王明霞 夏春來
【摘 要】本文針對(duì)當(dāng)前高中英語寫作教學(xué)“高投入、低效率”的現(xiàn)狀,提出教師將作文批改過程中學(xué)生的典型錯(cuò)誤、亮點(diǎn)句子、優(yōu)秀范文、教師下水作文等按試卷來源、體裁、題材等進(jìn)行整理,組成英語作文語料庫。作文素材庫的建立有利于學(xué)生建立寫作“支架”,減輕寫作焦慮,調(diào)動(dòng)寫作積極性,也減輕了教師挑選作文試題的負(fù)擔(dān)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】作文語料庫 高中英語 寫作教學(xué)
一、 引言
寫作是一項(xiàng)綜合性很強(qiáng)的語言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。在英語教學(xué)中,它屬于聽、說、讀、寫、譯五種基本技能的中間環(huán)節(jié),具有承上啟下的作用。長(zhǎng)期以來,廣大教師就如何改進(jìn)英語寫作教學(xué)做了大量而富有成效的探索(楊曉冬,2009)。但當(dāng)前高中英語寫作教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀依然不令人滿意,學(xué)生作文寫了不少,但寫作能力依然滯后,具體表現(xiàn)為審題不清、布局不合理、中式表達(dá)、語言單調(diào)、時(shí)態(tài)混亂等。為改變高中英語作文教學(xué)“高投入、低效率”的狀況,筆者在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中通過建立作文語料庫進(jìn)行作文教學(xué),有效地提高了學(xué)生的英語寫作能力。
二、 建立作文語料庫的好處
1. 作文語料庫。
作文語料庫是指教師將作文批改過程中學(xué)生的典型錯(cuò)誤、亮點(diǎn)句子、優(yōu)秀范文、教師下水作文等按試卷來源、體裁、題材等進(jìn)行整理,組成作文語料庫(見表1)。為保證語料庫素材的時(shí)效性和示范性,寫作素材均選自近年來的高考和各地模擬試題。
2. 作文語料庫的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
通過整理寫作素材建立作文語料庫,有利于改變當(dāng)前中學(xué)英語寫作教學(xué)隨意化的狀況,促進(jìn)寫作教學(xué)走向系統(tǒng)化、制度化。語料庫中的作文題來自教師的教學(xué)實(shí)踐,具有較強(qiáng)的可操作性和實(shí)用性。教師在開展寫作教學(xué)時(shí),只需打開語料庫,根據(jù)階段寫作要求和體裁選擇相應(yīng)的題目即可。語料庫中的素材便捷、實(shí)用,減輕了教師挑選作文訓(xùn)練材料的負(fù)擔(dān)。
三、 作文語料庫在高中英語寫作教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
下面以2013年江蘇省鹽城市高三英語二模作文(見表1標(biāo)記*處)為例,談?wù)勅绾问褂米魑恼Z料庫開展高中英語作文教學(xué)。
(一)寫作前搭建寫作支架
根據(jù)“支架”理論,學(xué)生可在教師和同學(xué)的幫助下,將復(fù)雜的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)加以分解并逐步構(gòu)建整體。這樣學(xué)生在“支架”的幫助下能較快地邁向更高臺(tái)階,思維積極活躍,并且能夠在完成學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)的同時(shí)提升能力;在“支架”撤離后,也能獨(dú)立思考,解決問題(繆四平,2013)。教師可以從以下幾個(gè)方面幫助學(xué)生搭建寫作支架,從而降低寫作難度,提高學(xué)生寫作的積極性。
1.小組對(duì)作文題進(jìn)行討論。(略)
2.呈現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤語料。
寫作前分析寫作中有可能犯的錯(cuò)誤,不但可以降低寫作難度,而且有利于減輕學(xué)生寫作過程中的焦慮情緒,對(duì)高中英語寫作教學(xué)有著一定的反撥作用。教師將以前學(xué)生寫作過程中犯的錯(cuò)誤按詞性誤用、粘連句、句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整、時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤等分類呈現(xiàn),幫助學(xué)生在寫作過程中少犯錯(cuò)誤。
3.提取寫作詞塊。
Nattinger和DeCarrico(1992)根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能角度把詞塊分為4類:聚合詞(polywords)、慣常的表達(dá)形式(institutionalized utterances)、短語限制結(jié)構(gòu)(collocates)、句子構(gòu)造成分(sentence frames and heads)。筆者(2010)通過對(duì)2009年全國(guó)各地20套高考英語作文參考范文研究發(fā)現(xiàn),聚合詞、短語限制結(jié)構(gòu)、句子構(gòu)造成分是高考英語書面表達(dá)中的高頻目標(biāo)詞塊。因此,增加學(xué)生在這幾方面的詞塊輸入,對(duì)于學(xué)生在限時(shí)寫作中的有效輸出將起到重要作用。針對(duì)這個(gè)話題,教師可以幫助學(xué)生提取的寫作詞塊有:
according to, such as/like,There may be several possible reasons accounting for/contributing to this phenomenon. for one thing,for another thing, in ones opinion, be expected to, besides, last but not least,...
