本刊記者 張向輝
南海開發(fā)的歷史坐標(biāo)
本刊記者 張向輝
中國若想從海洋崛起,必須做好南海開發(fā)這篇大文章,因?yàn)樗仁亲詈玫摹白粤舻亍保彩亲詈玫摹熬毐鴪?chǎng)”。
中國作為全球第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體,其未來經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)一直被外界所關(guān)注?!?013年中國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長了一個(gè)土耳其”,這是國外媒體對(duì)中國2013年經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的描述。那么,在面對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)依然沒有完全復(fù)蘇的當(dāng)下,中國經(jīng)濟(jì)新的增長極在哪里?越來越多的跡象都指向了廣袤的海洋。
改革開放三十多年,中國歷經(jīng)滄桑巨變。中國最早從東南沿海實(shí)行改革開放的政策,東部一度成為全國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的“先行者”,在梯度推進(jìn)和梯度產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移過程中,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的推進(jìn)、國家宏觀政策的調(diào)整,給東部率先發(fā)展帶來了極好的機(jī)遇,“孔雀東南飛”、“下海經(jīng)商”成為那個(gè)年代鮮明的寫照。解放思想,發(fā)展沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)促進(jìn)了中國最早一批“先富”地帶的形成,如早年的珠三角、長三角;而在這些區(qū)域,也包括了代表中國改革開放成果的北上廣深。特別是珠三角的崛起,帶動(dòng)了中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的整體騰飛。但是,由此也帶來了東部沿海與內(nèi)地發(fā)展的不平衡,其他區(qū)域的發(fā)展似乎被東部的光環(huán)所籠罩。為縮小東西部地區(qū)發(fā)展差距,中共中央提出了實(shí)行西部大開發(fā)的重大戰(zhàn)略決策,西部也因此改變了閉塞和落后的面貌,走向致富奔小康的“天路”。然而,隨著改革開放的深入,有新中國“工業(yè)搖籃”之稱的東北老工業(yè)基地的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展速度逐漸落后于東部沿海地區(qū),為此,國家實(shí)施了振興東北老工業(yè)基地的戰(zhàn)略。隨著東南西北各區(qū)域的齊頭并進(jìn),處在夾縫中的中部地區(qū),經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展卻受到很大制約,于是中共中央高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚地推出了“中部崛起”這一區(qū)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。至此,在中國整體發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略布局已基本完成。
三十多年,彈指一揮間,中國與世界融為一體。進(jìn)入21世紀(jì),海洋再度成為世界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn),海洋的國家戰(zhàn)略地位空前提高。早在2500年前,希臘海洋學(xué)者狄米斯托克利就曾預(yù)言:“誰控制了海洋,誰就控制了一切。”時(shí)至今日,人口爆炸、能源短缺,“饑餓”的人類越來越依賴海洋。伴隨海洋意識(shí)的覺醒,順應(yīng)世界發(fā)展的潮流,中共十八大提出了 “建設(shè)海洋強(qiáng)國”的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)。顯然,在中國經(jīng)濟(jì)面臨轉(zhuǎn)型挑戰(zhàn)、結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整階段的時(shí)候,潛力無限卻仍未充分開發(fā)的海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)無疑將成為未來中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的新增長極。
