如何用預(yù)測法解答故事類完形填空題

郝昌明

故事類完形填空題以時(shí)間推移為線索介紹故事情節(jié)的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局和哲理，因此利用預(yù)測法可以逐層推斷文意的發(fā)展，從而借助具體的語境推斷未知信息。這里結(jié)合廣東省2013年中考英語完形填空題介紹如何利用預(yù)測法解答完形填空題。

一、借助首節(jié)信息，推斷故事情節(jié)的發(fā)生

眾所周知，故事類完形填空題往往是作者遭遇特殊經(jīng)歷后的有感而發(fā)，因此其首節(jié)無論是披露心理、介紹觀點(diǎn)，還是描繪經(jīng)歷無一不滲透著文章的主題，流露出作者的寫作意圖和創(chuàng)作動(dòng)機(jī)。顯然，首節(jié)內(nèi)容對(duì)文意的延伸和情節(jié)的發(fā)展有引導(dǎo)和制約的作用。跟隨首節(jié)內(nèi)容，文章的情節(jié)由發(fā)生到發(fā)展到高潮到結(jié)局到哲理，順勢(shì)發(fā)展，自然延伸?？梢娊柚坠?jié)內(nèi)容，發(fā)揮合理想象，實(shí)施正確推理，可以逐層預(yù)測情節(jié)的發(fā)生，從而推斷其未知信息。

原文：Tom brought a box of biscuits to a summer camp. He ate a few and placed the rest under his bed. After lunch, he found the box was gone. He went to tell his camp coach about it.

大意：湯姆帶了一盒餅干去參加夏令營。他吃了幾塊餅干，將其余的餅干放在床下面。午飯之后，他發(fā)現(xiàn)餅干盒不見了，于是將此事告訴了負(fù)責(zé)夏令營活動(dòng)的教練。

思路點(diǎn)撥：仔細(xì)分析首節(jié)可知，湯姆參加夏令營活動(dòng)時(shí)餅干被偷，而由常識(shí)可知餅干被偷后他一定會(huì)將此事匯報(bào)給負(fù)責(zé)夏令營活動(dòng)的教練，因此下文必然會(huì)介紹教練是如何幫助湯姆尋找偷餅干的人并對(duì)其進(jìn)行處理的。進(jìn)一步思考可知，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的教育者對(duì)偷湯姆餅干的人不會(huì)大加懲罰，而會(huì)想方設(shè)法既讓湯姆找到小偷又不讓其成為湯姆的敵人而成為湯姆的朋友。顯然，下文很有可能介紹負(fù)責(zé)夏令營活動(dòng)的老師是如何幫助湯姆想辦法尋找偷餅干的人并讓其成為湯姆的好友的。這樣的分析對(duì)推斷文章情節(jié)發(fā)展階段的未知信息很有好處。

二、利用故事情節(jié)的發(fā)生，預(yù)測故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展

故事情節(jié)發(fā)生之后，主人公的處境漸漸明朗，作者的意圖慢慢流露，文章的思路也步步發(fā)展。此時(shí)借助故事情節(jié)發(fā)生部分的內(nèi)容結(jié)合現(xiàn)有語境進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推理判斷可以逐個(gè)推斷故事情節(jié)發(fā)展階段的未知信息。

原文：The next day, the coach saw a boy eating Toms biscuits behind a tree. He came up with an idea to solve （解決） the problem. He found Tom and said to him, “I know who took away your biscuits. Will you help me to teach him a lesson?”

“Well, yes… are you going to punish him, sir?” Tom asked. “No, I am not,” the coach explained patiently. “That would only make him hate you. I want you to write to your mother and ask for more biscuits.”