(二)作文限時(shí)訓(xùn)練
學(xué)生在平時(shí)寫作時(shí),由于時(shí)間比較充足,可以通過看筆記、查詞典等方式打磨出一篇水平較高的作文。但考試時(shí),由于時(shí)間緊,沒有可參考的資料,且學(xué)生處于高度緊張狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致學(xué)生寫出的文章錯(cuò)誤百出,慘不忍睹。為幫助學(xué)生適應(yīng)考場(chǎng)作文的緊張氛圍,教師平時(shí)要有意識(shí)地鍛煉學(xué)生,時(shí)間一般控制在25~35分鐘。
(三)寫作后的評(píng)價(jià)和講評(píng)
1.同伴互評(píng)。同伴互評(píng)是學(xué)生對(duì)同伴作文中蘊(yùn)含的信息進(jìn)行分析、質(zhì)疑、推敲、指導(dǎo)、修改、賞析的一種評(píng)價(jià)方式(鄭士強(qiáng),2013)。在高中英語寫作教學(xué)中使用同伴評(píng)價(jià)能夠提升學(xué)生的識(shí)錯(cuò)意識(shí)和識(shí)錯(cuò)能力。為方便學(xué)生在同伴互評(píng)中操練,教師可使用寫作評(píng)價(jià)與反饋量規(guī)表,如陳鳳梅(2013,版面所限,略),并指導(dǎo)學(xué)生評(píng)價(jià)同學(xué)作文。
2.教師評(píng)價(jià)。在學(xué)生評(píng)價(jià)的基礎(chǔ)上,教師對(duì)學(xué)生作文進(jìn)行二次評(píng)價(jià)以了解學(xué)情。教師批閱作文時(shí),要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生習(xí)作中的美詞佳句,并用不同符號(hào)標(biāo)識(shí),如美詞旁打上“☆”,佳句下劃上波浪線或使用文字,如Super!/ Excellent!/ Perfect!/Wonderful!/ Fantastic!/ Marvelous?。┑龋慀P梅,2011;王青,2007)。為便于操作,筆者將學(xué)生作文中的錯(cuò)誤用不同符號(hào)進(jìn)行標(biāo)識(shí)。如,用詞不當(dāng)用W(Word);搭配不當(dāng)用P(Phrase);句型誤用用S(Sentence);語法錯(cuò)誤用G(Grammar);時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤用T(Tense);審題不清用R(Reread);謀篇布局不合理用A(Arrangement);等等。
3.作文講評(píng)。作文評(píng)判對(duì)提高學(xué)生的寫作能力具有非常重要的作用,評(píng)卷人員(教師)的點(diǎn)評(píng)往往可以為學(xué)生指明努力的方向,但在平時(shí)教學(xué)中評(píng)卷人員難以對(duì)每篇作文都給出詳細(xì)的分析。因此,在全班進(jìn)行講解式評(píng)判非常必要(劉慶思,2009)。作文講評(píng)材料來自于學(xué)生寫作過程中的真實(shí)語料,是作文語料庫的重要部分。教師要根據(jù)作文批閱情況,及時(shí)更新講評(píng)素材,使得語料庫中的素材更加豐富和具有時(shí)效性。作文講評(píng)包括以下幾個(gè)部分。
(1)列舉典型錯(cuò)誤
A.詞性誤用。如Boys tend to have behaviour problems such as lying,thefting and so on. (theft為名詞,不應(yīng)加ing)
B.粘連句。如 11.6% students are trapped in emotional problems,among them girls have the higher rate.(改為among whom)
C.句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整。如For one thing,too many punishments and interference,they cant live in harmony with their parents.(too many punishments and interference不能單獨(dú)組成句子)
D.主謂不一致。如 For another thing, students who suffers from study cant get along well with others. (suffers改為suffer)
E.中式表達(dá)。如One is mood problem, such as rather anxiety, lacking confidence and so on.(“極度焦慮”應(yīng)為extreme anxiety)
F.結(jié)構(gòu)單調(diào)。如For another thing, students are put more pressure on study. It results in many difficuties in friendship.(改為...,which...)
