注重詞塊教學(xué)提高英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確度

侯芬

【摘要】“使用語(yǔ)言的流利程度并不取決于大腦中儲(chǔ)存了多少生成語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，而取決于儲(chǔ)存了多少詞塊”。詞塊是指那些兼具詞匯和語(yǔ)法特征、有特定話語(yǔ)功能的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)；通常由多個(gè)詞項(xiàng)組成，且整體存儲(chǔ)在記憶中，使用時(shí)直接提取，無(wú)需語(yǔ)法生成和分析。

【關(guān)鍵詞】詞塊 教學(xué) 英語(yǔ) 準(zhǔn)確度 口語(yǔ)

在不斷的一線英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，口語(yǔ)通過(guò)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生操練積累詞塊、提取使用詞塊、鞏固內(nèi)化詞塊，訓(xùn)練學(xué)生詞塊運(yùn)用能力，提高學(xué)生口語(yǔ)表達(dá)的流利性和準(zhǔn)確度。

一、在單詞學(xué)習(xí)中操練和積累詞塊

初中英語(yǔ)教材中含有大量有用的詞塊，教師要有意識(shí)地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的詞塊意識(shí)。學(xué)習(xí)新的單詞時(shí)，要學(xué)習(xí)與其搭配的詞塊，而不是孤立地學(xué)習(xí)單詞。比如，在教學(xué)單詞proud時(shí)，要結(jié)合詞塊be proud of sb. / sth.； be proud to do sth.； be proud + that從句進(jìn)行操練。教師可以呈現(xiàn)姚明的圖片，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生說(shuō)出句子：We Chinese are proud of Yao Ming. We are proud to watch Yao Ming play basketball. We are proud that Yao Ming can play basketball so well. 又如，教學(xué)單詞spend時(shí)，引出詞塊spend some time or money on sth./ （in） doing sth.，并圍繞購(gòu)書(shū)經(jīng)歷引導(dǎo)學(xué)生說(shuō)出句子：I spent 8 yuan on the book./ I spent 8 yuan （in） buying the book.還可以比較意思相近的句子：The book cost me 8 yuan./ I paid 8 yuan for the book./ I bought the book for 8 yuan.

二、在復(fù)述課文的過(guò)程中提取和使用詞塊

學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)詞匯理解和記憶并沒(méi)有多大問(wèn)題，問(wèn)題是如何在使用時(shí)盡快將所需詞匯從大腦中搜索出來(lái)，并能恰當(dāng)使用（于秀蓮，2008）。教師要通過(guò)各種方式訓(xùn)練學(xué)生提取和使用詞塊的能力，使學(xué)生在詞塊運(yùn)用中提高口語(yǔ)表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確度和流利度。以8B Unit5 International Charities的教學(xué)為例，學(xué)生整體理解課文后，教師可以提取本課重點(diǎn)詞塊used to do sth， be used to sth/ doing sth， do/give/ perform operation on sb， operate on sb， so ...that， such...that， be proud of/ to do sth/ that...， be grateful to sb./ for sth， afford sth./to do sth，要求學(xué)生選用以上詞塊復(fù)述課文，訓(xùn)練學(xué)生提取和使用詞塊的能力，促進(jìn)詞塊知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化成詞塊能力。

三、在話題談?wù)撝徐柟毯蛢?nèi)化詞塊

為了促進(jìn)詞塊的鞏固和內(nèi)化過(guò)程，筆者經(jīng)常在課上設(shè)計(jì)口頭對(duì)話和話題描述活動(dòng)，訓(xùn)練學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性地使用詞塊的能力。比如在8B Unit1 Past and Present 單元，我要求學(xué)生比較并談?wù)撔W(xué)和初中生活的差異，在對(duì)話中要盡可能多地使用詞塊。以下是筆者整理的學(xué)生對(duì)話：

對(duì)話一：

A： When I was in primary school， I used to go to school by bike on my own. Sometimes my mother took me to school because of bad weather.

B： How lucky you are. My home is far away from school. My mother had to drive me to school every day. It took me about half an hour to get to school. We have moved into a new flat near our school. And Im old enough to come to school on my own. Whats more， my mother has more time to relax.

對(duì)話二：

A： When I was in primary school， I used to go to school at 7：00 a.m. and I have a lot of time to play with my friends after school.

B： I have the same feeling. Now we go to school at 6：15 every morning and I am not used to it. I often feel tired and sleepy. I have a lot of homework to do after school and I have no time to play. School life is much busier than before.

A： Yes， thats true.

對(duì)話三：

A： When I was in primary school， I was poor at my studies and I used to fail in the exams. My father often shouted at me amd made me very sad.

B： Hard luck. Are things better now？

A： Yes. My father often encourages me to work hard and not to lose heart. I feel happier and do better in my lessons than before. What about you？

B： My parents used to give me a lot more exercises to do after school and also at weekends. Most of my free time was used to do exercises and I had no time to play or watch TV. I was tired of it.

A： Thats too bad.

B： Now I live in the school dormitory .Im happy to have a lot of friends and I always have a great time chatting with them. I also have more free time to plan to do things I like to do.

A： That sounds interesting. School life is really great.

B： Yes， I agree.

在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，經(jīng)常采取小組比賽的形式訓(xùn)練學(xué)生運(yùn)用詞塊的能力，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生提取和使用所學(xué)詞塊，在提取和使用詞塊中鞏固和內(nèi)化詞塊。從以上三則對(duì)話中可以看出，學(xué)生已具備主動(dòng)提取和創(chuàng)造性地使用不同的詞塊的意識(shí)，語(yǔ)言更豐富，表達(dá)更流利、準(zhǔn)確。