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      ERCCI和P53預(yù)測Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌FOLFOX方案輔助化療獲益的研究

      2014-09-11 10:21:11彭杰文林貴南蕭劍軍
      中國醫(yī)藥科學(xué) 2014年11期
      關(guān)鍵詞:結(jié)腸癌免疫組化化療

      彭杰文+林貴南+蕭劍軍

      [摘要] 目的 評價ERCCI和P53在Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌中FOLFOX方案輔助化療獲益的預(yù)測作用。 方法 回顧性收集58例Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌,均接受12療程FOLFOX方案輔助化療;利用免疫組化方法檢測ERCC1和P53的表達(dá)水平,并評價它們的表達(dá)水平與無病生存期的關(guān)系。 結(jié)果 在58例患者中,ERCC1的表達(dá)率為62.1%,ERCC1陰性表達(dá)患者的中位DFS明顯高于陽性表達(dá)者(6.2 vs 5.1 年,P=0.02);而P53的表達(dá)率為48.3%,P53陰性與陽性表達(dá)患者的中位DFS差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(5.3 vs 5.6年,P=0.93)。 結(jié)論 在Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌中,ERCC1表達(dá)可能預(yù)測FOLFOX6輔助化療的獲益減少。

      [關(guān)鍵詞] ERCC1;P53;免疫組化;結(jié)腸癌;化療

      [中圖分類號] R735.35???[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A???[文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)11-20-04

      The predictive role of ERCC1 and P53 on benefit from FOLFOX adjuvant chemotherapy

      PENG?Jiewen??LIN?Guinan??XIAO?Jianjun

      Department of Cancer Chemotherapy, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan 528400, China

      [Abstract] Objective To evaluate the predictive role of ERCC1 and P53 on benefit from FOLFOX adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods 58 stageⅡcolon cancer patients receiving FOLFOX adjuvant chemotherapy were included. Testing the expression level of ERCC1 and P53 by immunohistochemistry method and assessing the association of expression level with disease-free survival(DFS). Results Among 58 patients, the rate of ERCC1 expression was 62.1%, and ERCC1-negative patients had significantly longer DFS than patients with ERCC1expression (6.2 vs 5.1 years, P=0.02). However, the rate of P53 expression was 48.3%, the DFS between P53-negative and positive patients was not of statistically significant difference(5.3 vs 5.6 years, P=0.93). Conclusion In patients with stageⅡcolon cancer, ERCC1 expression may predict less benefit from FOLFOX adjuvant chemotherapy.

      [Key words] ERCC1; P53; Immu0histochemistry; Colon cancer; Chemotherapy

      我國結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)病率逐年上升,隨著結(jié)腸癌篩查的普及,早期結(jié)腸癌的比例不斷增加[1]。單純手術(shù)完全切除的Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌約有25%患者在5年內(nèi)出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)[2]。術(shù)后輔助性化療仍處于爭議中。ASCO認(rèn)為對于具有不良預(yù)后因素可考慮輔助性化療,但長期無病生存的獲益不超5%,而且化療帶來毒副反應(yīng)[3]。因此,Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌的個體化輔助化療需要建立在有效的預(yù)測化療獲益的指標(biāo)上,避免治療過度或治療不足。Yoshinori Shirota等[4]學(xué)者分析接受奧沙利鉑及氟尿嘧啶化療的晚期結(jié)直腸癌腫瘤組織ERCC1mRNA表達(dá)水平,認(rèn)為腫瘤組織ERCC1mRNA的表達(dá)水平是預(yù)測接受奧沙利鉑及氟尿嘧啶化療的晚期結(jié)直腸癌生存的獨立預(yù)測指標(biāo)。A. Zaanan等[5]學(xué)者認(rèn)為在Ⅲ期結(jié)腸癌中,p53表達(dá)的患者接受FOLFOX方案比接受FL方案獲

      得更高的3年無病生存。本實驗研究ERCC1和P53在Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌的表達(dá)情況以及在預(yù)測FOLFOX輔助化療獲益的作用。

