祖秀明
耐力訓(xùn)練與高強(qiáng)度間歇訓(xùn)練對(duì)肥胖兒童健康相關(guān)指標(biāo)的影響
祖秀明
目的 探討耐力訓(xùn)練和高強(qiáng)度間歇訓(xùn)練對(duì)8~12歲肥胖兒童健康相關(guān)指標(biāo)的影響。方法 選取2011年3~8月在本科門診就診的符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的兒童70例,隨機(jī)分成耐力訓(xùn)練組(ET)34例和高強(qiáng)度間隔訓(xùn)練組(HIT)36例,ET組進(jìn)行30~60 min運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度達(dá)到個(gè)人最大心率80%的連續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng);HIT組進(jìn)行60 s運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度達(dá)到個(gè)人最大心率90%~95%的沖刺運(yùn)動(dòng),中間穿插一個(gè)1 min 達(dá)50%個(gè)人最大心率運(yùn)動(dòng),重復(fù)3~6次。分別于干預(yù)前和干預(yù)12 w后進(jìn)行生理和生化指標(biāo)的檢測(cè)。結(jié)果 干預(yù)后組間比較顯示,兩組受試者身高、體重、BMI 、收縮壓、舒張壓、HDL、TC、TG、LDL差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);HIT組血糖、胰島素、胰島素抵抗指數(shù)明顯低于ET組(P<0.05)。組內(nèi)比較顯示:ET組干預(yù)后體重、BMI、收縮壓、血糖、胰島素抵抗指數(shù)、LDL含量低于干預(yù)前(P<0.05),身高、HDL、舒張壓、胰島素、TC、TG含量與干預(yù)前相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);HIT組干預(yù)后體重、BMI、收縮壓、舒張壓、血糖、胰島素、胰島素抵抗指數(shù)、LDL含量低于干預(yù)前(P<0.05),身高、HDL、TC、TG含量與干預(yù)前相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉能有效改善兒童肥胖癥狀,高強(qiáng)度間歇訓(xùn)練與傳統(tǒng)的耐力訓(xùn)練相比,能明顯減少胰島素抵抗,減少總運(yùn)動(dòng)量,縮短鍛煉時(shí)間,有較好的推廣價(jià)值。
肥胖;兒童;耐力訓(xùn)練;高強(qiáng)度;間歇訓(xùn)練
近年來,不良的生活方式和不恰當(dāng)?shù)娘嬍沉?xí)慣使得兒童肥胖的發(fā)生率顯著增加[1],并且常伴血脂異常、糖耐量受損等代謝功能紊亂[2],嚴(yán)重影響兒童良好的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。研究顯示,低到中等強(qiáng)度的耐力訓(xùn)練能有效改變肥胖兒童的血壓、胰島素抵抗和血脂異常等與健康相關(guān)的參數(shù)[3]。然而有研究表明,高強(qiáng)度間歇性訓(xùn)練對(duì)改善健康兒童[4]和代謝綜合征患者[5]的健康狀況具有很大作用。本研究旨在比較兩種不同形式的運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉對(duì)肥胖兒童健康相關(guān)指標(biāo)的改善情況。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選取2011年3~8月在本科門診就診的符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的兒童70例,按照入院就診日期的單雙數(shù)分成耐力訓(xùn)練組(ET組)34例和高強(qiáng)度間隔訓(xùn)練組(HIT組)36例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡8~12歲;符合2004年《中國學(xué)齡兒童青少年超重、肥胖篩查體重指數(shù)值分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》[6]肥胖診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);近3個(gè)月沒有服用減肥藥治療;無嚴(yán)重的心腦血管、內(nèi)分泌疾病、先天性代謝或遺傳性疾?。粵]有參與任何規(guī)律的飲食干預(yù)或運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練(除了每周兩次的體育課)。
1.2 干預(yù)方法 向兩組受試者及其家屬講解運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的目的及用途,取得受試者及家長(zhǎng)同意并簽署知情同意書,利用醫(yī)院康復(fù)科提供的跑步機(jī)進(jìn)行步行或跑步的鍛煉,先進(jìn)行5 min的熱身,然后進(jìn)入正式訓(xùn)練階段,最后用5 min整理運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)束訓(xùn)練。利用跑步機(jī)上無線心率測(cè)量?jī)x和間接熱感應(yīng)器連續(xù)記錄運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中受試者的心率變化和能量消耗。
1.2.1 ET組 受試者進(jìn)行連續(xù)30 min的耐力訓(xùn)練,運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度達(dá)到個(gè)人最大心率(220-年齡[7])的80%;隨著時(shí)間的推移,每3 w增加10 min運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間,直到最后3 w運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間達(dá)到60 min時(shí)結(jié)束。在每次運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)束時(shí),監(jiān)測(cè)心率變化。30~60 min/次,大約消耗熱量(268.16±61.40)~(536.26±122.80)Kcal,2次/w,干預(yù)12 w。
