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      長壽債券的運行機制與定價模型

      2014-06-28 06:57:02謝世清
      財經(jīng)理論與實踐 2014年2期

      謝世清

      摘 要:通過分析長壽債券的市場發(fā)展以及連續(xù)型和觸發(fā)型兩類長壽債券的運行機制,采用風險中性定價方法推導(dǎo)出當死亡率服從雙指數(shù)跳躍(DEJD)分布時,長壽債券的定價解析式,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),無論從理論還是實踐看,設(shè)計并發(fā)行觸發(fā)型長壽債券是一種應(yīng)對長壽風險更為明智的選擇。

      關(guān)鍵詞: 壽險證券化;長壽風險;長壽債券;定價模型

      中圖分類號:F832 文獻標識碼: A 文章編號:1003-7217(2014)02-0035-05

      一、引言

      近年來,隨著我國老齡化問題的加劇,保險公司和社保機構(gòu)所面臨的長壽風險越來越突出,未來養(yǎng)老年金的支付壓力愈加沉重,長壽養(yǎng)老問題已成為我國一個重大的社會問題。為減緩壓力,延遲退休等政策已經(jīng)被多次提及,但市場化的解決方案在國內(nèi)并沒有得到足夠的重視。針對長壽風險,國外著名保險公司已提出了壽險產(chǎn)品的套期保值、再保險以及長壽風險證券化等應(yīng)對方案。

      其中,長壽債券是國際上新興的有效管理長壽風險的金融工具,是指其息票或面值與生存概率相關(guān)聯(lián)的債券。通過長壽債券,養(yǎng)老基金和保險公司可以將長壽風險轉(zhuǎn)移給其它金融機構(gòu)或更為廣泛的投資者,達到分散長壽風險的目的。實際上,由于套期保值面臨壽險產(chǎn)品缺失,而再保險面臨高成本等問題,作為應(yīng)對長壽風險的創(chuàng)新性解決方案,長壽債券在國際保險市場上受到越來越多的關(guān)注。

      目前,國外對長壽債券的研究主要集中在兩個方面

      圖1 EIB長壽債券的運行機制

      五、結(jié) 語

      由于長壽債券市場的不完全性以及長壽風險的特殊性,長壽債券的定價模型不同于一般傳統(tǒng)的固定收益證券的定價方法。目前運用較為廣泛的是概率分布扭曲定價法和風險中性定價方法,但兩種定價方式都存在一定的局限性。可以預(yù)期,長壽債券的合理定價問題仍是今后研究所關(guān)注的重點之一。

      長壽債券是長壽風險證券化的重要產(chǎn)物,也是應(yīng)對長壽風險不可或缺的管理工具。但是由于死亡率預(yù)測、定價方法、市場參與者等原因,長壽債券并未得到應(yīng)有的重視與發(fā)展。目前國際保險市場上出現(xiàn)過的長壽債券僅為EIB長壽債券和Kortis長壽債券,而前者發(fā)行失敗,后者則發(fā)行成功。Kortis長壽債券正確的定價固然是其發(fā)行成功的重要原因之一,但其設(shè)計才是關(guān)鍵性的成功因素。

      未來長壽債券的發(fā)行者不僅要重視對債券的有效定價,同時也應(yīng)當強調(diào)其設(shè)計的合理性。就目前情況看來,連續(xù)型長壽債券不能將長壽風險在資本市場上有效分散,不利于吸引投資者積極參與。因此,無論從理論還是實踐看,設(shè)計并發(fā)行觸發(fā)型長壽債券是一種未來應(yīng)對長壽風險的更為明智的選擇。希望本文對長壽債券的探討能夠引起學(xué)術(shù)界對長壽債券的關(guān)注,并嘗試用它來應(yīng)對我國日益嚴峻的長壽風險。

      參考文獻:

      [1]Blake, D.and W. Burrows.Survivor bonds: helping to hedge mortality risk[J]. Journal of Risk and Insurance,2001,(68):339-348.

      [2]Lin, Y.and S. Cox.Securitization of mortality risks in life annuities[J]. Journal of Risk and Insurance,2005,(72):227-252.

      [3]Blake, D.A.J.G.Cairns, K.Dowd,and R. MacMinn.Longevity bonds: financial engineering, valuation and hedging[J]. Journal of Risk and Insurance,2006,(73):647-72.

      [4]Denuit, M., P. Devolder, and A.Goderniaux.Securitization of longevity risk: pricing survivor bonds with wang transform in the leecarter framework[J]. Journal of Risk and Insurance,2007,74(1): 87-113.

