崔星亮,劉曉東,任海霞,路新卿
肝硬化并發(fā)上消化道出血相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素分析
崔星亮,劉曉東,任海霞,路新卿
目的探討肝硬化并發(fā)上消化性出血的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素。方法選擇2011年12月—2013年12月住院的肝硬化患者252例進(jìn)行病例對(duì)照研究,按其是否合并出血分為2組,出血組120例,未出血組132例。統(tǒng)計(jì)2組性別、年齡、血常規(guī)及生化結(jié)果、凝血功能、影像學(xué)結(jié)果、胃鏡結(jié)果、肝功能Child-Pugh評(píng)分和HP感染等因素,進(jìn)行單因素分析和多因素非條件Logistic回歸分析,以了解肝硬化并發(fā)上消化道出血的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,2組食管靜脈曲張程度、消化性潰瘍、肝功能Child-Pugh評(píng)分、腹水情況、胃左靜脈內(nèi)徑、血紅蛋白、白蛋白、凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)>16 s等差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而HP感染情況無明顯差異(P>0.05)。多因素非條件Logistic回歸分析顯示:腹水(OR=4.54,95% CI 2.73~7.54,P=0.01)、胃左靜脈內(nèi)徑(OR=1.53,95% CI 1.01~2.30,P=0.04)、PT>16 s(OR=2.15, 95% CI 1.51~3.06,P=0.01)和食管靜脈曲張程度(OR=9.06,95% CI 4.96~ 16.57,P=0.01)是肝硬化并發(fā)上消化道出血的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論肝硬化并發(fā)上消化道出血的危險(xiǎn)因素包括腹水、胃左靜脈內(nèi)徑、PT>16 s和食管胃靜脈曲張。
肝硬化; 上消化道出血; 相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素
肝硬化并發(fā)上消化道出血是臨床常見病,起病急、預(yù)后差、病死率高,其中40%~70%因首次出血而死亡[1,2]。關(guān)于消化道出血的危險(xiǎn)因素研究較多,包括門脈高壓性胃病、消化性潰瘍、肝功能亢進(jìn)、脾功能亢進(jìn)和食管胃底靜脈曲張等,但對(duì)于肝硬化并發(fā)上消化道出血的確切危險(xiǎn)因素仍未達(dá)成共識(shí)?,F(xiàn)評(píng)估肝硬化并發(fā)消化道出血的危險(xiǎn)因素,并進(jìn)行初步探討。
1.1 臨床資料 選擇2011年12月—2013年12月在我院住院的肝硬化患者252例,診斷符合“病毒性肝炎防治方案”診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3],均經(jīng)影像、胃鏡和/或臨床證實(shí);排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):合并肝癌及其他系統(tǒng)疾病,食管靜脈曲張?zhí)自捌渌委熜g(shù)后,近3個(gè)月服用抗生素、非甾體類消炎藥(NSAIDs)和抑酸藥等。按是否合并出血分為2組,出血組120例,均經(jīng)胃鏡檢查證實(shí),其中食管靜脈曲張出血68例,胃底靜脈曲張出血22例,消化性潰瘍出血18例,門靜脈高壓性胃病出血12例;未出血組132例。
2.1 一般情況比較 出血組和未出血組間性別、年齡、肝硬化病因、血小板、HP感染情況比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而肝功能Child-Pugh評(píng)分、腹水情況、胃左靜脈內(nèi)徑、血紅蛋白、白蛋白、凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)>16 s差異顯著(P<0.01)。見表1。
表1 2組一般資料比較
2.2 鏡下病變特點(diǎn) 出血組與未出血組之間食管靜脈曲張程度、消化性潰瘍情況比較差異顯著(P<0.05)。而2組之間胃底靜脈曲張和門脈高壓性胃病情況比較差異無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
表2 內(nèi)鏡觀測(cè)病變特點(diǎn)
2.3 Logistic回歸分析 單因素回歸分析顯示,肝硬化并發(fā)上消化道出血受食管靜脈曲張程度、消化性潰瘍、肝功能Child-Pugh評(píng)分、腹水情況、胃左靜脈內(nèi)徑、血紅蛋白、白蛋白、PT>16 s等多種因素的影響,而與HP感染情況無明顯相關(guān)。將以上8個(gè)因素進(jìn)行多因素非條件Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示腹水、胃左靜脈內(nèi)徑、PT>16 s、食管靜脈曲張程度均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),為肝硬化并發(fā)上消化道出血的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素。見表3。
表3 肝硬化并發(fā)上消化道出血多因素非條件Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果
肝硬化患者以病毒性肝炎為主,而消化性出血是肝硬化患者的常見并發(fā)癥[4]。由于統(tǒng)計(jì)方法和地區(qū)差異不同,導(dǎo)致肝硬化患者并發(fā)消化道出血的危險(xiǎn)因素眾說紛紜,國(guó)內(nèi)外的報(bào)道也不盡一致。
有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道肝硬化患者血管壁的厚度、曲張靜脈壁張力及其周圍組織的支持是決定消化道出血的主要因素,引起肝硬化上消化道出血的主要因素是靜脈曲張程度[5]。本研究Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果表明,食管靜脈曲張程度是肝硬化并發(fā)上消化道出血的危險(xiǎn)因素,OR值最高(OR=9.06),提示食管靜脈曲張程度越高,肝硬化并發(fā)上消化道出血可能性越大。另外肝硬化患者多具有較高的門靜脈壓力,大量腹水可導(dǎo)致門靜脈壓力進(jìn)一步升高從而引起出血[6]。本結(jié)果提示腹水是肝硬化上消化道出血的預(yù)測(cè)因子,這可能與門靜脈壓力增高導(dǎo)致食管靜脈曲張破裂出血有關(guān)。 肝硬化失代償患者常伴有凝血和纖溶異常,本結(jié)果顯示PT>16 s為肝硬化上消化道出血的危險(xiǎn)因素,而且凝血酶原時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),越易出血。所以對(duì)凝血酶原時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)的肝硬化患者,應(yīng)常規(guī)補(bǔ)充維生素K及新鮮血漿等措施改善凝血機(jī)制。