大意：第二天，教練看到一個(gè)男孩在一棵樹后吃湯姆的餅干。他想出了一個(gè)辦法來解決這一問題。他找到湯姆，對(duì)他說：“我知道誰拿走了你的餅干。你愿意幫助我教訓(xùn)一下他嗎？”

“嗯，是的……先生，你想懲罰他嗎？”湯姆問道?！安唬也幌霊土P他，”教練耐心地解釋道?！澳菢幼鲋粫?huì)讓他恨你。我想讓你給你媽媽寫信再要一些餅干?！?/p>

思路點(diǎn)撥：果然教練沒有簡單地處理問題。找到偷餅干的小偷后，他沒有嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)小偷，也沒有懲罰小偷，更沒有讓小偷賠湯姆的餅干，而是讓湯姆向媽媽要更多的餅干，與小偷化敵為友。教練真是用心良苦，他想出的辦法真是創(chuàng)造和諧人際關(guān)系所必需的。而這正是本文主題之所在，充分體現(xiàn)了本文寫作的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。

三、利用故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展，預(yù)測文章的高潮

隨著情節(jié)的發(fā)展，主人公最終會(huì)找到解決問題的方法，從而走出低谷，擺脫困境。這時(shí)其不懈的努力已露勝勢(shì)，文章的結(jié)局也顯方向。顯然，利用情節(jié)發(fā)展階段的內(nèi)容借助現(xiàn)有語境進(jìn)行合理想象可以推斷文章高潮部分的未知信息。

原文：Tom received another box of biscuits by mail from his mother a few days later. “Now,” said the coach, “go and share them with the boy who stole your biscuits.” Tom didnt understand the coachs intention, but he still followed his advice.

大意：幾天之后，湯姆收到媽媽郵寄過來的餅干。教練說：“現(xiàn)在去和偷你餅干的男孩一起分享餅干吧。”湯姆不理解教練的意圖，但他仍然接受了他的建議。

思路點(diǎn)撥：果然教練讓湯姆把媽媽剛寄來的餅干與小偷一起分享。這種不計(jì)前嫌、以恩報(bào)惡的行為一定會(huì)感化小偷，讓其痛改前非，重新做人。這樣的分析對(duì)推斷文章結(jié)局部分的未知信息也一定會(huì)很有好處。

四、利用故事情節(jié)的高潮，預(yù)測文章的結(jié)局

當(dāng)文章情節(jié)的發(fā)展達(dá)到高潮時(shí)，主人公的不懈努力將有結(jié)果，其奮斗目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)已成定局。此時(shí)順勢(shì)預(yù)測文章的結(jié)局是一件水到渠成的事。

原文：Half an hour later the coach saw the two boys come up the hill, arm in arm. The boy was trying to ask Tom to accept his toy robot in payment for（賠償）the stolen biscuits. And Tom was refusing the gift from his new friend. He said that a few biscuits were not so important.

大意：半小時(shí)之后，教練看到兩個(gè)男孩手挽手爬上了山。男孩竭力讓湯姆接受他的玩具機(jī)器人，作為對(duì)被偷餅干的賠償，而湯姆也在拒絕新朋友的禮物。他說幾塊餅干不是那么重要。

思路點(diǎn)撥：果然偷湯姆餅干的男孩對(duì)湯姆不計(jì)前嫌的行為非常感動(dòng)，他不斷地請(qǐng)湯姆原諒他的行為并接受他的賠償。真情打動(dòng)了小偷，善意感化了小偷。教練和湯姆用寬恕譜寫了一曲動(dòng)人的和諧人際關(guān)系的贊歌，有理由相信湯姆和小偷之間真正的友誼會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)保持下去。

五、回顧故事的情節(jié)，預(yù)測文章的哲理

講故事的目的是為了歌頌真善美，抨擊假惡丑，因此故事結(jié)束后，作者很有可能會(huì)揭示其所蘊(yùn)含的哲理，以教育讀者如何做人，如何處事。解答故事類完形填空題時(shí)，當(dāng)故事結(jié)束后應(yīng)回顧一下主要思路，問一問自己文章主題是什么，它有什么現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。然后再問一問自己作者的寫作意圖是什么，他想讓讀者獲得什么信息。這樣文章的哲理會(huì)自然展現(xiàn)出來。

原文：In some situations, forgiveness （原諒） is better than punishment.