新中國海洋意識(shí)的喚醒,經(jīng)歷了沿海改革開放到內(nèi)陸區(qū)域次第開發(fā),再回歸海洋的一個(gè)輪回。改革開放三十多年,中國經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)快速崛起,思維意識(shí)也在不斷發(fā)生深刻改變。最初以“深圳特區(qū)”為窗口的東南沿海的經(jīng)濟(jì)崛起,事實(shí)上,當(dāng)時(shí)國人并沒有真正意義上的海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)意識(shí),而是思想的解放,后經(jīng)西部大開發(fā)、振興老東北、中部崛起,中國整個(gè)陸地各個(gè)板塊開始被逐步“激活”。隨著陸地發(fā)展瓶頸的日益突出,中國綜合國力的提升,中國的海洋意識(shí)開始覺醒,如今海洋強(qiáng)國的戰(zhàn)略成為中華民族實(shí)現(xiàn)偉大復(fù)興的夢(mèng)想起航的依托。如果用一條線路來概括過去、現(xiàn)在和將來的意識(shí)和戰(zhàn)略變遷,即從沿海帶動(dòng)內(nèi)陸,又從陸地走向海洋,從淺海走向深海,從深海走向公海(南極和北極)、走向世界??梢哉f,今天的中國,已讓人深深感受到了對(duì)于海洋的渴望,以及加速挺進(jìn)海洋的澎湃動(dòng)力。
毫無疑問,中國若想從海洋上崛起,必須在南海做好“文章”,因?yàn)樗仁亲詈玫摹白粤舻亍?,也是最好的“練兵?chǎng)”。
中國工程院院士周守為表示,“南海將成為全球第四大深水區(qū)”。目前,世界公認(rèn)的油氣接替區(qū)主要集中在非常規(guī)油氣資源、深海油氣資源。其中,深海油氣主要集中在墨西哥灣、西非、巴西。素有“第二波斯灣”之稱的南海,石油儲(chǔ)量高達(dá)418億噸,天然氣儲(chǔ)量75539億立方米,還有豐富的海底可燃冰儲(chǔ)量,戰(zhàn)略意義重大。因此,南海開發(fā)也受到了國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)界、科技界和學(xué)術(shù)界的空前關(guān)注。然而,中國南海的形勢(shì)并不樂觀。
受巨大利益驅(qū)動(dòng),南海周邊國家的心態(tài)被扭曲,破壞了《南海各方行為宣言》及其落實(shí)宣言的指針。目前,南沙海域油氣開采“萬家燈火”,“拉幫結(jié)伙”、“搭臺(tái)唱戲”的不在少數(shù)。
自從上世紀(jì)六七十年代以來,這片空虛的戰(zhàn)略要地迅速被周邊其他國家搶奪。越南、馬來西亞、菲律賓、文萊、印度尼西亞等在南海領(lǐng)域動(dòng)作頻頻,競(jìng)相開采。由于它們都不掌握海上采油核心技術(shù),均通過直接或間接合資的方式,拉攏西方大石油公司“入伙”,從中取得了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。一直在國際能源市場(chǎng)上活躍的眾多石油巨頭英國石油公司、道達(dá)爾和埃尼石油公司甚至俄羅斯國家石油公司、日本帝國石油公司和三菱石油公司等均對(duì)此垂涎三尺,組成“豪華南海淘金團(tuán)”分享“黑金”利益。
菲律賓應(yīng)當(dāng)是在南?!皠?dòng)手”最早的國家。早在20世紀(jì)40年代中期,菲律賓就盯上了南沙群島,并于20世紀(jì)70年代中期正式在南海進(jìn)行油氣勘探的開發(fā)招標(biāo)。作為菲律賓有史以來最大的工業(yè)項(xiàng)目,馬蘭帕亞天然氣田為其國內(nèi)3家大型發(fā)電廠提供燃料,且使菲律賓進(jìn)口發(fā)電油料減少了30%。資料顯示,目前菲律賓政府從馬蘭帕亞天然氣田得到的收入已達(dá)50億美元,如果該氣田二期、三期項(xiàng)目進(jìn)展順利的話,最終收益將達(dá)到100~120億美元。
馬來西亞是在南海設(shè)立油氣井最多的國家。目前馬來西亞在南沙附近海域有10個(gè)商業(yè)性油田,90多口油井和40多個(gè)氣田,其在南海石油年產(chǎn)量超過3000萬噸,天然氣近1.5億立方米。自從馬來西亞在南海進(jìn)行海上石油開采后,石油出口總值已超過其國民生產(chǎn)總值的20%。
越南是南海油氣資源開發(fā)的最大既得利益者。自26年前在南沙打出第一口出油探井后,相繼開發(fā)了白虎油田、大熊油田、白犀牛油田和東方油田等10多個(gè)大型油田,同時(shí)越南已在南海劃定了185個(gè)石油開發(fā)區(qū)塊。資料顯示,越南已從南沙共開采了逾1億噸石油、1.5萬億立方米天然氣,獲利總額高達(dá)250多億美元。從純經(jīng)濟(jì)收益的角度計(jì)算,截止20世紀(jì)80年代末,越南從南海獲取的油氣資源價(jià)值約占其國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的33%,而且這一比例有望在2020年達(dá)到53%。
文萊和印度尼西亞的南海油氣資源開發(fā)步伐雖然晚于以上三國,但兩國依然收獲頗豐。其中文萊在南海海上參與建設(shè)的油井平臺(tái)超過240座,并且得益于近海石油的生產(chǎn),文萊人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值跑步進(jìn)入全球第五名。同樣,印度尼西亞的油氣生產(chǎn)也有20%來自南海,其開發(fā)的納土納氣田是世界上最大的氣田之一,每年可生產(chǎn)大約800萬噸液化天然氣。
中國石油和石油化工機(jī)械工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)常務(wù)副理事長趙志明表示,現(xiàn)在南海,馬來西亞、越南、菲律賓、印尼等共同開發(fā)的油氣加起來已有近7000萬噸,已經(jīng)超過了中海油,因此搶占資源迫在眉睫。
面對(duì)還在沉睡中的南?!熬蹖毰琛保约懊媾R南海鄰國肆無忌憚的野蠻行徑和油氣開采的緊張局勢(shì),開發(fā)南海,中國該如何謀篇布局呢?
