線形硬毛藻的生物學(xué)特性價(jià)值生態(tài)危害及其防治

張宇+李景玉+宮慶禮

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-6755.2014.05.023

1 線形硬毛藻的生物學(xué)特性

線形硬毛藻（Chaetomorpha linum）隸屬于綠藻門(mén)（Chlorophyta）、綠藻綱（Chlorophyceae）、剛毛藻目（Cladophorales）、剛毛藻科（Cladophoraceae）、硬毛藻屬（Chaetomorpha）[1]。

藻體淺黃褐色至暗綠色，線狀，多糾纏呈團(tuán)塊，漂浮或纏繞在其他基質(zhì)上，由單列細(xì)胞組成，不分枝。高10 cm以上?；?xì)胞不明顯。營(yíng)養(yǎng)細(xì)胞短圓柱形，寬125～300 μm，長(zhǎng)為寬的0.6～2倍，壁厚6～10 μm，壁上層理不明顯。節(jié)部略有收縮或平滑不縊縮。葉綠體片狀或碎片狀，淀粉核多個(gè)[1-2]。

該藻屬于世界性分布種，在歐洲[3-8]、北美洲[9-12]、中美洲[13-16]、南美洲[17-18]、非洲[19-22]、亞洲[1,23-24]、大洋洲[25-27]均有分布，甚至在北極地區(qū)亦有分布[28-29]。

其生殖方式包括有性生殖、無(wú)性生殖和營(yíng)養(yǎng)繁殖[1]。

有性生殖是同配生殖。配子體產(chǎn)生2根鞭毛的同形雌雄配子，配子結(jié)合形成合子，合子萌發(fā)形成孢子體，孢子體產(chǎn)生4根鞭毛或者2根鞭毛的游孢子，游孢子發(fā)育為配子體。其孢子體和配子體形態(tài)相同，故其生活史為同形世代交替。

無(wú)性生殖時(shí)，除基細(xì)胞及其上的少數(shù)細(xì)胞外，其余營(yíng)養(yǎng)細(xì)胞都轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)孢子囊，動(dòng)孢子具4根鞭毛。也可由未經(jīng)分裂的營(yíng)養(yǎng)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為厚壁孢子。

營(yíng)養(yǎng)繁殖以絲體的斷裂最普遍。

2 線形硬毛藻的生態(tài)、環(huán)境以及經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值

線形硬毛藻在淺海富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化水域常占據(jù)優(yōu)勢(shì)地位，形成大規(guī)模的藻叢[30-34]，對(duì)于生態(tài)環(huán)境具有重大的影響。其可以作為端足類(lèi)鉤蝦（Gammarus aequicauda）[35-36]和腹足類(lèi)葡萄螺屬的一種（Haminoea callidegenita）[37]的天然餌料；可以快速吸收沉積物釋放的無(wú)機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，從而阻斷這些營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)從沉積物向上層水中的輸送[38-41]；其具有較高的光合作用速率，可以大量產(chǎn)生氧氣提高水中的溶解氧水平[38,40,42-43]，而且還會(huì)影響水中的氧化還原反應(yīng)[38,42-43]；其對(duì)于營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收會(huì)影響硝化作用、反硝化作用等化學(xué)反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行[44-45]；腐敗分解后會(huì)釋放碳、氮、磷等多種元素，影響水體中的化學(xué)過(guò)程和物質(zhì)組成[46]。

此外，線形硬毛藻還具有很高的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。Bastianoni等將原本被視為廢物的線形硬毛藻用作制備生物柴油的原料，取得了良好的效果[47]；Ktita等在干旱季節(jié)利用線形硬毛藻作為替代飼料飼喂5個(gè)月大的Barbarine羔羊，得到了較高的飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率[48]；在一些國(guó)家和地區(qū)，線形硬毛藻被用作生物肥料改善土壤的肥力[49-50]；線形硬毛藻的多糖提取物可以用作化妝品的保濕成分[49]；其含有的大戟二烯醇肉桂苯酚等大分子有治療功效，可以作為化學(xué)化妝品的自然替代物[49]；線形硬毛藻體內(nèi)含有的某些活性物質(zhì)具有抗皰疹、抗腫瘤和抗病毒等治療效果，具有藥物學(xué)潛力[51-52]；線形硬毛藻可以穩(wěn)定而快速地生長(zhǎng)，大量吸收營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽并產(chǎn)生O2，為水族動(dòng)物提供棲息地并改善水質(zhì)，現(xiàn)已成為美國(guó)水族管理的的熱門(mén)選擇[41,53]；干燥的線形硬毛藻可以用作污染水體中重金屬離子Cu2+和Zn2+的生物吸收材料[54]。

