅰ型膠原表達(dá)的影響[J].西安交通大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):醫(yī)學(xué)版,2013,34(2):164-167.
[11] 邢建武,于碩鵬.抑制劑PI-103對(duì)786-O細(xì)胞株P(guān)I3K/Akt/mTOR信號(hào)通路的影響[J].河南醫(yī)學(xué)研究,2013,22(5):649-651.
[12] Hsu RY,Chan CH,Spicer JD,et al. LPS-Induced TLR4 Signaling in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells Increases {beta}1 Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion and Liver Metastasis [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(5):1989-1998.
[13] Bagci-Onder T,Wakimoto H,Anderegg M,et al. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, PI-103, cooperates with stem cell-delivered TRAIL in experimental glioma models [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(1):154-163.
[14] Toulany M,Minjgee M,Saki M,et al. ERK2-dependent reactivation of Akt mediates the limited response of tumor cells with constitutive K-RAS activity to PI3K inhibition [J]. Cancer Biol Ther,2014,15(3):317-328.
[15] Zhang XX,F(xiàn)u Z,Zhang Z,et al. Miemeystin-LR promotes melanoma cell invasion and enhances matrix metallopmteinase-2/-9 expression mediated by NF-KB activation [J]. Environ Sci Technol,2012,46(20):11319-11326.
[16] Sonoda Y,Warita M,Suzuki T,et al. Proteolipid protein 2 is associated with melanoma metastasis [J]. Oncol Rep,2010,23(2):371-376.
[17] Shi H,Liu L,Liu L,et al. β-Elemene inhibits the metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells by downregulation of the expression of uPA,uPAR,MMP-2,and MMP-9 [J]. Mela noma Res,2014,24(2):99-107.
[18] Rey MC,Bonamigo RR,Cartell A,et al. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in cutaneous melanoma: association with prognostic factors and description in cutaneous metastases [J]. Am J Dermatopathol,2011,33(4):413-414.
(收稿日期:2014-05-23 本文編輯:程 銘)
綜上所述,PI3K/mTOR雙重抑制劑PI-103在體外可抑制A375細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲,其機(jī)制可能與下調(diào)MMP-2、MMP-9的表達(dá)有關(guān),這顯示了它在惡性黑素瘤治療中的潛在應(yīng)用價(jià)值,為其應(yīng)用于抗惡性黑素瘤轉(zhuǎn)移治療提供了初步的實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] 陸茂,葉俊儒,樊元春,等.磷酸化mTOR在惡性黑素瘤中的表達(dá)及與CyclinD1的關(guān)系[J].四川醫(yī)學(xué),2010,31(2):163-165.
[2] Uzdensky AB,Demyanenko SV,Bibov MY. Signal transduction in human cutaneous melanoma and target drugs [J]. Curr Cancer Drug Targets,2013,13(8):843-866.
[3] Lopez-Fauqued M,Gil R,Grueso J,et al. The dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PI-103 promotes immunosuppression, in vivo tumor growth and increases survival of sorafenib-treated melanoma cells [J]. Int J Cancer,2010,126(7):1549-1561.
[4] Wu P,Hu YZ. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors in cancer: a perspective on clinical progress [J]. Curr Med Chem,2010,17(35):4326-4321.
[5] Mazzoletti M,Bortolin F,Brunelli L,et al. Combination of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors: antitumor activity and molecular correlates [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(13):4573-4584.
[6] 劉俊,蔡云朗,任慕蘭,等.PI-103對(duì)人卵巢癌細(xì)胞株SKOV3/DDP順鉑化療效果的影響[J].東南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):醫(yī)學(xué)版,2013,32(5):574-579.
[7] Saturno G,Valenti M,De Haven Brandon A,et al. Combining trail with PI3 kinase or HSP90 inhibitors enhances apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via suppression of survival signaling [J]. Oncotarget,2013,4(8):1185-1198.
[8] Yi YW,Hong W,Kang HJ,et al. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway potentiates cytotoxicity of EGFR kinase inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer cells [J]. J Cell Mol Med,2013,17(5):648-656.
[9] Santo EE,Stroeken P,Sluis PV,et al. FOXO3a is a major target of inactivation by PI3K/AKT signaling in aggressive neuroblastoma [J]. Cancer Res,2013,73(7):2189-2198.
[10] 李娜,祝聰聰,肖永紅,等.PI3K抑制劑對(duì)四氯化碳刺激的肝星狀細(xì)胞增殖和Ⅰ型膠原表達(dá)的影響[J].西安交通大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):醫(yī)學(xué)版,2013,34(2):164-167.
[11] 邢建武,于碩鵬.抑制劑PI-103對(duì)786-O細(xì)胞株P(guān)I3K/Akt/mTOR信號(hào)通路的影響[J].河南醫(yī)學(xué)研究,2013,22(5):649-651.
[12] Hsu RY,Chan CH,Spicer JD,et al. LPS-Induced TLR4 Signaling in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells Increases {beta}1 Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion and Liver Metastasis [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(5):1989-1998.
[13] Bagci-Onder T,Wakimoto H,Anderegg M,et al. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, PI-103, cooperates with stem cell-delivered TRAIL in experimental glioma models [J]. Cancer Res,2011,71(1):154-163.
[14] Toulany M,Minjgee M,Saki M,et al. ERK2-dependent reactivation of Akt mediates the limited response of tumor cells with constitutive K-RAS activity to PI3K inhibition [J]. Cancer Biol Ther,2014,15(3):317-328.
[15] Zhang XX,F(xiàn)u Z,Zhang Z,et al. Miemeystin-LR promotes melanoma cell invasion and enhances matrix metallopmteinase-2/-9 expression mediated by NF-KB activation [J]. Environ Sci Technol,2012,46(20):11319-11326.
[16] Sonoda Y,Warita M,Suzuki T,et al. Proteolipid protein 2 is associated with melanoma metastasis [J]. Oncol Rep,2010,23(2):371-376.
[17] Shi H,Liu L,Liu L,et al. β-Elemene inhibits the metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells by downregulation of the expression of uPA,uPAR,MMP-2,and MMP-9 [J]. Mela noma Res,2014,24(2):99-107.
[18] Rey MC,Bonamigo RR,Cartell A,et al. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in cutaneous melanoma: association with prognostic factors and description in cutaneous metastases [J]. Am J Dermatopathol,2011,33(4):413-414.
(收稿日期:2014-05-23 本文編輯:程 銘)