專家指出,中國一旦真正進(jìn)入海洋,一個(gè)海權(quán)主導(dǎo)的時(shí)代就已開啟,而這個(gè)海權(quán)主導(dǎo)的時(shí)代意味著巨大的資源投放以及代價(jià)高昂的國家戰(zhàn)略取向,這一切令人不能不謹(jǐn)慎以待。進(jìn)行南海戰(zhàn)略開發(fā),是一個(gè)大手筆??偟耐顿Y規(guī)模將不會(huì)少于西部開發(fā),其面積和潛力都不會(huì)少于西部。可以預(yù)料,如果對(duì)南海進(jìn)行的戰(zhàn)略開發(fā),每年投入萬億元以上的資金,將會(huì)產(chǎn)生巨大的投資效益。無疑,南海開發(fā)需要強(qiáng)大的綜合國力作為依托,尤其是資金和技術(shù)的投入。
經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力是衡量一個(gè)國家綜合國力的重要指數(shù)。三十多年改革開放,中國經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力迅速提升。時(shí)至今日中國已經(jīng)是全球第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體,“中國因素”在世界舞臺(tái)的各個(gè)行業(yè)均發(fā)揮舉足輕重的作用。強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力為開發(fā)南海提供了堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的后盾。
中國“三桶油”方面,經(jīng)過了多年的磨礪,為走向深海奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)?!霸谀遣龥坝康谋焙nI(lǐng)域,在那海溝幽深的拉美海岸,在那颶風(fēng)頻頻的墨西哥灣,一場(chǎng)場(chǎng)拉開的序幕背景中,中國企業(yè)正昂首走向舞臺(tái)的中央”。這是金融時(shí)報(bào)對(duì)于當(dāng)前我國企業(yè)的活躍表現(xiàn)給予的評(píng)價(jià)。在海洋油氣開發(fā)方面,以中海油、中石油和中石化三大石油公司為代表的中國公司,在國內(nèi)和國際油氣開發(fā)領(lǐng)域頻頻出擊。目前,中海油積極進(jìn)軍南海深水,并打造了包括“海洋石油981”第六代3000米深水半潛式鉆井平臺(tái)和“海洋石油201”在內(nèi)的深水作業(yè)船。中海油高層表示,未來還將建造多艘“981”。
挺進(jìn)深海,當(dāng)然離不開相應(yīng)的海洋裝備,中國在這方面也具備了一定的基礎(chǔ)。目前我國在自升式鉆井平臺(tái),包括系列化的FPSO海工工作船、輔助船,已經(jīng)具備了自主設(shè)計(jì)的能力。在一些高端的海工裝備方面,也在突破一些關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。在科研方面,建成了一批核心的科研設(shè)施,現(xiàn)在中國從事船舶、海工產(chǎn)品研發(fā)的研究單位和高等院校超過100多所。同時(shí),我國船舶工業(yè)具有較好工業(yè)基礎(chǔ),三大主流船型產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)含量和市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不斷增強(qiáng),為油氣開發(fā)提供軟硬件支持。
如今,南海三沙市的成立,海洋國土首次納入到經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)劃中;國家海洋局重組,中國海警局掛牌成立;“遼寧號(hào)”航母的一聲鳴笛,宣告中國開始進(jìn)入了海洋新紀(jì)元;我國海上第一個(gè)大型深水氣田“荔灣3-1”氣田中心平臺(tái)組塊啟程開赴南海;國家深水工程研發(fā)中心在中海油研究總院正式成立等事件都讓我們對(duì)南海加速開發(fā)有了更多期待。
但是,我們?cè)谛老仓?,也?yīng)該直面當(dāng)前開發(fā)南海所面臨的實(shí)際問題。中海油高層人士指出,從產(chǎn)業(yè)角度來講,深海并不是淺海簡(jiǎn)單的延伸,正如當(dāng)年海上油氣開發(fā)不能簡(jiǎn)單視為是陸上油氣開發(fā)的簡(jiǎn)單延伸一樣。深??茖W(xué)技術(shù)不同于淺海,深海對(duì)環(huán)境、保險(xiǎn)、安全事故處理的要求比淺海更高。從大陸海岸線往南海走,200公里以外水深就很快下沉至1500米,中海油在300米水深的石油開采技術(shù)已達(dá)世界先進(jìn)水平,但300~3000米才剛剛起步。
可以說,南海開發(fā)是一個(gè)大的課題,牽動(dòng)著眾多的復(fù)雜因素。如今,我國無論是從經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、能源、技術(shù)、研發(fā)、造船航運(yùn)、海工裝備等領(lǐng)域都具備了一定的開發(fā)海洋的實(shí)力和良好的工業(yè)基礎(chǔ),但是我們也清楚地意識(shí)到當(dāng)下存在的“短板”,不過,很多“短板”并不是不能逾越的鴻溝,隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,很多不足之處,尤其是技術(shù)上的瓶頸是可以突破和解決的。而更為敏感的政治因素,則需要國家的大智慧、大魄力。
今天,中國發(fā)展海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)、建設(shè)海洋強(qiáng)國的戰(zhàn)略已經(jīng)清晰可見,那么如何將這一國家意志堅(jiān)定地執(zhí)行下去,則需要相關(guān)業(yè)界從戰(zhàn)術(shù)層面上做出積極回應(yīng)。
As the world’s second largest economic entity,China’s trend of economic development in the future has always been the focus of the world.“In 2013, China’s GDP grew by that of one Turkey”,which is the description of China GDP growth in 2013 by a foreign media. Thus, as the global economy has still not fully recovered, where is the new growth pole of Chinese economy? More and more signs are pointing to the vast ocean.