3 線形硬毛藻的“綠潮”危害

近些年來(lái)，“綠潮”爆發(fā)日趨嚴(yán)重，線形硬毛藻是“綠潮”藻類(lèi)中的一種[46,55-56]，由其引發(fā)的“綠潮”災(zāi)害也頻繁爆發(fā)。線形硬毛藻在富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化的河口、瀉湖和池塘大量增殖聚集，覆蓋于沉積物之上，在澳大利亞西部[41]、中國(guó)東部[46,56]、丹麥[44-45,57]、西班牙東北部[42,58]、英國(guó)[59]和牙買(mǎi)加[60]等地區(qū)都常常參與形成“綠潮”。近幾年在我國(guó)沿海部分地區(qū)的河口、沿岸瀉湖、鹽田側(cè)渠道、養(yǎng)殖池，甚至污水池中，常常大量生長(zhǎng)線形硬毛藻。這些線形硬毛藻在自然環(huán)境中大量增殖，占據(jù)優(yōu)勢(shì)地位，形成“綠潮”，影響其他海洋動(dòng)植物的生存，破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境。如若出現(xiàn)在養(yǎng)殖池中, 在生長(zhǎng)旺盛期可直接將蝦或海參纏繞致死。其藻體腐爛變質(zhì)后會(huì)導(dǎo)致水質(zhì)惡化，滋生各種病菌，致使養(yǎng)殖動(dòng)物患病，嚴(yán)重時(shí)則導(dǎo)致養(yǎng)殖動(dòng)物大量死亡，給海水養(yǎng)殖業(yè)帶來(lái)了較大的危害和經(jīng)濟(jì)損失[46,61]。

4 線形硬毛藻“綠潮”危害的防治建議

加強(qiáng)有關(guān)線形硬毛藻基礎(chǔ)生物學(xué)方面的研究。雖然現(xiàn)在國(guó)內(nèi)外已經(jīng)有一些學(xué)者進(jìn)行了這方面的研究工作，但是還有很多相關(guān)科學(xué)問(wèn)題無(wú)法很好地回答。

深入研究線形硬毛藻形成“綠潮”的條件和機(jī)制。其中包括“綠潮”災(zāi)害發(fā)生時(shí)的海洋物理、化學(xué)、生物學(xué)過(guò)程及其相互關(guān)系；富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化與“綠潮”的相互關(guān)系；多種環(huán)境壓力作用下的海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)；線形硬毛藻的聚集與擴(kuò)散的動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)制等。

應(yīng)用新技術(shù)對(duì)線形硬毛藻“綠潮”災(zāi)害進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。利用分子生物學(xué)、元素示蹤及生物標(biāo)記等方面的新技術(shù)對(duì)災(zāi)害進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)；利用激光遙感、多傳感器遙感等物理新技術(shù)對(duì)災(zāi)害進(jìn)行預(yù)警和監(jiān)測(cè)等[62]。

控制外源性營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的輸入，減輕海區(qū)富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化程度。近幾十年來(lái)，我國(guó)沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速，人口大量增長(zhǎng)，大量的工農(nóng)業(yè)廢水、生活污水進(jìn)入海洋，加之地表徑流帶來(lái)的大量營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽，海水的富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化程度迅速加劇。而海水的富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化正是“綠潮”爆發(fā)的重要因素[62-63]。所以控制營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽輸入、減輕富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化是治理“綠潮”災(zāi)害的根本性手段。

采用生態(tài)方法，創(chuàng)新治理方式。傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械撈除和人工撈除費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力，而且效果不佳；化學(xué)殺滅法成本高昂，還會(huì)破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境。所以，必須創(chuàng)新治理方式，比如增殖植食性動(dòng)物以及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性藻類(lèi)都是可以借鑒的方式。

加強(qiáng)線形硬毛藻的資源性利用方面的研究，變廢為寶。上文中提到的有關(guān)線形硬毛藻資源性利用方面的研究均有一定的實(shí)踐指導(dǎo)意義，在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行優(yōu)化改良，可以應(yīng)用到實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中去。還應(yīng)該從更多的角度考慮其應(yīng)用價(jià)值，比如生產(chǎn)沼氣、污水處理等[62]，開(kāi)發(fā)其潛在價(jià)值。

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（收稿日期：2014-03-05）

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