利用同中求異法解析非謂語動詞

譚鳳蘭

非謂語動詞是每年高考中的必考項(xiàng)目。同學(xué)們要想快速準(zhǔn)確地做好此類題目，必須要掌握好非謂語動詞的基本形式、句法功能及相應(yīng)的解題技巧，在平時學(xué)習(xí)中可以利用同中求異法解析非謂語動詞試題。

一、 作狀語

第一組：

（1）Finding the course very difficult， she decided to move to a lower level. 由于發(fā)現(xiàn)這個課程很難，她準(zhǔn)備換一個低水平的課程。

（2）Founded in the early 20th century， the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art. 那所學(xué)校建于20世紀(jì)早期，現(xiàn)在仍在激勵著孩子們對藝術(shù)的熱愛。

點(diǎn)撥 doing表示非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間為主動關(guān)系；done表示非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間為被動關(guān)系，且動作先于謂語動詞之前完成。

第二組：

（1）I got to the office earlier that day， having caught the 7：30 train from Paddington. 由于趕上了七點(diǎn)半從帕丁頓出發(fā)的火車，那天我很早就到了辦公室。

（2）Having been asked to work overtime that evening， I missed a wonderful film. 由于被叫去加班，我錯過了一場好電影。

點(diǎn)撥 having done與having been done的相同點(diǎn)是：非謂語動詞動作都發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。不同點(diǎn)是：having done表示非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間為主動關(guān)系；having been done表示非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間為被動關(guān)系。

第三組：

（1）To stay warm at night， I would fill the woodstove， then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it. 為了能夠取暖，我會填滿柴爐，然后設(shè)定好半夜的鬧鐘，以便重新填滿柴爐。

（2）The sunlight is white and blinding， throwing hard-edged shadows on the ground. 陽光亮而刺眼，在地上投射出輪廓清晰的影子。

點(diǎn)撥 doing表示伴隨，作伴隨狀語；to do表示目的，作目的狀語。

第四組：

（1）Tom took a taxi to the airport， only to find his plane high up in the sky. 湯姆乘出租車到達(dá)機(jī)場，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)飛機(jī)已經(jīng)起飛了。

（2）He got up late and hurried to his office， leaving the breakfast untouched. 他起晚了，著急去上班，沒吃早飯。

點(diǎn)撥 doing與（only）to do的相同點(diǎn)是都可作結(jié)果狀語。不同點(diǎn)：doing表示自然而然的結(jié)果；（only）to do表示意料之外的結(jié)果。

二、作定語

（1）The witnesses questioned by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight. 剛剛被警察詢問的目擊者對斗毆給出了截然不同的描述。

（2） Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision to be made at the meeting will influence the future of our company. 半小時后我們要開個會，會上的決定將會影響我們公司的未來。

（3）Were having a meeting now. The decision being made at the meeting will influence the future of our company. 我們正在開會，所做的決定會影響公司的未來。

解析 句（1）中the witness與question by the police just now為被動關(guān)系，且已完成，因此選用questioned作后置定語。句（2）中the decision與make為被動關(guān)系，且句中明顯給出的標(biāo)志時間詞in half an hour表將來，因此用to be made作the decision的后置定語。句（3）明顯給出的標(biāo)志時間詞now暗示“正在被做的決定”，因此選擇being made作the decision的后置定語。

點(diǎn)撥 done、to be done、 being done都表示被動，但done表示已經(jīng)被做；to be done表示將要被做； being done表示正在被做。

三、作補(bǔ)足語

（1）Having finished her project， she was invited by the school to speak to the new students. 完成課題后，她被學(xué)校邀請給學(xué)生做演講。

（2）I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. 我看見一條蛇正在往樹上爬，捕捉獵物作早餐。

（3）Before driving into the city， you are required to get your car washed. 你開車去城里之前，必須先洗車。endprint

解析 句（1）的謂語是被動語態(tài)，原主動語態(tài)為invite her to speak， 句中的to speak作補(bǔ)足語；句（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行，符合結(jié)構(gòu)“感官動詞+ sb / sth +doing”，因此選擇winding作補(bǔ)足語；句（3）意為你應(yīng)該讓別人洗車，即“車被洗”，符合結(jié)構(gòu)“get sth done”。

點(diǎn)撥 ①以下動詞常跟不定式作補(bǔ)足語：want， wish， ask， tell， order， beg， permit， help， advise， persuade， allow， prepare， cause， force， call on， wait for， invite。

