摘要:房顫合并冠心病在隨著年齡的增長,發(fā)病率越來越高,需要對兩種疾病同時治療,目前的抗栓藥物很多,如何把握和平衡有效抗凝及出血風險,如何個體化制定及調整房顫合并冠心病的抗栓方案,仍有待探索。
關鍵詞:房顫;冠心??;抗栓治療;急性冠脈綜合征;經(jīng)皮冠脈介入治療
The Antithrombotic Strategies of Concomitant Atrial Fibrillation and Coronary Artery Disease
LI Xin-ru, QIU Chun-guang
(Department of Cardiology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052,Henan,China)
Abstract:The coexisting atrial fibrillation(AF) and coronary artery disease(CAD) are prevalent in the elder, there are kinds of antithrombotic agents, how to balance the efficacy and safety, and how to choose the individualized antithrombotic regimen for patient with both AF and CAD, we need more evidence to support.
Key words:Atrial Fibrillation; Coronary Artery Disease; Antithrombotic therapy; Acute Coronary Syndrome ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
房顫是最常見的心律失常之一,常常導致卒中和其他動脈栓塞,抗栓治療已成為其治療總策略的首位。臨床上經(jīng)常應用抗凝藥如維生素K抑制劑及新型口服抗凝藥來預防卒中和栓塞事件[1,2]。對于穩(wěn)定性冠心病患者,臨床上應用阿司匹林或氯吡格雷等抗血小板來預防冠脈事件[3,4],而對于ACS(Acute Coronary Syndrome,急性冠脈綜合征)及PCI(Percutaneous Coronary Intervention,經(jīng)皮冠脈介入治療)后的患者則建議應用雙聯(lián)抗血小板來預防冠脈事件[5,6]。目前的抗栓藥物包括阿司匹林、ADP(Adenosine Diphosphate,二磷酸腺苷)受體抑制劑(氯吡格雷、普拉格雷、替格瑞洛)和口服抗凝藥(華法林以及新型口服抗凝藥達比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班)。尤其是在>65歲的人群中,冠心病和房顫的發(fā)病率極高,約有1/3的房顫患者同時患有冠心病。目前很多大型隨機對照研究都是分開研究冠心病和房顫的抗栓治療方案,很少有證據(jù)是研究冠心病合并房顫的抗栓治療。
1冠心病的抗栓治療
1.1抗血小板藥和維生素K抑制劑
1.1.1一級預防冠心病一級預防使用小劑量阿司匹林被證明是安全和有效的,但是只對于冠脈事件風險高的人群其獲益大于風險[3,4,7,8]。低強度華法林(INR=1.5)也能在冠心病一級預防中也有效果,但是臨床很少使用,畢竟阿司匹林使用方便。低強度華法林加阿司匹林兩者聯(lián)用會增加主要出血事件,而阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷并不改善一級預防的結局。
1.1.2二級預防對于已知穩(wěn)定性冠心病患者,小劑量阿司匹林和氯吡格雷一樣有效,兩者聯(lián)用能稍改善預后[4,8]。對于ACS患者,無論是否實施PCI,阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷會降低1年死亡和心梗事件。而目前很多試驗是對比研究氯吡格雷、普拉格雷、替格瑞洛三者聯(lián)合阿司匹林。心梗發(fā)生后,高強度華法林、中強度華法林聯(lián)合阿司匹林及阿司匹林聯(lián)合ADP受體抑制劑都能降低冠脈事件發(fā)生率[8,9]。