G. 盲目使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu),造成句子冗長(zhǎng)。如For another thing, giant as the pressure is,which comes from study, that students have difficulty getting well with others.(改為...from study is,...)
(2)點(diǎn)贊亮點(diǎn)句型
如: ①As a famous saying goes, all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.②Male students cover 16.2% while the percentage of female students is 11.4%. ③From the survey, we find that 16.2% of the boys suffer from mental problems while girls account for 11.4%.④In additon, they can turn to friends for help when confused with mental problems.⑤They are not supposed to give students too much punishement and interference in the name of love.等等。
(3)對(duì)照參考范文(略)
(4)教師對(duì)范文的二次加工
在平時(shí)的教學(xué)過程中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),由于種種原因,造成當(dāng)前各類考試提供的范文水平良莠不齊。有時(shí)命題者為避免評(píng)卷人起評(píng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過高,編寫的范文詞匯過于簡(jiǎn)單,句子結(jié)構(gòu)過于單一,不能體現(xiàn)學(xué)生當(dāng)前階段的學(xué)習(xí)水平,不具有示范性。因此,教師要對(duì)范文進(jìn)行二次加工,將現(xiàn)階段學(xué)生所學(xué)的高級(jí)詞匯、復(fù)雜句式用到范文中去,以方便學(xué)生參考、借鑒。以下是筆者改寫的范文。
According to the survey,16.2 percent of the boys and 11.4 percent of the girls have psychological problems. 11.6 percent of them,a large percentage of whom are girls, suffer from emotional problems,such as feeling upset, lacking self-confidence and etc. 8.8 percent,most of whom are boys,have abnormal behaviors,such as lying,stealing and so on.
There may be several possible reasons accounting for this phenomenon. For one thing,some parents cant build a harmonious family. Some have tight control of their children and punish them too often. For another,many students are under heavy pressure from study and unable to get along well with people around.
In my opinion, parents should give their children enough freedom and space and often communicate with them. Besides,schools are expected to establish campus counseling centers to offer timely help. Last but not the least,students had better keep optimistic and develop more hobbies.
(5)展示學(xué)生優(yōu)秀范文(略)
(6)學(xué)生二次修改作文
學(xué)生將作文題目、第一稿作文、第二稿作文、典型錯(cuò)誤、亮點(diǎn)句型等整理成作文檔案本,也是一個(gè)很好的個(gè)人寫作素材庫。
四、 結(jié)語
綜上所述,運(yùn)用語料庫開展高中英語作文教學(xué)是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的系統(tǒng)工程。教師要不斷優(yōu)化操作流程,更新寫作語料,將階段教學(xué)要求體現(xiàn)到作文教學(xué)中去,真正讓學(xué)生會(huì)寫、樂寫,教師會(huì)教、樂教。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
[1]James R. Nattinger,Jeanette S. DeCarrico. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992(3).
[2]陳鳳梅.利用作文講評(píng)提高學(xué)生的英語寫作能力[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué):中學(xué)篇,2011(9).
[3]劉慶思. 關(guān)于中學(xué)生英語作文評(píng)判方法的思考[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué):中學(xué)篇,2009(3).
[4]繆四平. “支架”理論在初中英語課文記憶中的運(yùn)用[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,2013(5).
[5]楊勵(lì)吾. 高中生英語作文語病分析與訓(xùn)練策略[J].基礎(chǔ)教育外語教學(xué)研究,2008(12).