②感官動詞、使役動詞后接省略to的不定式（即do）或現(xiàn)在分詞（doing）、過去分詞（done）作補(bǔ)足語：后接do時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的全過程；后接doing時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行；后接done時表示某事被做即讓別人做某事；或遭遇不幸。

四、作主語

（1）Knowing basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. 了解急救的基本技能可以幫助你快速應(yīng)對緊急事件。

（2）No matter how bright a talker you are， there are times when its better to remain silent. 不管你是一個多么健談的人，有些場合最好還是保持沉默。

（3）Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules. 假裝不知道規(guī)則是沒用的。

點(diǎn)撥 非謂語動詞作主語時，若主語較長，通常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語放在句子后面。It is +adj+（for sb/ sth）to do 句型中不定式作主語表示具體動作，表語一般是：clever， good， foolish， honest， kind， lazy， right， stupid， wise等。It is +adj/n +doing句型中動名詞作主語表示抽象動作，表語多是一些特定的形容詞或名詞，如useful（no use）， good（no good），nice（no fun）等。

五、 作賓語

（1）I remembered to lock the door before I left the office， but forgot to turn off the lights. 我記得我離開辦公室之前鎖了門，但忘了關(guān)燈。

（2）One learns a language by making mistakes and correcting them. 一個人就是通過不斷的犯錯并改正才能學(xué)會一門語言。

（3）If he takes on this work， he will have no choice but to meet an even greater challenge. 如果他接手這個工作，那他將面臨更大的挑戰(zhàn)，別無選擇。

點(diǎn)撥 remember/forget /regret doing表示曾經(jīng)做過某事，to do表示要做某事。介詞后的賓語時須用動名詞形式，但but/except后面接不定式作賓語，若前面的謂語部分含有do時，后面的不定式要省略to，即“前有do后無to”。

1. To learn English well， we should find opportunities to hear English as much as we can.

A. speak. B. speaking

C. spoken D. to speak

2. Henry cant attend the party at Toms at present because he is preparing for the party at Marys tomorrow.

A. being held； to be held

B. to be held； held

C. to held； being held

D. held； to be held

3. —When did you go to Shanghai？

—I remember there when I was a child.

A. having taken B. to be taken

C. having been taken D. to take

4. at the cafeteria before， Tina didnt want to eat there again.

A. Having eaten B. To eat

C. Eat D. Eating

5. which university to attend， the girl asked her teacher for advice.

A. Not knowing B. Knowing not

C. Not known D. Known not

6. Listen！ Do you hear someone for help？

A. calling B. call C. to call D. calledendprint

解析 句（1）的謂語是被動語態(tài)，原主動語態(tài)為invite her to speak， 句中的to speak作補(bǔ)足語；句（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行，符合結(jié)構(gòu)“感官動詞+ sb / sth +doing”，因此選擇winding作補(bǔ)足語；句（3）意為你應(yīng)該讓別人洗車，即“車被洗”，符合結(jié)構(gòu)“get sth done”。

點(diǎn)撥 ①以下動詞常跟不定式作補(bǔ)足語：want， wish， ask， tell， order， beg， permit， help， advise， persuade， allow， prepare， cause， force， call on， wait for， invite。

②感官動詞、使役動詞后接省略to的不定式（即do）或現(xiàn)在分詞（doing）、過去分詞（done）作補(bǔ)足語：后接do時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的全過程；后接doing時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行；后接done時表示某事被做即讓別人做某事；或遭遇不幸。

四、作主語

（1）Knowing basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. 了解急救的基本技能可以幫助你快速應(yīng)對緊急事件。

（2）No matter how bright a talker you are， there are times when its better to remain silent. 不管你是一個多么健談的人，有些場合最好還是保持沉默。

（3）Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules. 假裝不知道規(guī)則是沒用的。

點(diǎn)撥 非謂語動詞作主語時，若主語較長，通常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語放在句子后面。It is +adj+（for sb/ sth）to do 句型中不定式作主語表示具體動作，表語一般是：clever， good， foolish， honest， kind， lazy， right， stupid， wise等。It is +adj/n +doing句型中動名詞作主語表示抽象動作，表語多是一些特定的形容詞或名詞，如useful（no use）， good（no good），nice（no fun）等。

五、 作賓語

（1）I remembered to lock the door before I left the office， but forgot to turn off the lights. 我記得我離開辦公室之前鎖了門，但忘了關(guān)燈。

（2）One learns a language by making mistakes and correcting them. 一個人就是通過不斷的犯錯并改正才能學(xué)會一門語言。