大意：在一些情況下，原諒比懲罰更好。

思路點(diǎn)撥：作者在故事結(jié)束后及時(shí)展示哲理：寬恕勝于懲罰，以勸告人們學(xué)會(huì)原諒，學(xué)會(huì)寬恕，努力構(gòu)建和諧社會(huì)。當(dāng)然，這篇完形填空題沒有在最后一節(jié)的哲理上挖空，而是直接將哲理提供給讀者。相信只要掌握了推斷哲理的方法，推斷哲理方面的未知信息也不是一件難事。

鞏固性練習(xí)：

A

Years ago a farmer owned land along the Atlantic（大西洋）seacoast. He constantly（不斷地）advertised for hired hands. Most people were 1 to work on farms along the Atlantic. They feared the terrible storms that blew across the Atlantic, 2 the buildings and crops. As the farmer interviewed applicants（應(yīng)征者）for the job, he received refusals.

3, a short, thin man, well past middle age, went to the farmer. “Are you a good farmhand?” the farmer asked him.

“Well, I can 4 when the wind blows,” answered the little man.

Although puzzled by this answer, the farmer，in great need of 5, hired him. The little man worked well around the farm, 6 from dawn to dusk, and the farmer felt satisfied with the mans work.

Then one night the wind blew hard. 7 out of bed, the farmer took a lantern（燈籠）and rushed next door to the hired hands sleeping room. He 8 the little man and cried, “9! A storm is coming! Tie things down 10 they blow away！”

The little man rolled over in bed and said firmly, “No sir. I told you, I can sleep when the wind blows.”

Annoyed by the response, the farmer 11 fired him on the spot. 12, he hurried outside to 13 for the storm. To his amazement, he 14 everything was tied down. Nothing could blow away.

The farmer then understood what his hired hand15, so he returned to his bed to also sleep while the wind blew.

