張鳳等
摘 要: 以菏豆 13 號(hào)和遼豆 11號(hào)為試材,研究不同貯藏溫度和種子含水量對(duì)大豆種子活力的影響。結(jié)果表明:貯藏溫度和種子含水量均能影響大豆種子活力;隨貯藏時(shí)期的延長(zhǎng),大豆種子活力呈下降趨勢(shì);25℃貯藏各水分處理與4℃貯藏高水分(12%)處理影響大豆種子活力;-20℃貯藏時(shí),水分條件對(duì)種子活力的影響反應(yīng)敏感度較低,中水(8%)和低水(4%)處理可以減緩大豆種子老化速率,較好地保持大豆種子活力。
關(guān)鍵詞: 貯藏溫度;種子含水量; 種子活力;大豆
中圖分類號(hào): S565.101 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)號(hào):A 文章編號(hào): 1001 - 4942(2014)08 - 0037 - 05
Effects of Storage Temperature and Seed Moisture Content on Soybean Seed Vigor
Zhang Feng, Liu Mei, Yang Cuicui, Yang Wensi, Sun Qingquan*
(College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China)
Abstract Using Hedou 13 and Liaodou 11 as materials, the effects of storage temperature and seed moisture content on soybean seed vigor were studied. The results showed that storage temperature and seed moisture content both had influences on seed vigor. Soybean seed vigor declined with the extension of storage period. Each moisture treatment under 25℃ and high moisture treatment under 4℃ were all not conducive to soybean seed vigor. Moisture condition had less effect on soybean seed vigor under -20℃, and low and middle moisture treatments could slow down the seed aging rate and maintain higher seed vigor.
Key words Storage temperature; Seed moisture content; Seed vigor; Soybean
大豆 [Glycine max (L.)Merr.]原產(chǎn)自我國(guó),是一種蛋白質(zhì)和油脂含量豐富的豆類作物,國(guó)內(nèi)常年種植面積達(dá)800萬(wàn)公頃[1]。為滿足大豆產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)提高和種植面積增加的生產(chǎn)需求,大豆生產(chǎn)用種的質(zhì)量需達(dá)到播種質(zhì)量要求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。大豆種子活力隨種子發(fā)育至生理成熟期達(dá)到最高值,隨后進(jìn)入衰老過(guò)程,生活力逐漸喪失[2]。大豆種子貯藏過(guò)程中容易發(fā)生老化,影響播種后種子萌發(fā)出苗整齊度與幼苗生長(zhǎng)質(zhì)量,也影響后期植株的產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)。種子貯藏過(guò)程中受很多因素的影響,貯藏溫度、種子含水量和貯藏時(shí)間對(duì)種子活力的影響較為顯著[3]。采取合理的貯藏方法能夠延長(zhǎng)種子壽命,減慢種子老化過(guò)程,為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)提供高質(zhì)量的種子。
本研究以兩個(gè)大豆品種為試材,研究貯藏溫度、種子含水量以及貯藏時(shí)期對(duì)大豆種子活力的影響,以期為大豆遺傳資源的安全貯存條件設(shè)置及適時(shí)繁殖更新提供理論依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料與試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
貯存種子最低,同后者相比,4℃貯存種子的酯酶同功酶發(fā)生變異,出現(xiàn)一些弱小酶帶丟失或活性降低的現(xiàn)象[7]。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:大豆種子貯藏5年之后活力呈現(xiàn)出明顯的下降趨勢(shì),3個(gè)貯藏溫度對(duì)大豆種子活力變化具有明顯效應(yīng),25℃貯藏種子的活力喪失嚴(yán)重,遼豆11號(hào)種子的發(fā)芽率已降為零,失去種用價(jià)值;4℃貯藏的種子活力衰變明顯;-20℃貯藏的種子保持了較好的活力,發(fā)芽率與SOD活性水平較高,種子浸出液電導(dǎo)率水平較低。
目前一般認(rèn)為種子劣變的根本原因是自由基引起脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化作用,導(dǎo)致膜系統(tǒng)受損,過(guò)氧化物清除酶活性下降,種子中自由基在高水分狀態(tài)下由于分子運(yùn)動(dòng)的加劇常變得極不穩(wěn)定,且攻擊力強(qiáng),但在低水分下自由基運(yùn)動(dòng)受阻,攻擊力減弱[8]。通過(guò)適度降低種子含水量,可減緩自由基的生成,降低種子老化速率。Rao等[9]證明洋蔥種子在25℃貯藏條件下水分降至6.0%貯藏12個(gè)月后比對(duì)照種子發(fā)芽率高、電導(dǎo)率低。種子含水量過(guò)度降低會(huì)破壞生物大分子水膜的連續(xù)性界面,使生物膜暴露,容易受到自由基攻擊,膜質(zhì)過(guò)氧化作用加強(qiáng),有毒物質(zhì)積累,導(dǎo)致種子活力下降[10]。而且,種子不同含水量對(duì)種子活力的影響受貯藏溫度的影響,溫度越高,貯藏的最適含水量越低[11]。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與前人研究結(jié)果一致,25℃貯藏各水分處理與4℃貯藏高水分處理不利于大豆種子貯藏;-20℃貯藏時(shí),水分條件對(duì)種子活力的影響反應(yīng)敏感度較低,中水和低水處理可以減緩大豆種子老化速率,較好地保存大豆種子活力。菏豆13號(hào)和遼豆11號(hào)兩個(gè)大豆品種在不同的貯藏溫度、時(shí)間和水分處理下的活力下降程度表現(xiàn)不同,呈現(xiàn)出基因型對(duì)種子活力的影響。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn):
[1] 常汝鎮(zhèn). 中國(guó)大豆品種區(qū)劃[M]. 北京:中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)出版社,2003.