1.2.2 HIT組 以1 min的中速運(yùn)動(dòng)(運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度為最大心率的50%)作為開始,然后加快速度達(dá)到最大心率的90%~95%,繼續(xù)保持這個(gè)效果60 s,然后減速到起始速度運(yùn)動(dòng)維持1 min為一個(gè)回合;緊接著又一個(gè)竭力沖刺60 s進(jìn)入下一個(gè)回合。前3 w為3個(gè)回合,隨著時(shí)間推移,每3 w增加1個(gè)回合,到最后3 w增加為6個(gè)回合。每次3~6個(gè)回合,約10~30 min,大約消耗熱量(84.06±5.30)~(169.76±30.60)Kcal,2次/w,干預(yù)12 w。
1.3 檢測(cè)指標(biāo) 干預(yù)前1 d和干預(yù)12 w后第1 d,分別測(cè)試一次下述指標(biāo) (1)生理指標(biāo):兩組同時(shí)進(jìn)行,由專業(yè)人員運(yùn)用電子體重計(jì)(受試者身穿T恤和短褲)和測(cè)距儀(直立位)按照《2005年全國學(xué)生體質(zhì)與健康調(diào)研檢測(cè)細(xì)則》[8]對(duì)受試者進(jìn)行身高和體重的測(cè)量,用水銀血壓計(jì)測(cè)量靜息狀態(tài)下的收縮壓和舒張壓。(2)血生化指標(biāo):采集血樣前要求禁食12 h,于次日清晨空腹抽取肘靜脈血,采用Beckman(CX7)全自動(dòng)生化分析儀測(cè)定總膽固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、空腹血糖、空腹胰島素指標(biāo),并計(jì)算胰島素抵抗指數(shù)[=空腹血糖(mU/L)×空腹胰島素(mmol/L)/22.5]。TC和TG測(cè)定采用酶法,HDL和LDL測(cè)定采用勻相測(cè)定法。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 17.0軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料比較用χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料比較采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 一般情況 由于個(gè)人原因,干預(yù)過程中,對(duì)照組4人和實(shí)驗(yàn)組6人退出。最終對(duì)照組有30人、實(shí)驗(yàn)組有30人完成實(shí)驗(yàn)。兩組受試者的人口學(xué)特征無顯著差異(P>0.05,表1),具有可比性。
表2 兩組干預(yù)前后生理和生化指標(biāo)的比較(n=30)
注:與本組干預(yù)前比較,①P<0.05;與ET組干預(yù)后比較,②P<0.05
表1 兩組一般人口學(xué)特征比較(n=30)
2.2 干預(yù)前后兩組生理和生化指標(biāo)的比較 干預(yù)后組間比較顯示,兩組受試者身高、體重、BMI、收縮壓、舒張壓、HDL、TC、TG、LDL含量差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);HIT組血糖、胰島素、胰島素抵抗指數(shù)明顯低于ET組(P<0.05)。組內(nèi)比較顯示,ET組干預(yù)后體重、BMI、收縮壓、血糖、胰島素抵抗指數(shù)、LDL含量低于干預(yù)前(P<0.05);身高、HDL、舒張壓、胰島素、TC、TG含量與干預(yù)前相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);HIT組干預(yù)后體重、BMI、收縮壓、舒張壓、血糖、胰島素、胰島素抵抗指數(shù)、LDL含量低于干預(yù)前(P<0.05),身高、HDL、TC、TG含量與干預(yù)前相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
與攝食過多相比,體力活動(dòng)過少更容易導(dǎo)致肥胖??措娨暫屯骐娔X時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)以及繁重的作業(yè),都使得兒童肥胖發(fā)生率居高不下[9]。除了攝食限制外,運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉一直被認(rèn)為是治療兒童肥胖的有效策略之一[10]。本研究顯示,組內(nèi)比較顯示,ET組干預(yù)后體重、BMI、收縮壓、血糖、胰島素抵抗指數(shù)、LDL含量低于干預(yù)前(P<0.05);身高、HDL、舒張壓、胰島素、TC、TG含量與干預(yù)前相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);HIT組干預(yù)后體重、BMI、收縮壓、舒張壓、血糖、胰島素、胰島素抵抗指數(shù)、LDL含量低于干預(yù)前(P<0.05),身高、HDL、TC、TG含量與干預(yù)前相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),與Superko等[11]的研究結(jié)果一致。分析原因,可能是運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉能夠增加能量的消耗減少體內(nèi)脂肪的積蓄,抑制脂肪細(xì)胞的積累,減少脂肪細(xì)胞的體積,減少脂肪沉積[12],從而使體重下降,然而體重的丟失又能使胰島素抵抗減低[13],胰島素敏感性的增強(qiáng)又會(huì)影響血液中TG、TC、LDL等脂質(zhì)的含量[14],引起生化指標(biāo)的變化。
本研究顯示,干預(yù)后HIT組的血糖、胰島素、胰島素抵抗指數(shù)低于ET組(P<0.05),可能的原因是:運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度是影響骨骼肌PGC-1α含量最重要的因素,高強(qiáng)度間歇訓(xùn)練中,較強(qiáng)的沖刺力量會(huì)使骨骼肌中PGC-1α mRNA表達(dá)和核易位較耐力訓(xùn)練組增加3倍,使得PGC-1α參與機(jī)體脂質(zhì)氧化、抗氧化防御、葡萄糖攝取與利用、抗炎能力增強(qiáng)[15-16],降低了血液中葡萄糖的含量,增加了糖原貯存量、減少糖原利用率、減少了胰島素的釋放;同時(shí)使得骨骼肌中參與葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的GLUT4蛋白的含量較耐力訓(xùn)練組增加了2倍,增加了外周組織對(duì)胰島素的敏感性,降低了胰島素抵抗[17]。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兒童更易接受時(shí)間較短的密集式訓(xùn)練,而不是長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的連續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)[18]。高強(qiáng)度間歇訓(xùn)練與耐力訓(xùn)練相比,減少了時(shí)間消耗和總的運(yùn)動(dòng)量,但效果明顯,受試者的依從性更好,值得推廣。