      [5]Cairns, A. J. G., D. Blake, and K. Dowd.A twofactor model for stochastic mortality: theory and calibration[J]. Journal of Risk and Insurance,2006,73(4):687-718.

      [6]Bauer, D.and J.Ru.Pricing longevity bonds using implied survival probabilities[A]. 2006 meeting of the American Risk and Insurance Association ARIA,2006.

      [7]尚勤,秦學(xué)志,周穎穎.死亡強度服從OrnsteinUhlenbeck跳過程的長壽債券定價模型[J].系統(tǒng)管理學(xué)報,2008,17(3):298-302.

      [8]Chen, H.and J. D.Cummins.Longevity bond premiums: the extreme value approach and risk cubic pricing[J]. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics,2010,46(1): 150-161.

      [9]Wang, S.A class of distortion operations for pricing financial and insurance risks[J]. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 2000,67(1): 15-36.

      [10]Milevsky, M.A.and S.D.Promislow.Mortality derivatives and the option to annuitize[J]. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics,2001,(29):299.318.

      [11]Cairns, A.J.G., D.Blake, P. Dawson, and K.Dowd.Pricing the risk on longevity bonds[J]. Life and Pensions, October,2005,(10):41-44.

      [12]Deng, Y., P. L Brockett, and R. D. MacMinn.Longevity/mortality risk modeling and securities pricing[J]. Journal of Risk and Insurance,2012,79(3):697-721.

      (責任編輯:寧曉青)

      The Operational Mechanisms and Pricing Models of Longevity Bonds

      XIE Shiqing

      . (School of Economics Peking University, Beijing 100871, China).

      Abstract:By analyzing the market development of longevity bonds and two different operational mechanisms of continuous and triggered longevity bonds, and deducing a pricing formula of longevity bonds with DEJD mortality model using riskneutral pricing method, this paper finds that the triggered longevity bonds seem to be a more reasonable option than continuous longevity bonds to deal with longevity risk both from the theoretical and practical perspectives.

      Key words:Life Insurance Securitization; Longevity Risk; Longevity Bonds; Pricing Model

      [10]Milevsky, M.A.and S.D.Promislow.Mortality derivatives and the option to annuitize[J]. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics,2001,(29):299.318.

      [11]Cairns, A.J.G., D.Blake, P. Dawson, and K.Dowd.Pricing the risk on longevity bonds[J]. Life and Pensions, October,2005,(10):41-44.

      [12]Deng, Y., P. L Brockett, and R. D. MacMinn.Longevity/mortality risk modeling and securities pricing[J]. Journal of Risk and Insurance,2012,79(3):697-721.

      (責任編輯:寧曉青)

      The Operational Mechanisms and Pricing Models of Longevity Bonds

      XIE Shiqing

      . (School of Economics Peking University, Beijing 100871, China).

      Abstract:By analyzing the market development of longevity bonds and two different operational mechanisms of continuous and triggered longevity bonds, and deducing a pricing formula of longevity bonds with DEJD mortality model using riskneutral pricing method, this paper finds that the triggered longevity bonds seem to be a more reasonable option than continuous longevity bonds to deal with longevity risk both from the theoretical and practical perspectives.

      Key words:Life Insurance Securitization; Longevity Risk; Longevity Bonds; Pricing Model

      [10]Milevsky, M.A.and S.D.Promislow.Mortality derivatives and the option to annuitize[J]. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics,2001,(29):299.318.

      [11]Cairns, A.J.G., D.Blake, P. Dawson, and K.Dowd.Pricing the risk on longevity bonds[J]. Life and Pensions, October,2005,(10):41-44.

      [12]Deng, Y., P. L Brockett, and R. D. MacMinn.Longevity/mortality risk modeling and securities pricing[J]. Journal of Risk and Insurance,2012,79(3):697-721.

      (責任編輯:寧曉青)

      The Operational Mechanisms and Pricing Models of Longevity Bonds

      XIE Shiqing

      . (School of Economics Peking University, Beijing 100871, China).

      Abstract:By analyzing the market development of longevity bonds and two different operational mechanisms of continuous and triggered longevity bonds, and deducing a pricing formula of longevity bonds with DEJD mortality model using riskneutral pricing method, this paper finds that the triggered longevity bonds seem to be a more reasonable option than continuous longevity bonds to deal with longevity risk both from the theoretical and practical perspectives.

      Key words:Life Insurance Securitization; Longevity Risk; Longevity Bonds; Pricing Model

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