(作者單位:江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江市教育局教研室;江蘇省句容高級(jí)中學(xué))
(1)列舉典型錯(cuò)誤
A.詞性誤用。如Boys tend to have behaviour problems such as lying,thefting and so on. (theft為名詞,不應(yīng)加ing)
B.粘連句。如 11.6% students are trapped in emotional problems,among them girls have the higher rate.(改為among whom)
C.句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整。如For one thing,too many punishments and interference,they cant live in harmony with their parents.(too many punishments and interference不能單獨(dú)組成句子)
D.主謂不一致。如 For another thing, students who suffers from study cant get along well with others. (suffers改為suffer)
E.中式表達(dá)。如One is mood problem, such as rather anxiety, lacking confidence and so on.(“極度焦慮”應(yīng)為extreme anxiety)
F.結(jié)構(gòu)單調(diào)。如For another thing, students are put more pressure on study. It results in many difficuties in friendship.(改為...,which...)
G. 盲目使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu),造成句子冗長(zhǎng)。如For another thing, giant as the pressure is,which comes from study, that students have difficulty getting well with others.(改為...from study is,...)
(2)點(diǎn)贊亮點(diǎn)句型
如: ①As a famous saying goes, all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.②Male students cover 16.2% while the percentage of female students is 11.4%. ③From the survey, we find that 16.2% of the boys suffer from mental problems while girls account for 11.4%.④In additon, they can turn to friends for help when confused with mental problems.⑤They are not supposed to give students too much punishement and interference in the name of love.等等。
(3)對(duì)照參考范文(略)
(4)教師對(duì)范文的二次加工
在平時(shí)的教學(xué)過程中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),由于種種原因,造成當(dāng)前各類考試提供的范文水平良莠不齊。有時(shí)命題者為避免評(píng)卷人起評(píng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過高,編寫的范文詞匯過于簡(jiǎn)單,句子結(jié)構(gòu)過于單一,不能體現(xiàn)學(xué)生當(dāng)前階段的學(xué)習(xí)水平,不具有示范性。因此,教師要對(duì)范文進(jìn)行二次加工,將現(xiàn)階段學(xué)生所學(xué)的高級(jí)詞匯、復(fù)雜句式用到范文中去,以方便學(xué)生參考、借鑒。以下是筆者改寫的范文。
According to the survey,16.2 percent of the boys and 11.4 percent of the girls have psychological problems. 11.6 percent of them,a large percentage of whom are girls, suffer from emotional problems,such as feeling upset, lacking self-confidence and etc. 8.8 percent,most of whom are boys,have abnormal behaviors,such as lying,stealing and so on.
There may be several possible reasons accounting for this phenomenon. For one thing,some parents cant build a harmonious family. Some have tight control of their children and punish them too often. For another,many students are under heavy pressure from study and unable to get along well with people around.
In my opinion, parents should give their children enough freedom and space and often communicate with them. Besides,schools are expected to establish campus counseling centers to offer timely help. Last but not the least,students had better keep optimistic and develop more hobbies.
(5)展示學(xué)生優(yōu)秀范文(略)
(6)學(xué)生二次修改作文
學(xué)生將作文題目、第一稿作文、第二稿作文、典型錯(cuò)誤、亮點(diǎn)句型等整理成作文檔案本,也是一個(gè)很好的個(gè)人寫作素材庫。
四、 結(jié)語
綜上所述,運(yùn)用語料庫開展高中英語作文教學(xué)是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的系統(tǒng)工程。教師要不斷優(yōu)化操作流程,更新寫作語料,將階段教學(xué)要求體現(xiàn)到作文教學(xué)中去,真正讓學(xué)生會(huì)寫、樂寫,教師會(huì)教、樂教。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
[1]James R. Nattinger,Jeanette S. DeCarrico. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992(3).
[2]陳鳳梅.利用作文講評(píng)提高學(xué)生的英語寫作能力[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué):中學(xué)篇,2011(9).
[3]劉慶思. 關(guān)于中學(xué)生英語作文評(píng)判方法的思考[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué):中學(xué)篇,2009(3).
[4]繆四平. “支架”理論在初中英語課文記憶中的運(yùn)用[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,2013(5).
[5]楊勵(lì)吾. 高中生英語作文語病分析與訓(xùn)練策略[J].基礎(chǔ)教育外語教學(xué)研究,2008(12).
