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    心臟再同步化治療的間期優(yōu)化現(xiàn)狀分析

    2014-08-11 03:00:30李虹道
    中國(guó)醫(yī)藥科學(xué) 2014年10期
    關(guān)鍵詞:輸出量主動(dòng)脈瓣房室

    李虹道

    [摘要] 心臟再同步化治療(CRT)是治療慢性心力衰竭的常用方法之一,優(yōu)化CRT的特殊參數(shù)AV 間期和心室間期可增加患者獲益,本文對(duì)CRT的房室(A-V)間期和心室(V-V)間期的優(yōu)化現(xiàn)狀綜述如下。

    [關(guān)鍵詞] 心臟再同步化治療;間期優(yōu)化

    [中圖分類號(hào)] R541.6 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 2095-0616(2014)10-39-04

    [Abstract] Cardiac resynchronization therapy (cardiac resynchronization therapy, CRT) is one of the common methods of treatment chronic heart failure,specific parameters of optimizing CRT between AV interval and ventricular were benefit to patients.This article summarized follows of the current status quo of optimized CRT of atrioventricular (AV) interval and ventricular (VV) period.

    [Key words] Cardiac resynchronization therapy;Interval optimization

    慢性充血性心力衰竭(CHF)常伴傳導(dǎo)異常,導(dǎo)致房室、室間和(或)室內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)不同步[1-3]。心臟再同步治療(CRT)為近年來治療CHF的常用方法之一,其通過增加左室起搏,設(shè)定較短的房室及適當(dāng)?shù)腣-V間期而實(shí)現(xiàn)房室和室間的同步運(yùn)動(dòng),恢復(fù)房室、室間和室內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)的同步性[4-9]。研究表明,優(yōu)化A-V間期和心室間期可增加左室充盈,提高患者對(duì)CRT的應(yīng)答率[10]。1 A-V間期優(yōu)化

    A-V間期優(yōu)化分為無創(chuàng)、有創(chuàng),其中心導(dǎo)管測(cè)量左室內(nèi)壓最大上升速率(dP/dTmax)為有創(chuàng)檢查,受設(shè)備技術(shù)等條件限制不易為患者接受,但準(zhǔn)確性較高[11]。CT、MRI、核素掃描等雖為無創(chuàng)檢查,但費(fèi)用較高,均不如在超聲指導(dǎo)下優(yōu)化實(shí)用,故間期優(yōu)化被推薦為目前常用的方法。A-V間期優(yōu)化前要求患者在平靜狀態(tài)至少休息10min。以往的研究通過測(cè)得dP/dTmax評(píng)價(jià)下面4種優(yōu)化方法,結(jié)果顯示,以二尖瓣前向血流VTI最為精確[12]。

    1.1 最大心輸出量法

    以主動(dòng)脈瓣血流速度時(shí)間積分(VTI)評(píng)價(jià)心輸出量,于心尖五腔切面記錄主動(dòng)脈瓣前向血流頻譜,測(cè)量其VTI,并參考二尖瓣血流頻譜,主動(dòng)脈瓣前向血流VTI最大時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)的A-V間期為優(yōu)化的A-V間期[13]。1.3 二尖瓣前向血流速度時(shí)間積分法

    逐漸滴定A-V間期測(cè)量二尖瓣前向血流VTI,以獲得最大二尖瓣VTI的A-V間期為最佳A-V間期[15]。

    1.4 二尖瓣血流頻譜法

    Meluzin等[16]報(bào)道的“二尖瓣返流法”,先設(shè)定一個(gè)保證完全奪獲心室的較長(zhǎng)的A-V間期,然后測(cè)量A峰結(jié)束至出現(xiàn)左室收縮期二尖瓣返流的時(shí)間間期,兩間期之差為最佳A-V間期。

    1.5 心音圖法

    第一心音振幅和A-V間期成“S”型曲線關(guān)系,A-V間期在“S”型曲線的拐點(diǎn)與超聲優(yōu)化的A-V間期及最大主動(dòng)脈瓣前向血流速度積分呈正相關(guān)[16]。

    1.6 光電容積脈搏波法

    該方法能識(shí)別CRTA-V間期變化引起的主動(dòng)脈脈壓的變化,為一種無創(chuàng)的CRT優(yōu)化方法,具有很高的特異性[17]。

    1.7 心阻抗圖法

    心阻抗圖法(impedance cardiogram,ICG)是根據(jù)胸腔電阻抗的動(dòng)態(tài)變化來測(cè)定心功能的一種非創(chuàng)傷性方法,其可以檢測(cè)心阻抗的變化判斷心輸出量的變化[18]。

    其通常在A-V間期優(yōu)化的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行,多數(shù)雙室順序起搏間期優(yōu)化后為左室優(yōu)先起搏,少數(shù)則需設(shè)置為右室優(yōu)先,使心室達(dá)到最大程度同步化,從而提高CRT的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)效應(yīng)[20-21]。Sogaard等[22]報(bào)道對(duì)于間隔及下壁延遲者實(shí)施右室優(yōu)先雙室順序起搏可以取得較好的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)效應(yīng)。

    2.1 最大心輸出量法

    通過順序程控多個(gè)V-V間期,以主動(dòng)脈瓣前向血流速度時(shí)間積分(LVOT-VTI)最大時(shí)的心V-V間期為最佳V-V間期[24-25]。

    2.2 最大化心室同步法3 存在的問題及展望

    CRT需要在心超下進(jìn)行繁瑣的A-V及V-V間期優(yōu)化,尚無統(tǒng)一技術(shù)指標(biāo)及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[31],耗時(shí)且受患者體位、探頭角度等因素影響,難以實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)體化、動(dòng)態(tài)優(yōu)化[31,33],存在CRT的療效發(fā)揮不充分的情況。另外,為保證起搏奪獲心臟,CRT的A-V間期一般設(shè)置較短,多為100~120ms[35-36],然而,固定且較短的A-V間期及心室起搏與房室結(jié)優(yōu)先,動(dòng)態(tài)的A-V間期的生理性起搏原則不符,從而削弱CRT的療效,甚至可能部分解釋CRT治療無應(yīng)答[37]。因此,恢復(fù)房室結(jié)及雙心室生理性傳導(dǎo)順序的希氏束起搏會(huì)更符合生理性起搏原則,有望提高CRT的應(yīng)答率并精簡(jiǎn)CRT的優(yōu)化程序。

    綜上所述,對(duì)接受CRT的CHF患者優(yōu)化A-V間期和V-V間期可進(jìn)一步改善患者的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)。近年來已開發(fā)出多種無創(chuàng)方法用于間期優(yōu)化,其中,心臟超聲是目前較為公認(rèn)和常用的方法,但較為繁瑣,耗時(shí)費(fèi)力,很難實(shí)現(xiàn)A-V間期和V-V間期優(yōu)化的個(gè)體化和動(dòng)態(tài)化,隨著技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展有望開發(fā)出更為簡(jiǎn)便,精確的優(yōu)化方法。

    [參考文獻(xiàn)]

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    (收稿日期:2014-03-21)

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