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Effects of endurance training and high-intensity interval training on health-related indexs of obese children
Zu Xiuming
Department of Pediatrics,the People's Hospital of Lulong County,Hebei,066400,China
Objective To discuss the effects of endurance training(ET)and high-intensity interval training(HIT)on health-related parameters of obese children aged from 8 to 12 years.Methods 70 children of out-patient clinic from March,2011 to August,2011,in accordance with the inclusion criteria,were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups: ET group(n=34)and HIT group(n=36).The children in ET group performed a continuous exercise for 30 to 60 minutes with the exercise intensity to induce 80% of individual maximum heart beat,while the children in HIT group performed rush exercise for 60 seconds with the exercise intensity to induce 90% to 95% of individual maximum heart beat with an interpenetration of exercise for 1 minute with the exercise intensity to induce 50% of individual maximum heart beat,and repeated the exercise for 3 to 6 time.Physiological and biological and biochemical indexs were detected before intervention and 12 weeks after intervention.Results After intervention,there existed no statistical difference in height,weight,BMI,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,TC,LG,HDL and LDL(P>0.05)between the 2 groups,but the index of blood sugar,insulin and insulin resistance index In HIT group were obviously lower than those in ET group(P<0.05).In ET group ,the weight,BMI,systolic blood pressure,blood sugar,insulin resistance index and LDL level after intervention were lower than those before intervention (P<0.05),while no difference of statistical significance was found in height,HDL,diastolic blood pressure,insulin,the levels of TC and TG compared with those before intervention(P<0.05).In HIT group,the weight,BMI,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,blood sugar,insulin,insulin resistance index,LDL level after intervention were lower than those before intervention,while no difference of statistical significance existed in height,HDL,the level of TC and TG after intervention compared with those before intervention (P<0.05).Conclusions Both ET and HIT are effective in improving the symptoms of obese children,but HIT is more effective in reducing the insulin resistance,cutting down the total amount of exercise and shortening the involved time,and it is more worthy of wide performance.
obese;children;endurance training;high-intensity;interval training
066400 河北 盧龍,河北省盧龍縣醫(yī)院兒科
R 725/151.41
A
1004-0188(2014)04-0408-04
10.3969/j.issn.1004-0188.2014.04.023
2013-05-14)