[2] 王麗紅,坎雜,張曉海,等. 種子活力的影響因素及測(cè)定方法[J]. 新疆農(nóng)機(jī)化,2004(3):26-27.
[3] Wang J,Sun B. Advances on seed vigor physiological and genetic mechanisms[J]. Agricultural Sciences in China,2007(9):1060-1066.
[4] 徐本美,韓建國(guó),譯. 種苗評(píng)定與種子活力測(cè)定方法手冊(cè)[M]. 北京:北京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,1993:102-106.
[5] 廖文燕,高捍東. 金錢(qián)松種子貯藏過(guò)程中的生理生化特征研究[J]. 南京林業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):自然科學(xué)版,2012,36(2):52- 58.
[6] 韓玉竹,伍蓮,曾兵,等. 貯藏溫度和種子含水量對(duì)高羊茅種子活力的影響[J]. 種子,2011,30(6):45-48.
[7] 高平平,喬燕祥,李瑩.貯存溫度對(duì)大豆種子活力影響及其生理效應(yīng)[J].華北農(nóng)學(xué)報(bào),1996,11(4):116-120.
[8] Priestley D A,Wetner B G,Leopold A C. Organic free radical levels in seeds and pollen:The effects of hydration and aging[J]. Plant Physiology,1985,64:88-94.
[9] Rao R G S,Singh P M,Mathura R. Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2006,110(1):1-6.
[10] Vertucci C W,Roos E E. Theoretical basis of protocols for seed storageⅡ. The influence of temperature on optimal moisture levels[J]. Seed Science Research, 1993,3:201-213.
[11] Vertucci C W,Roos E E,Crane J. Theoretical basis of protocols for seed storage Ⅲ. Optimum moisture contents for pea seeds stored at different temperatures[J]. Annals of Botany,1994,74:531-540.
[3] Wang J,Sun B. Advances on seed vigor physiological and genetic mechanisms[J]. Agricultural Sciences in China,2007(9):1060-1066.
[4] 徐本美,韓建國(guó),譯. 種苗評(píng)定與種子活力測(cè)定方法手冊(cè)[M]. 北京:北京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,1993:102-106.
[5] 廖文燕,高捍東. 金錢(qián)松種子貯藏過(guò)程中的生理生化特征研究[J]. 南京林業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):自然科學(xué)版,2012,36(2):52- 58.
[6] 韓玉竹,伍蓮,曾兵,等. 貯藏溫度和種子含水量對(duì)高羊茅種子活力的影響[J]. 種子,2011,30(6):45-48.
[7] 高平平,喬燕祥,李瑩.貯存溫度對(duì)大豆種子活力影響及其生理效應(yīng)[J].華北農(nóng)學(xué)報(bào),1996,11(4):116-120.
[8] Priestley D A,Wetner B G,Leopold A C. Organic free radical levels in seeds and pollen:The effects of hydration and aging[J]. Plant Physiology,1985,64:88-94.
[9] Rao R G S,Singh P M,Mathura R. Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2006,110(1):1-6.
[10] Vertucci C W,Roos E E. Theoretical basis of protocols for seed storageⅡ. The influence of temperature on optimal moisture levels[J]. Seed Science Research, 1993,3:201-213.
[11] Vertucci C W,Roos E E,Crane J. Theoretical basis of protocols for seed storage Ⅲ. Optimum moisture contents for pea seeds stored at different temperatures[J]. Annals of Botany,1994,74:531-540.
[3] Wang J,Sun B. Advances on seed vigor physiological and genetic mechanisms[J]. Agricultural Sciences in China,2007(9):1060-1066.
[4] 徐本美,韓建國(guó),譯. 種苗評(píng)定與種子活力測(cè)定方法手冊(cè)[M]. 北京:北京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,1993:102-106.
[5] 廖文燕,高捍東. 金錢(qián)松種子貯藏過(guò)程中的生理生化特征研究[J]. 南京林業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):自然科學(xué)版,2012,36(2):52- 58.
[6] 韓玉竹,伍蓮,曾兵,等. 貯藏溫度和種子含水量對(duì)高羊茅種子活力的影響[J]. 種子,2011,30(6):45-48.
[7] 高平平,喬燕祥,李瑩.貯存溫度對(duì)大豆種子活力影響及其生理效應(yīng)[J].華北農(nóng)學(xué)報(bào),1996,11(4):116-120.
[8] Priestley D A,Wetner B G,Leopold A C. Organic free radical levels in seeds and pollen:The effects of hydration and aging[J]. Plant Physiology,1985,64:88-94.
[9] Rao R G S,Singh P M,Mathura R. Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2006,110(1):1-6.
[10] Vertucci C W,Roos E E. Theoretical basis of protocols for seed storageⅡ. The influence of temperature on optimal moisture levels[J]. Seed Science Research, 1993,3:201-213.
[11] Vertucci C W,Roos E E,Crane J. Theoretical basis of protocols for seed storage Ⅲ. Optimum moisture contents for pea seeds stored at different temperatures[J]. Annals of Botany,1994,74:531-540.