      1?資料與方法

      1.1?一般資料

      收集中山市人民醫(yī)院2002年1月~2007年12月收治的結(jié)腸癌病例,并符合以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)接受根治性手術(shù)切除,術(shù)后病理證實為Ⅱ期結(jié)腸腺癌;(2)術(shù)后6周內(nèi)接受輔助化療;(3)輔助化療方案mFOLFOX,總共12個程;(4)患者ECOG PS ≤2;(5)年齡大于18歲,小于70歲。符合研究標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的有58例,其中男36 例,女22 例;年齡32~66 歲,中位年齡51.3 歲;隨訪時間5.1~10.3年,中位隨訪時間7.3年。

      1.2?治療方案

      所有患者接受標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療方案mFOLFOX6,用法:奧沙利鉑(江蘇恒瑞,H20000337) 85mg/m2靜脈滴注2h,第1天;亞葉酸鈣(江蘇恒瑞,H32022391) 400mg/m2靜脈滴注2h,第1天;5-氟尿嘧啶(上海旭東海普,H31020593)400mg/m2靜脈推注,隨后2400mg/m2持續(xù)滴注46h,每2周1療程,總共12個療程。

      1.3?實驗試劑

      S-P 免疫組化試劑盒、ERCC1和P53抗體( 稀釋比例:1︰100)購自福建邁新公司。

      1.4?實驗方法

      免疫組化染色法采用SP法檢測ERCC1和P53的蛋白表達(dá)。常規(guī)脫蠟、乙醇梯度水化,枸櫞酸鹽抗原熱修復(fù),滴加內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶阻斷劑,37℃ 10min,滴加一抗( ERCC1、P53,1︰50),4℃ 過夜,滴加聚合物增強(qiáng)劑(試劑A),室溫下孵育20min,后再滴加酶標(biāo)抗鼠 /兔聚合物(試劑B),室溫下孵育30min,DAB 顯色3~10min,蘇木素復(fù)染、脫水、透明。中性樹膠封片后鏡下觀察,以PBS代替一抗作為陰性對照,用已知的陽性片做陽性對照。

      1.5?免疫組化結(jié)果判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

      由2名未參與實驗研究、不了解患者臨床資料的病理醫(yī)生分別獨立觀察所有切片。遇結(jié)果不一致時,由2人協(xié)商決定。以細(xì)胞質(zhì)和(或)細(xì)胞核膜出現(xiàn)棕紅色顆粒為陽性,隨機(jī)取 5 個高倍視野,ERCC1 和P53按細(xì)胞核和細(xì)胞質(zhì)顯色深淺定性為陰性和陽性表達(dá)。

      1.6?統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法

      無病生存時間(DFS)指自手術(shù)之日起,到出現(xiàn)首次復(fù)發(fā)或末次隨訪。Kaplan-Meier方法制作DFS生存曲線,DFS之間的比較通過log-rank檢驗。所有統(tǒng)計分析由 SPSS16.0 軟件完成,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

      2?結(jié)果

      ERCC1在Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌中的表達(dá)率為62.1%(36/58),ERCC1陰性表達(dá)患者的中位DFS為6.2年(95%置信區(qū)間 5.6~6.8年),而ERCC1陽性表達(dá)患者的中位DFS為5.1年(95%置信區(qū)間 4.6~5.6年),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(x2=5.8,P=0.02)。見圖1。

      endprint

      P53在Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌中的表達(dá)率為48.3%(28/58),P53陰性表達(dá)患者的中位DFS為5.3年(95%置信區(qū)間 4.3~6.3年),而P53陽性表達(dá)患者的中位DFS為5.6年(95%置信區(qū)間 4.3~6.9年),差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(x2=0.008,P=0.93)。見圖2。