(作者單位:江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江市教育局教研室;江蘇省句容高級(jí)中學(xué))
(1)列舉典型錯(cuò)誤
A.詞性誤用。如Boys tend to have behaviour problems such as lying,thefting and so on. (theft為名詞,不應(yīng)加ing)
B.粘連句。如 11.6% students are trapped in emotional problems,among them girls have the higher rate.(改為among whom)
C.句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整。如For one thing,too many punishments and interference,they cant live in harmony with their parents.(too many punishments and interference不能單獨(dú)組成句子)
D.主謂不一致。如 For another thing, students who suffers from study cant get along well with others. (suffers改為suffer)
E.中式表達(dá)。如One is mood problem, such as rather anxiety, lacking confidence and so on.(“極度焦慮”應(yīng)為extreme anxiety)
F.結(jié)構(gòu)單調(diào)。如For another thing, students are put more pressure on study. It results in many difficuties in friendship.(改為...,which...)
G. 盲目使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu),造成句子冗長(zhǎng)。如For another thing, giant as the pressure is,which comes from study, that students have difficulty getting well with others.(改為...from study is,...)
(2)點(diǎn)贊亮點(diǎn)句型
如: ①As a famous saying goes, all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.②Male students cover 16.2% while the percentage of female students is 11.4%. ③From the survey, we find that 16.2% of the boys suffer from mental problems while girls account for 11.4%.④In additon, they can turn to friends for help when confused with mental problems.⑤They are not supposed to give students too much punishement and interference in the name of love.等等。
(3)對(duì)照參考范文(略)
(4)教師對(duì)范文的二次加工
在平時(shí)的教學(xué)過程中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),由于種種原因,造成當(dāng)前各類考試提供的范文水平良莠不齊。有時(shí)命題者為避免評(píng)卷人起評(píng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過高,編寫的范文詞匯過于簡(jiǎn)單,句子結(jié)構(gòu)過于單一,不能體現(xiàn)學(xué)生當(dāng)前階段的學(xué)習(xí)水平,不具有示范性。因此,教師要對(duì)范文進(jìn)行二次加工,將現(xiàn)階段學(xué)生所學(xué)的高級(jí)詞匯、復(fù)雜句式用到范文中去,以方便學(xué)生參考、借鑒。以下是筆者改寫的范文。
According to the survey,16.2 percent of the boys and 11.4 percent of the girls have psychological problems. 11.6 percent of them,a large percentage of whom are girls, suffer from emotional problems,such as feeling upset, lacking self-confidence and etc. 8.8 percent,most of whom are boys,have abnormal behaviors,such as lying,stealing and so on.
There may be several possible reasons accounting for this phenomenon. For one thing,some parents cant build a harmonious family. Some have tight control of their children and punish them too often. For another,many students are under heavy pressure from study and unable to get along well with people around.
In my opinion, parents should give their children enough freedom and space and often communicate with them. Besides,schools are expected to establish campus counseling centers to offer timely help. Last but not the least,students had better keep optimistic and develop more hobbies.
(5)展示學(xué)生優(yōu)秀范文(略)
(6)學(xué)生二次修改作文
學(xué)生將作文題目、第一稿作文、第二稿作文、典型錯(cuò)誤、亮點(diǎn)句型等整理成作文檔案本,也是一個(gè)很好的個(gè)人寫作素材庫。
四、 結(jié)語
綜上所述,運(yùn)用語料庫開展高中英語作文教學(xué)是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的系統(tǒng)工程。教師要不斷優(yōu)化操作流程,更新寫作語料,將階段教學(xué)要求體現(xiàn)到作文教學(xué)中去,真正讓學(xué)生會(huì)寫、樂寫,教師會(huì)教、樂教。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
[1]James R. Nattinger,Jeanette S. DeCarrico. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992(3).
[2]陳鳳梅.利用作文講評(píng)提高學(xué)生的英語寫作能力[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué):中學(xué)篇,2011(9).
[3]劉慶思. 關(guān)于中學(xué)生英語作文評(píng)判方法的思考[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué):中學(xué)篇,2009(3).
[4]繆四平. “支架”理論在初中英語課文記憶中的運(yùn)用[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,2013(5).
[5]楊勵(lì)吾. 高中生英語作文語病分析與訓(xùn)練策略[J].基礎(chǔ)教育外語教學(xué)研究,2008(12).
(作者單位:江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江市教育局教研室;江蘇省句容高級(jí)中學(xué))