（3）If he takes on this work， he will have no choice but to meet an even greater challenge. 如果他接手這個工作，那他將面臨更大的挑戰(zhàn)，別無選擇。

點(diǎn)撥 remember/forget /regret doing表示曾經(jīng)做過某事，to do表示要做某事。介詞后的賓語時須用動名詞形式，但but/except后面接不定式作賓語，若前面的謂語部分含有do時，后面的不定式要省略to，即“前有do后無to”。

1. To learn English well， we should find opportunities to hear English as much as we can.

A. speak. B. speaking

C. spoken D. to speak

2. Henry cant attend the party at Toms at present because he is preparing for the party at Marys tomorrow.

A. being held； to be held

B. to be held； held

C. to held； being held

D. held； to be held

3. —When did you go to Shanghai？

—I remember there when I was a child.

A. having taken B. to be taken

C. having been taken D. to take

4. at the cafeteria before， Tina didnt want to eat there again.

A. Having eaten B. To eat

C. Eat D. Eating

5. which university to attend， the girl asked her teacher for advice.

A. Not knowing B. Knowing not

C. Not known D. Known not

6. Listen！ Do you hear someone for help？

A. calling B. call C. to call D. calledendprint

解析 句（1）的謂語是被動語態(tài)，原主動語態(tài)為invite her to speak， 句中的to speak作補(bǔ)足語；句（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行，符合結(jié)構(gòu)“感官動詞+ sb / sth +doing”，因此選擇winding作補(bǔ)足語；句（3）意為你應(yīng)該讓別人洗車，即“車被洗”，符合結(jié)構(gòu)“get sth done”。

點(diǎn)撥 ①以下動詞常跟不定式作補(bǔ)足語：want， wish， ask， tell， order， beg， permit， help， advise， persuade， allow， prepare， cause， force， call on， wait for， invite。

②感官動詞、使役動詞后接省略to的不定式（即do）或現(xiàn)在分詞（doing）、過去分詞（done）作補(bǔ)足語：后接do時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的全過程；后接doing時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行；后接done時表示某事被做即讓別人做某事；或遭遇不幸。

四、作主語

（1）Knowing basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. 了解急救的基本技能可以幫助你快速應(yīng)對緊急事件。

（2）No matter how bright a talker you are， there are times when its better to remain silent. 不管你是一個多么健談的人，有些場合最好還是保持沉默。

（3）Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules. 假裝不知道規(guī)則是沒用的。

點(diǎn)撥 非謂語動詞作主語時，若主語較長，通常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語放在句子后面。It is +adj+（for sb/ sth）to do 句型中不定式作主語表示具體動作，表語一般是：clever， good， foolish， honest， kind， lazy， right， stupid， wise等。It is +adj/n +doing句型中動名詞作主語表示抽象動作，表語多是一些特定的形容詞或名詞，如useful（no use）， good（no good），nice（no fun）等。

五、 作賓語

（1）I remembered to lock the door before I left the office， but forgot to turn off the lights. 我記得我離開辦公室之前鎖了門，但忘了關(guān)燈。

（2）One learns a language by making mistakes and correcting them. 一個人就是通過不斷的犯錯并改正才能學(xué)會一門語言。

（3）If he takes on this work， he will have no choice but to meet an even greater challenge. 如果他接手這個工作，那他將面臨更大的挑戰(zhàn)，別無選擇。

點(diǎn)撥 remember/forget /regret doing表示曾經(jīng)做過某事，to do表示要做某事。介詞后的賓語時須用動名詞形式，但but/except后面接不定式作賓語，若前面的謂語部分含有do時，后面的不定式要省略to，即“前有do后無to”。

1. To learn English well， we should find opportunities to hear English as much as we can.

A. speak. B. speaking

C. spoken D. to speak

2. Henry cant attend the party at Toms at present because he is preparing for the party at Marys tomorrow.

A. being held； to be held

B. to be held； held

C. to held； being held

D. held； to be held

3. —When did you go to Shanghai？

—I remember there when I was a child.

A. having taken B. to be taken

C. having been taken D. to take

4. at the cafeteria before， Tina didnt want to eat there again.

A. Having eaten B. To eat

C. Eat D. Eating

5. which university to attend， the girl asked her teacher for advice.

A. Not knowing B. Knowing not

C. Not known D. Known not

6. Listen！ Do you hear someone for help？

A. calling B. call C. to call D. calledendprint