      圖1??ERCC1不同表達(dá)水平之間的DFS比較

      圖2??ERCC1不同表達(dá)水平之間的DFS比較

      3?討論

      近年來,我國結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)病率逐年上升,結(jié)腸癌是癌癥死亡的主要原因。隨著結(jié)腸癌篩查的普及,早期結(jié)腸癌的比例不斷增加[1]。Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌單純手術(shù)完全切除可獲得較好的預(yù)后,但約有25%患者在5年內(nèi)出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)[2]。術(shù)后輔助性化療仍處于爭議中。ASCO認(rèn)為對于具有不良預(yù)后因素,如腸穿孔、腸梗阻、清掃淋巴結(jié)小于13枚、腫瘤分化差、浸潤到周圍組織及脈管癌栓等,可考慮輔助性化療,化療方案為FOLFOX,需6個月,但長期無病生存的獲益不超5%,這種獲益不轉(zhuǎn)化為有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的總生存獲益,而且化療帶來的毒副反應(yīng),如黏膜炎、神經(jīng)毒性及骨髓毒性等,明顯增加患者經(jīng)濟(jì)及精神負(fù)擔(dān)[3]。因此,Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌的個體化輔助化療需要建立在有效的預(yù)測化療獲益的指標(biāo)上,避免治療過度或治療不足。

      多項研究證實ERCC1高表達(dá)預(yù)測含鉑方案耐藥[6-9]。鉑類的耐藥可能與下面幾個機(jī)制相關(guān):提高對鉑類DNA加合物的耐受、減少細(xì)胞內(nèi)藥物的累積及提高DNA損傷修復(fù)能力等[10]。目前證據(jù)顯示核苷酸切除修復(fù)通路的蛋白參與修復(fù)鉑類引起的DNA損傷。而且切除修復(fù)交叉互補(bǔ)(excision repair cross-complementing,ERCC)基因家族是通過核苷酸切除修復(fù)DNA損傷。ERCC1、XPA與XPF相互作用形成在DNA修復(fù)中發(fā)揮重要的作用[11-13]。H.-C. Kwon回顧性分析64例接受FOLFOX方案化療的晚期胃癌,發(fā)現(xiàn)ERCCI的陽性率為70.3%,ERCC1陽性的患者客觀緩解率為31.1%,而ERCC1陰性的患者客觀緩解率為47.9%,P值為0.045[14]。Yoshinori Shirota等學(xué)者分析接受奧沙利鉑及氟尿嘧啶化療的晚期結(jié)直腸癌腫瘤組織ERCC1mRNA表達(dá)水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)ERCC1mRNA≤4.9×10-3比>4.9×10-3有更高的平均生存時間(10.2個月vs1.9個月,P<0.01),認(rèn)為腫瘤組織ERCC1mRNA的表達(dá)水平是預(yù)測接受奧沙利鉑及氟尿嘧啶化療的晚期結(jié)直腸癌生存的獨立預(yù)測指標(biāo)[4]。韓國學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)在70例接受氟尿嘧啶和奧沙利鉑化療的晚期結(jié)直腸癌中,ERCC1的表達(dá)率約55.7%;相對于ERCC1表達(dá)的患者而言,ERCC1無表達(dá)的患者具有更長的生存期(P=0.0474)[15]。在Ⅲ期結(jié)腸癌中,伴有ERCC1-19q13拷貝數(shù)增多的患者獲得更長生存期[16]。58例Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌中,ERCC1表達(dá)率為62.1%,ERCC1陰性表達(dá)患者的中位DFS明顯長于ERCC1陽性表達(dá)患者(6.2 vs 5.1 年,P=0.02)。因此,ERCC1表達(dá)是結(jié)腸癌的不良預(yù)后因素。

      P53是腫瘤抑制基因,參與DNA損傷修復(fù)及誘導(dǎo)凋亡等,其發(fā)生突變,引起蛋白水平的過度表達(dá)[17-18]。A. Zaanan等學(xué)者認(rèn)為在Ⅲ期結(jié)腸癌中,P53表達(dá)的患者接受FOLFOX方案比接受FL方案獲得更高的3年無病生存(86% vs 70%,P=0.01),伴有MSI表型的患者接受FOLFOX方案化療獲得更好的3年無病生存(100% vs 57.9%,P=0.01);研究的結(jié)論是P53表達(dá)和MSI表型能預(yù)測奧沙利鉑在Ⅲ期結(jié)腸癌輔助化療的療效[5]。而另一項日本研究顯示在100例大腸癌患者中,P53的表達(dá)率約61%,P53陽性患者的復(fù)發(fā)率明顯高于陰性表達(dá)者(23.8% vs 5.9%,P<0.05),并且2年生存率明顯低于陰性表達(dá)者(61.8% vs 96.7%,P<0.05)[19]。然而,在本研究中,P53在Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌中的表達(dá)率為48.3%,P53陰性與陽性表達(dá)患者的中位DFS差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(5.3 vs 5.6年,P=0.93)。這與上述的兩項研究結(jié)論存在不一致,其原因可能為(1)三個研究納入的研究人群存在差異;(2)本研究樣本量相對較少,且為回顧性。