1.1.3擇期PCI很多隨機對照試驗已經(jīng)證實了PCI后阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷的優(yōu)勢,不建議單獨應用華法林或者阿司匹林聯(lián)合華法林。BMS(Bare Mental Stent,金屬裸支架)雙抗至少1個月,DES(Drug-eluting Stent,藥物涂層支架)則要求12個月,新一代DES推薦的雙抗時間可以縮短一些[10,11]。
1.2新型口服抗凝藥有臨床隨機對照試驗研究ACS患者應用新型口服抗凝藥聯(lián)合常規(guī)雙抗的三聯(lián)抗栓療法的療效和安全性。含有達比加群[12]的三聯(lián)抗栓與雙聯(lián)抗血小板相比,6個月出血事件發(fā)生率增高,150mg bid 優(yōu)于110mg bid。阿哌沙班的試驗[13]中6個月主要出血事件發(fā)生率比安慰劑組高,2.5mg bid 與5mg bid相比無統(tǒng)計學差異。利伐沙班試驗中[14],10mg/d比安慰劑組的6月出血事件發(fā)生率高很多。這3個試驗都是Ⅱ期臨床試驗,都沒有獲得理想的風險獲益比。阿哌沙班的Ⅲ期臨床試驗[15]因過高的出血發(fā)生率提前終止。達比加群則因Ⅱ期臨床結果讓人失望根本沒有進入Ⅲ期臨床試驗階段[16]。只有利伐沙班在Ⅲ期臨床試驗[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),利伐沙班聯(lián)合雙聯(lián)抗血小板有良好的結果,無論是2.5mg bid還是5mg bid都能顯著減少一級負荷終點(心源性死亡、心梗、卒中),但是也增加了主要出血結局,卻未增加致死性出血風險。沒有任何指南推薦新型口服抗凝藥用于無房顫的ACS患者中。
2房顫的抗栓治療
2.1華法林在非瓣膜病性房顫中,華法林比阿司匹林更能預防卒中的發(fā)生,其心血管獲益確切[1,2,18],但是阿司匹林的主要出血事件更少,因此臨床上對低卒中風險的房顫患者使用阿司匹林,而高卒中風險的房顫患者服用華法林[1,18],目前公認的預測房顫患者的卒中風險用CHADS2評分系統(tǒng)(Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age, Diabetes mellitus, Stroke/TIA2),卒中低危者用CHA2DS2-VASc評分(Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age≥75, Diabetes mellitus, Stroke/TIA , Vascular disease, Age 65-74,Sex category(female))更準確。如評分≥1則推薦口服抗凝藥,年輕的沒有任何卒中危險因素的暫不推薦任何抗栓治療[1]。如今的臨床試驗顯示新型口服抗凝藥,如達比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班在預防房顫相關性卒中的療效不劣于華法林,而且更方便服用[1,10,36],如果有應用口服抗凝藥指征時,2012ESC指南推薦選用新型口服抗凝藥優(yōu)于華法林(,A)[19]。
2.2新型口服抗凝藥RE-LY研究[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)達比加群150mg bid會增加心梗發(fā)生率[21,22],所以很多指南建議房顫合并冠心病者應用華法林優(yōu)于達比加群[18]。至于達比加群是否能導致心梗、增加心血管風險,可能只是達比加群不能預防高?;颊叩男墓J录?。ROCKET-AF[23](利伐沙班VS華法林)、ARISTOTLE[24](阿哌沙班VS華法林)都發(fā)現(xiàn)Ⅹa因子抑制劑沒有明顯減少心梗及全因死亡??傊疀]有一個試驗證實房顫患者服用新型口服抗凝藥比華法林有額外的冠脈獲益[36]。
3房顫與冠心病并存的情況
對于那些同時患有房顫和冠心病的患者,目前還沒有隨機對照研究明確提出最佳的抗栓方案。