1. A. unhealthyB. unlucky

C. unableD. unwilling

2. A. destroyingB. hitting

C. strikingD. knocking

3. A. FinallyB. Suddenly

C. GenerallyD. Actually

4. A. singB. eat

C. sleepD. stand

5. A. supportB. time

C. moneyD. help

6. A. freeB. happy

C. relaxedD. busy

7. A. RunningB. Jumping

C. GoingD. Coming

8. A. beatB. shook

C. movedD. kicked

9. A. Get upB. Sit up

C. Stay upD. Go up

10. A. ifB. unless

C. beforeD. though

11. A. alreadyB. almost

C. evenD. ever

12. A. AnywayB. Somehow

C. InsteadD. Indeed

13. A. waitB. answer

C. prepareD. look

14. A. knewB. watched

C. learnedD. discovered

15. A. meantB. wrote

C. askedD. explained

參考答案與解析

1. D。由下文他們害怕刮過大西洋的可怕大風(fēng)可以反推該空表示“不愿意的”，因此應(yīng)填unwilling。

2. A。根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，狂風(fēng)可以摧毀房屋和莊稼，因此該空應(yīng)填destroying。

3. A。此處描繪農(nóng)場主做廣告招幫手的最后結(jié)果，因此應(yīng)填Finally。

4. C。由倒數(shù)第三段的I can sleep when the wind blows. 可以推出該空應(yīng)填sleep。

5. D。由上文所介紹的農(nóng)場主招幫手的急切心情可以推出他急需要幫助，因此該空應(yīng)填help。

6. D。由worked well around the farm可以推出該空表示“忙著”，因此應(yīng)填busy。

7. B。由上文可知，大西洋的風(fēng)很厲害，因此當(dāng)農(nóng)場主知道外面正在刮大風(fēng)時(shí)保護(hù)農(nóng)場的心情會(huì)十分迫切，因此該空應(yīng)填Jumping。

8. B。由上文sleeping room可以推出幫手在睡覺，因此農(nóng)場主搖晃他的身體將其叫醒是可以理解的。顯然，該空應(yīng)填shook。

9. A。農(nóng)場主搖晃幫手身體的目的當(dāng)然是讓他起床，去照料農(nóng)場，因此該空應(yīng)填Get up。

10. C。該空表示“在……之前、趁……”，因此應(yīng)填before。

11. B。由農(nóng)場主著急的心情和下文沒有辭退幫手的事實(shí)可以推斷該空表示“幾乎”，因此應(yīng)填almost。

12. C。由下文可知沒有辭退幫手。

13. C。他沒有辭退幫手，而是沖出去為暴風(fēng)雨的到來做準(zhǔn)備。

14. D。由語境邏輯可知，他發(fā)現(xiàn)一切都準(zhǔn)備好了，因此該空應(yīng)填discovered。

15. A。分析語境邏輯可以推出該空表示“意味著”，因此應(yīng)填meant。該空與上文幫手兩次回答農(nóng)場主的內(nèi)容相呼應(yīng)。

B

Last month, my Dad and Mom went on a business trip to Beijing together, so I was alone at home for a week. At first, it seemed wonderful because I could do everything I wanted.

After finishing my homework, I did some reading1 struggling with English vocabulary books.

2 the happy times did not last long. On the fourth evening, while I was busy with my homework, the lights in my house went out 3. I couldnt see anything and was very frightened. Slowly I got used to the 4 and saw some weak light coming from the street lamps. I 5 the electricity in my house was out.

I6 to go outdoors to see what was happening. As I walked out, I 7 over an object I put down earlier.

Standing outside, I found the whole district dark. I knew the whole electric system had8 down. I was scared and upset, 9 I quickly picked up the phone and wanted to call my parents in Beijing, but I hesitated for a moment. I thought I had grown up and should learn to 10 some problems on my own.

Thinking of this, I hung11. A second later, I picked up the phone again. But this time I phoned the electric company. They told me the system was being 12.

Half an hour later, everything turned back to normal.

A13 passed quickly, then Dad and Mom came back. I told them 14 that had happened in that week except this incident. I 15 I have grown up and I will not depend on my parents as much as before.

1. A.because ofB. instead of

C. out ofD. regardless of

2. A. OrB. And

C. ButD. So

3. A. strangelyB. quickly

C. suddenlyD. naturally

4. A. stillnessB. silence

C. quietD. darkness

5. A. understoodB. realized

C. rememberedD. recognized

6. A. choseB. offered

C. decidedD. managed

7. A. ranB. climbed

C. wentD. fell

8. A. brokenB. set

C. goneD. come

9. A. soB. though

C. untilD. unless

10. A. deal withB. refer to

C. leave outD. give off

11. A. outB. around

C. overD. up

12. A. removedB. repaired

C. recoveredD. built

13. A. dayB. week

C. monthD. year

14. A. anythingB. everything

C. somethingD. nothing

15. A. suggestB. insist

C. believeD. guess

參考答案與解析

1. B。instead of意為“而不是”，符合語境邏輯。

2. C。上文含褒義色彩，下文含貶義色彩，因此該空表示轉(zhuǎn)折性邏輯關(guān)系，應(yīng)填But。

3. C。由語境邏輯可以推出燈是突然熄掉的，因此該空應(yīng)填suddenly。

4. D。由上文the lights in my house went out和I couldnt see anything可以推出空格處表示“黑暗”，因此應(yīng)填darkness。

5. B。自家的房子沒電了是作者意識(shí)到的內(nèi)容，因此該空應(yīng)填realized。

6. C。到外面看發(fā)生了什么事是作者自己決定的事，因此該空應(yīng)填decided。

7. D。出去時(shí)我跌倒在一個(gè)自己以前放的物體上。

8. A。我知道整個(gè)電路系統(tǒng)都?jí)牧恕?/p>

9. A?？崭袂昂蠛蚬P(guān)系，因此該空應(yīng)填so。

10. A。由常識(shí)可知，出現(xiàn)了問題后應(yīng)解決問題，所以該空應(yīng)填deal with。

11. D。由下文作者改給電力公司打電話可以推斷其掛斷了打給父母的電話。

12. B。出現(xiàn)停電事故后，電力公司肯定要檢修電路，因此該空應(yīng)填repaired。

13. B。由第1空前面的for a week可以推出該空應(yīng)填week。

14. B。該空表示“一切”，因此應(yīng)填everything。

15. C。下文是作者相信的內(nèi)容，因此該空應(yīng)填believe。