      因此,在Ⅱ期結(jié)腸癌中,ERCC1表達(dá)可能預(yù)測FOLFOX6輔助化療的獲益減少。

      [參考文獻(xiàn)]

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      [2] Figueredo A,Charette ML,Maroun J,et al.Adjuvant therapy for stage II colon cancer: a systematic review from the Cancer Care Ontario Program in evidence-based cares gastrointestinal cancer disease site group[J].Journal of Clinical Oncology,2004,22(16):3395-3407.

      [3] Benson AB,Schrag D,Somerfield MR,et al.American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations on adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer[J].Journal of Clinical Oncology,2004,22(16):3408-3419.

      [4] Shirota Y,Stoehlmacher J,Brabender J,et al.ERCC1 and thymidylate synthase mRNA levels predict survival for colorectal cancer patients receiving combination oxaliplatin and fluorouracil chemotherapy[J]. Journal of Clinical Oncology,2001,19(23):4298-4304.

      [5] Zaanan A,Cuilliere-Dartigues P,Guilloux A,et al.Impact of p53 expression and microsatellite instability on stage Ⅲ colon cancer disease-free survival in patients treated by 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin with or without oxaliplatin[J].Annals of oncology,2010,21(4):772-780.

      [6] Muallem,Mustafa Zelal. ERCC1 Expression as a predictor of resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy in primary ovarian cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2014,34(1):393-399.

      endprint

      [7] Kim,Min Kyoung. ERCC1 predicting chemoradiation resistance and poor outcome in oesophageal cancer[J].Eur J Cancer,2008,44(1):54-60.

      [8] Smith,Stephanie.ERCC1 genotype and phenotype in epithelial ovarian cancer identify patients likely to benefit from paclitaxel treatment in addition to platinum-based therapy[J].J Clin Oncol,2007,25(33):5172-5179.

      [9] Ting,Saskia.ERCC1,MLH1,MSH2,MSH6,and βIII-Tubulin:Resistance proteins associated with response and outcome to platinum-based chemotherapy in m alignant pleural mesothelioma[J]. Clin Lung Cancer,2013,14(5):558-567.

      (下轉(zhuǎn)第頁)

      (上接第頁)

      [10] Johnson NP,Hoeschele JD,Rahn RO.Kinetic analysis of the in vitro binding of radioactive cis-and trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum (Ⅱ) to DNA[J]. Chemico-Biological Interactions,1980,30(2):151-169.

      [11] Houtsmuller AB,Rademakers S,Nigg AL,et al.Action of DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1/XPF in living cells[J].Science,1999,284(5416):958-961.

      [12] McNeil,Ewan M,David W.Melton.DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1–XPF as a novel therapeutic target to overcome chemoresistance in cancer therapy[J].Nucleic Acids Res,2012,40(20):9990-10004.

      [13] Friboulet,Luc.ERCC1 isoform expression and DNA repair in non–small-cell lung cancer[J]. N Engl J Med,2013,368(12):1101-1110.

      [14] Kwon HC,Roh MS,Oh SY,et al.Prognostic value of expression of ERCC1,thymidylate synthase,and glutathione S-transferase P1 for 5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer[J].Annals of Oncology,2007,18(3):504-509.

      [15] Kim SH,Kwon HC,Oh SY,et al.Prognostic Value of ERCC1,Thymidylate Synthase,and Glutathione S-Transferase [pi] for 5-FU/Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy in Advanced Colorectal Cancer[J].American Journal of Clinical Oncology,2009,32(1):38-43.

      [16] Smith,David Hersi.An explorative analysis of ERCC1-19q13 copy number aberrations in a chemonaive stage Ⅲ colorectal cancer cohort[J]. BMC Cancer,2013,13:489.