胃左靜脈是食管胃底靜脈曲張形成的主要供血血管,在食管胃底靜脈曲張的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及轉(zhuǎn)歸中具有重要作用[7,8],Kakutani等[9]研究結(jié)果顯示胃左靜脈最大內(nèi)徑越寬,食管胃底靜脈曲張出血的危險(xiǎn)性越大。本研究結(jié)果顯示:胃左靜脈內(nèi)徑是肝硬化并發(fā)上消化道出血的危險(xiǎn)因素,提示對(duì)于肝硬化患者應(yīng)常規(guī)檢測(cè)胃左靜脈內(nèi)徑。而HP感染與肝硬化上消化道出血無明顯相關(guān),可能與肝硬化門靜脈高壓癥患者胃內(nèi)環(huán)境不適宜HP的定植有關(guān)[10]。
肝硬化患者一旦發(fā)生上消化道出血,很容易出現(xiàn)肝腎綜合征、肝性腦病、嚴(yán)重感染等并發(fā)癥,甚至危及生命,因此了解相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素對(duì)于預(yù)防和控制肝硬化上消化道出血具有重要意義。根據(jù)該回歸模型分析的結(jié)果,對(duì)大量腹水、胃左靜脈內(nèi)徑增寬、PT>16s和食管靜脈曲張的患者應(yīng)盡可能提早干預(yù),防止出血。
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Riskfactorsanalysisofcirrhosiswithgastrointestinalbleeding
CUIXingliang,LIUXiaodong,RENHaixia,LUXinqing.
InternalDepartmentofDigestiveMedicine,HebeiEngineeringUniversityAffiliatedHospital,Handan056029,China
LUXinqing,E-mail:cuixingliang781002@qq.com
ObjectiveTo evaluate the related risk factors of cirrhosis with gastrointestinal bleeding.MethodsSelected hospitalized 252 cases with cirrhotic from December 2011 to December 2013 for conducted this case-control study, according to whether hemorrhage, they were divided into two groups, 120 cases of hemorrhage group, 132 cases are not bleeding group. Calculated 2 groups' gender, age, blood and biochemical results, coagulation, imaging results, endoscopy results of liver function Child-Pugh score and HP infection and other factors, univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were performed to understand the risk factors associated with cirrhosis of gastrointestinal bleeding.ResultsUnivariate analysis showed that two groups of esophageal varices, peptic ulcer, liver function Child-Pugh score, ascites, the left gastric vein diameter, hemoglobin, albumin , PT>16 s revealed differences, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), whereas no significant difference in HP infection (P>0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that: ascites (OR=4.54, 95% CI 2.73-7.54,P=0.01), left gastric vein diameter (OR=1.53, 95% CI 1.01-2.30,P=0.04),PT>16 s (OR=2.15,95% CI 1.51-3.06,P=0.01) and the degree of esophageal varices (OR=9.06, 95% CI 4.96-16.57,P=0.01) was digested on cirrhosis Road -related risk factors for bleeding.ConclusionThe risk factors of cirrhosis with gastrointestinal bleeding included esophageal varices, ascites, the diameter of left gastric vein and PT>16 s.
Hepatic cirrhosis; Upper gastrointestinal bleeding; Related risk factors
邯鄲市科學(xué)技術(shù)研究與發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No.1223108089-10)
056029 邯鄲,河北工程大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
路新卿,E-mail:cuixingliang781002@qq.com
10.3969 / j.issn.1671-6450.2014.05.015
2013-12-20)