3.1未知或穩(wěn)定性冠心病一些指南共識提出,冠心病一級預防,對于CHADS2=0且年齡<65的患者,首選阿司匹林來預防心血管事件和卒中。如果卒中風險較高CHADS2≥1,更推薦華法林來預防卒中[18]。目前尚無新型口服抗凝藥VS華法林用于冠心病一級預防的臨床試驗。穩(wěn)定型冠心?。]有ACS事件或在未來1年不需要PCI者),可單用口服抗凝藥。
3.2 ACS對于ACS患者,ACTIVE-W[25]對比研究了華法林VS阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷雙聯(lián)抗血小板,發(fā)現(xiàn)后者降低卒中風險欠佳,但是出血風險相當。達比加群的Ⅱ期臨床試驗就已拒之ACS門外。ATLAS ACS 2 - TIMI 51研究[15,36]發(fā)現(xiàn),在ACS二級預防,利伐沙班是目前惟一在Ⅲ期臨床研究獲得良好結果的新型口服抗凝藥,提示在標準雙聯(lián)抗板治療基礎上聯(lián)用利伐沙班能進一步獲益。2012 ESC STEMI指南[26]首次推薦低劑量利伐沙班2.5 mg bid用于STEMI患者抗凝治療(Ⅱb,B)。
3.3 PCI在冠心病PCI合并房顫的患者,一定要選擇雙抗時,置入BMS比DES有優(yōu)勢,尤其是支架內血栓形成風險較高的患者。DES一般用于那些血管較細、長病變或分叉病變或糖尿病,但現(xiàn)實中總體DES置入的比例比BMS高[11]。WOEST試驗[27]將口服抗凝藥并實施PCI的隨機分組,一部分應用三聯(lián)抗栓,一部分用口服抗凝藥聯(lián)合氯吡格雷的雙聯(lián)抗栓,隨訪1年期間,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種方法的血栓事件無差異,但三聯(lián)抗栓比雙聯(lián)抗栓累計出血風險要高,主要體現(xiàn)在消化道出血,但主要出血事件的差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。但是這個試驗不是雙盲的,且隨訪時間短。華法林聯(lián)合阿司匹林的雙聯(lián)抗栓不能減少支架內血栓和其他臨床時間,因此不推薦使用。PCI前口服抗凝藥的橋接治療安全性和有效性尚待論證,因此暫不推薦PCI圍手術期中斷口服抗凝藥。
房顫抗凝常用的出血風險分層工具是HAS-BLED評分系統(tǒng)[31](Hypertension, Abnormal renal and liver function, Stroke, Bleeding, Labile INRs, Elderly, Drugs or alcohol),比ATRIA評分[32]有更好的預測價值。
歐洲專家共識[33]建議:見表1。
而北美專家共識[34]則建議:見表2。
都建議含有阿司匹林的聯(lián)合抗栓期間應用PPI(尤其是那些對CYP2C19活性影響最小的,如泮托拉唑),避免聯(lián)用非甾體類抗炎藥,雙聯(lián)抗板時氯吡格雷優(yōu)于普拉格雷或替格瑞洛[34,35],不中斷口服抗凝藥,橈動脈入路優(yōu)于股動脈入路,華法林優(yōu)于新型口服抗凝藥。暫時缺少更多支持性數(shù)據(jù),只能認為歐洲或北美的共識是合理的。
對于近期ACS(無論是否PCI)、實施過PCI(無論是擇期還是急診),抗栓方案是根據(jù)卒中風險來選擇,對于卒中風險相對較低者(CHADS2≤1),那么雙聯(lián)抗血小板即可,而卒中風險較高者(CHADS2≥2),則選擇口服抗凝藥加阿司匹林加氯吡格雷三聯(lián)抗栓,數(shù)據(jù)表明純獲益,但問題是出血風險增加,其消化道出血風險是雙聯(lián)抗板的5倍,也有人建議即使出血風險高也應該堅持三聯(lián)抗栓,如果出血風險特別高和或冠脈事件發(fā)生率確實低,那么推薦縮短三聯(lián)抗栓的時限,并給與胃黏膜保護劑等減少消化道出血[28,29]。新一代DES甚至生物可降解支架讓縮短三聯(lián)抗栓時間變得可能[11,30]。目前沒有公開發(fā)表的試驗評價含有普拉格雷或替格瑞洛來三聯(lián)抗栓的,但可以預測出血風險也都高。我們需要更多關于房顫合并冠心病患者的抗栓策略的隨機試驗數(shù)據(jù)。
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