      [17] Levine AJ,Momand J,F(xiàn)inlay CA.The p53 tumour suppressor gene[J]. Nature,1991,351(6326):453-456.

      [18] Muller,Patricia AJ,Karen H.Vousden.Mutant p53 in cancer:new functions and therapeutic opportunities[J].Cancer Cell,2014,25(3):304-317.

      [19] Yamaguchi A,Kurosaka Y,F(xiàn)ushida S,et al.Expression of p53 protein in colorectal cancer and its relationship to short‐term prognosis[J].Cancer,1992,70(12):2778-2784.

      (收稿日期:2014-04-21)

      endprint

      [7] Kim,Min Kyoung. ERCC1 predicting chemoradiation resistance and poor outcome in oesophageal cancer[J].Eur J Cancer,2008,44(1):54-60.

      [8] Smith,Stephanie.ERCC1 genotype and phenotype in epithelial ovarian cancer identify patients likely to benefit from paclitaxel treatment in addition to platinum-based therapy[J].J Clin Oncol,2007,25(33):5172-5179.

      [9] Ting,Saskia.ERCC1,MLH1,MSH2,MSH6,and βIII-Tubulin:Resistance proteins associated with response and outcome to platinum-based chemotherapy in m alignant pleural mesothelioma[J]. Clin Lung Cancer,2013,14(5):558-567.

      (下轉(zhuǎn)第頁)

      (上接第頁)

      [10] Johnson NP,Hoeschele JD,Rahn RO.Kinetic analysis of the in vitro binding of radioactive cis-and trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum (Ⅱ) to DNA[J]. Chemico-Biological Interactions,1980,30(2):151-169.

      [11] Houtsmuller AB,Rademakers S,Nigg AL,et al.Action of DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1/XPF in living cells[J].Science,1999,284(5416):958-961.

      [12] McNeil,Ewan M,David W.Melton.DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1–XPF as a novel therapeutic target to overcome chemoresistance in cancer therapy[J].Nucleic Acids Res,2012,40(20):9990-10004.

      [13] Friboulet,Luc.ERCC1 isoform expression and DNA repair in non–small-cell lung cancer[J]. N Engl J Med,2013,368(12):1101-1110.

      [14] Kwon HC,Roh MS,Oh SY,et al.Prognostic value of expression of ERCC1,thymidylate synthase,and glutathione S-transferase P1 for 5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer[J].Annals of Oncology,2007,18(3):504-509.

      [15] Kim SH,Kwon HC,Oh SY,et al.Prognostic Value of ERCC1,Thymidylate Synthase,and Glutathione S-Transferase [pi] for 5-FU/Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy in Advanced Colorectal Cancer[J].American Journal of Clinical Oncology,2009,32(1):38-43.

      [16] Smith,David Hersi.An explorative analysis of ERCC1-19q13 copy number aberrations in a chemonaive stage Ⅲ colorectal cancer cohort[J]. BMC Cancer,2013,13:489.

      [17] Levine AJ,Momand J,F(xiàn)inlay CA.The p53 tumour suppressor gene[J]. Nature,1991,351(6326):453-456.

      [18] Muller,Patricia AJ,Karen H.Vousden.Mutant p53 in cancer:new functions and therapeutic opportunities[J].Cancer Cell,2014,25(3):304-317.

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      endprint

      [7] Kim,Min Kyoung. ERCC1 predicting chemoradiation resistance and poor outcome in oesophageal cancer[J].Eur J Cancer,2008,44(1):54-60.

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      [17] Levine AJ,Momand J,F(xiàn)inlay CA.The p53 tumour suppressor gene[J]. Nature,1991,351(6326):453-456.

      [18] Muller,Patricia AJ,Karen H.Vousden.Mutant p53 in cancer:new functions and therapeutic opportunities[J].Cancer Cell,2014,25(3):304-317.

      [19] Yamaguchi A,Kurosaka Y,F(xiàn)ushida S,et al.Expression of p53 protein in colorectal cancer and its relationship to short‐term prognosis[J].Cancer,1992,70(12):2778-2784.

      (收稿日期:2014-04-21)

      endprint

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