The awakening of ocean consciousness of new China experienced a cycle which starts from coastal reform and opening up, then to the inland development, and returns to the ocean again. After more than 30 years’reform and opening-up, China’s economy achieved rapid progress, and the mind has also been undergoing profound changes. At the beginning, “Shenzhen special zone” was regarded as the window of the southeast coastal economic rise. In fact, at that time people did not have the true consciousness of developing ocean economy, but instead it was the thought liberation.After the west development, the revitalization of the old northeast region and the rise of central China, the whole land of China gradually began to be “activated”. As the bottleneck of land development becomes increasingly prominent and China’s comprehensive national strength has increased, ocean consciousness has been awakened,and now the strategy of building a maritime power has become the basis upon which the dream of the great revival of the Chinese nation is to be achieved. If it is summed up with a roadmap for the consciousness and strategy change of the past, present and future, that is,the coastal city driving the inland, and then moving from inland to ocean, from shallow sea to deep sea, from deep sea to the high seas (the Antarctic and Arctic) and to the world. It can be said that today’s China have people deeply feel the desire for the sea, and the surging power to speed up stepping into the sea.
There is no doubt that if China wants to rise from the ocean, “the article” must be satisfactorily completed in the South China Sea, because it is the best “private plot”,and is also the best “playground”.
Zhou Shouwei, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering said that “the South China Sea will become the world’s fourth largest deep-water area”. At present, the world recognized replacement area of oil and gas is mainly concentrated in unconventional oil and gas resources, deep sea oil and gas resources. Of which, the deep sea oil and gas is mainly concentrated in the Gulf of Mexico, West Africa, Brazil. The South China Sea known as “the second Persian gulf ”, boasts oil reserve up to 41.8 billion tons, gas reserves of 7.5539 trillion cubic meters, as well as abundant reserves of sea combustible ice, which is of great strategic importance.Therefore, developing South China Sea has also drawn unprecedented attention from the domestic economic industry, technology industry and academics industry.However, the situation of South China Sea is not optimistic.
Driven by huge benef i ts, the mindset of the surrounding countries of South China Sea was distorted, which has damaged the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties of the South China Sea and its implementation. At present,oil and gas resources in Nansha sea has been wildly explored and developed by the surrounding countries of South China Sea, which act in the way of “gang up”, or“gang horde”.
Facing the“cornucopia”which is still asleep in the South China Sea, and facing unscrupulous brutality of the South China Sea neighbors and the tensions in the oil and gas development in this area, how does China plan and layout?
Expert points out that once China steps into the sea, an era dominated by sea power has been opened, and such era means expending enormous resources and costly state strategic orientation, so that we have to be scrupulous for all of this. It is a big move for the strategic development of South China Sea with the total investment not less than the West Development, and its size and potential not less than the West. As you might expect, if the strategic development of the South China Sea is conducted, more than one trillion Yuan will be invested every year, which will produce a great investment benefit. There is no doubt that the development of the South China Sea needs strong and comprehensive national strength as support,especially the investment of capital and technology.
It can be said that the development of the South China Sea is a big topic, which is affected by many complicated factors. Now, our country have a certain strength and good industrial base to develop the ocean in terms of economic strength, energy, technology, research and development, shipbuilding, shipping, offshore engineering equipment and other fields, but we are clearly aware of the existence of “short board”, however,a lot of “short boards” are not the unbridgeable gap.With the development of science and technology, many deficiencies, especially the technical bottleneck can be broken through and resolved. And for the political factor which is more sensitive, it needs a nation’s great wisdom and boldness.
Today, the strategy of developing ocean economy and constructing a maritime power has been clearly visible,so how to carry out this national strategy in a determined manner, it calls for related industries to make a positive response from tactical level.
Historical Coordinates of South China Sea Development
Reporter Zhang Xianghui